Effects of Super Absorbent Polymers on Yield and Water-saving and Drought-escaping Mechanism in Spring Maize

The effects of super absorbent polymers （SAP） on yield as well as water-saving and drought-escaping mechanism in spring maize in the seasonal drought region were studied. As shown by the results, during the seasonal drought in southern China, SAP treatment promoted the soil moisture, improved the capability of absorption and transportation of roots, promoted physiological and biochemical functions, increased the chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and intercellular CO2 concentration, and reduced the stomatal conductance and transplre.tion rate. As a result, the economic characters of spring maize were improved, and the yield was increased.

Promoting effect of super absorbent polymer on hydrate formation

The effect of super absorbent polymer（SAP） on the formation of tetrahydrofuran（THF） hydrate was studied by the successional cooling method.It was found that THF solution samples with 0.004 wt% and 0.03 wt% of SAP formed THF hydrate completely during the same cooling process.The corresponding induction time was 16-29 min,14-31 min,respectively,which was obviously shorter than that of THF solution samples without SAP（25-62 min）.It indicated that SAP accelerated the formation of THF hydrate.At the same time,the pictures of hydrate formation with and without SAP had been compared.It was found that SAP did not change the morphology of the hydrate.Finally,the mechanism of SAP promoting effect on the formation of THF hydrate was suggested.

PREPARATION AND SWELLING PROPERTIES OF SUPER-ABSORBENT POLYMER

A super-absorbent polymer is prepared by graft polymerizing acrylamide (AM) onto potato starch using eerie ammonium nitrate (CAN) and N, N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide (bisAM) as an initiator and cross-linking agent respectively, and then subjecting the potato starch- poly(acrylamide) (PAM) graft copolymer (SPAM) to alkaline saponification. The water absorbency (WA) of the sample is nearly 5000 g H2O/g for dry sample in 24 h at room temperature and is far larger than that of reported in the literature([1]). The variables affecting the WA were investigated and optimiz;ed, they were: concentrations of potato starch, AM, CAN and bisAM were 26.3 g/L, 1.14 mol/L, 10.3 mmol/L and 0.53 mmol/L, respectively. The amount of sodium hydroxide was 15 g and the temperatures of graft copolymerization and saponification reactions were 60 degrees C and 95 degrees C. The time of graft copolymerization and saponification reactions was 2 h, respectively.

Factors Influencing Strength of Super Absorbent Polymer(SAP)Concrete

Super absorbent polymers (SAPs) are gradually being applied in concrete production as internal curing agents. SAP can effectively reduce early age autogenous shrinkage of concrete, alleviate the hazards caused by concrete cracking and improve its freeze–thaw resistance. However, the relationships between SAP dosage, SAP particle size and the water–cement ratio of concrete have certain influences on the evolution of the compressive strength of SAP-incorporated concrete. In this study, experiments were conducted to investigate the relationships between the water–cement ratio of concrete, the SAP dosage and SAP particle size. The significant factors influencing concrete strength are determined and equations are proposed for predicting the strength of SAP-incorporated concrete at 3, 7 and 28 days. The findings from this study, such as the SAP dosage should not be larger than 0.2%, are expected to form a theoretical basis for the rational use of SAP as an additive to concrete. © 2017, Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Assessment of Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) on Plant Available Water (PAW) in Dry Lands

One of the ways of overcoming the cost of irrigation is through in-situ water harvesting at the plant roots. Super absorbent polymer (SAP) can facilitate water harvesting at the plant roots. This study attempted to assess the effect of SAP on plant available water (PAW) of different soils. In this study, SAP was sequentially added at the rate of 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.5% of the soil weight and its impact assessed in clay, sandy clay and sandy loam soils. The moisture retention characteristics of the original and SAP treated soils were studied using soil water retention curves (SWRC) and results modelled using Gardner model. PAW was estimated from SWRC as the difference between moisture content at 1.5 and 3 bar in all soils. The difference in PAW between original and treated soils was assessed at 5% level of significance. The WRC of all the samples was adequately found to be described by the Gardner model (Coefficient of determination R2 ≥ 98% and residual standard error (RSE) ≤ 0.04). SWRC changed with increase in SAP percentage in clay, sandy clay and sandy loam soils. Clay had a higher change in water retention then sandy clay and lastly sandy loam. Plant available water content (PAW) in all soils increased. In clay soil it increased with increase in SAP from 0.3291 at zero SAP to 0.6223 at 0.5% SAP. Sandy clay soil increased in PAW from 0.2721 at zero SAP to 0.5335 at 0.5% SAP and Sandy loam soils from 0.1691 at zero SAP to 0.3461 at 0.5% SAP. Hence, from the study SAP can be used to conserve irrigation water in the plant roots and therefore reducing the cost since PAW has been increased.

Influence of Suspension Parameters on Water Absorbency of Starch-g-poly( sodium acrylate) Synthesized by Inverse Suspension Polymerization

Superabsorbents starch grafted sodium polyacrylate was prepared by inverse suspension polymerization, using toluene as the continuous phase, potassium persulfate as the initiator. The effect of suspension parameters, such as volume ratio of continuous phase and dispersed phase, type and dosage of suspending agents, on water absorbency of the starch grafted polymer was studied. Different starch derivatives were also investigated. Superabsorbents made of cationic starch has higher water absorbency than that made of native corn starch.

Cadmium Selenide Polymer Microfiber Saturable Absorber for Q-Switched Fiber Laser Applications

We demonstrate the generation of a Q-switching pulse train in an erbium-doped fiber laser （EDFL） cavity using a newly developed cadmium selenide （CdSe） based saturable absorber （SA）. The SA is obtained by embedding CdSe nanomaterials into a polymethyl methacrylate （PMMA） microfiber. It is incorporated into an EDFL cavity to generate a Q-switched laser operating at 1533.6nm. The repetition rates of the produced pulse train are tunable within 37–64kHz as the pump power is varied from 34mW to 74mW. The corresponding pulse width reduces from 7.96μs to 4.84μs, and the maximum pulse energy of 1.16nJ is obtained at the pump power of 74mW.

Influence of Reaction Parameters on Water Absorbency of Starch Grafted Superabsorbents

Superabsorbents starch grafted sodium polyacrylate was synthesized by inverse suspension polymerization, using toluene as the continuous phase, potassium persulfate as the initiator. The effect of reaction parameters, such as starch pretreatment temperature, neutralization degree of monomer, reaction time and temperature, concentration of initiator, molar ratio of monomer and starch, on water absorbency of the starch grafted polymer was studied. The effects of the last two parameters were investigated by uniform design method, and the prediction equation was obtained.

Super absorbent polymer seed coatings promote seed germinationand seedling growth of Caragana korshinskii in drought

Coating seeds with water absorbent materials can improve their survival, especially for those planted in drought or barren areas. In this study, effects of five kinds of super absorbent polymers(SAPs) on seed germination and seedling growth of Caragana korshinskii under drought conditions were investigated. Our results showed that SAP coatings could significantly improve the percentage and energy of seed germination, as well as reduce the relative electrical conductivity(REC), proline, malondialdehyde(MDA), H_2O_2 content, and peroxidase(POD) activity during germination. These results implied that seeds could uptake moisture from SAP coatings to alleviate drought-induced oxidative stress and membrane damage, thus exhibiting a better vigor and germination performance. After coating C. korshinskii seeds with SAPs, more seedlings emerged and grew better. Under the combined influence of the water absorption capacity of SAP and other factors, the efficiencies of five SAP coatings are in the sequence D>E>B>A>C. The function of the SAP coating on promoting seedling survival was confirmed in Mu Us Sandy Land in Ordos, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The average seedling number of SAP D-coated seeds increased twofold on that of naked seeds. Our results are expected to be helpful in understanding and utilizing SAP seed coatings in improving plant survival under drought conditions.

农林保水剂效果评价及其环境风险探讨

从我国“七五”计划旱农科研项目以来,农林保水剂作为抗旱保水产品受到关注。《农林保水剂》(NY 886)农业行业标准2004年颁布,2010、2016和2022年3次修改,但至今缺乏相关配套的田间试验效果评价体系,极大影响其推广应用。本文结合国内外30多年来的相关研发与应用文献分析,针对农林保水剂应用对土壤保水、作物用水、作物产量及其环境影响等效果进行综述研究,结果表明:(1)保水剂适用于改善土壤蓄水保水性能,对旱作地区作物抗旱保苗、节水增产和水分利用效率(WUE)提高有积极影响,尤其是在砂质土壤上。(2)提出农林保水剂效果评价指标,主要包括土壤贮水量、作物耗水量、作物产量及其WUE等指标,以适用于农林保水剂产品的田间试验效果评价。(3)根据农林保水剂对作物产量增减不一和增产与收益不统一等现象,提出农林保水剂应用需要制定相应的技术规程,明确作物适宜的保水剂类型及其施用方式和用量。(4)农林保水剂产品(以聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和聚丙烯酸(PAA)型材料为主)的环境安全性主要涉及残留单体(丙烯酰胺(AM)和丙烯酸(AA))的生物毒性,以及材料的降解性等。市场上部分PAM和PAA相关产品分别存在残留AM和AA单体含量超标风险,超标率约占22%—100%。研究指出生物质类等天然聚合物类材料是农林保水剂发展方向。研究结果对农林保水剂效果评价标准的制定提供参考。建议相关部门对于PAM和PAA型农林保水剂产品加强残留单体检测及其残留单体的环境安全阈值的研究,并对产品的生物降解性指标与土壤生态环境的安全性的关联性进行探讨,以期为农林保水剂产品的环境安全性提供保障。

土性对工程泥浆固化强度影响规律及微观机理

本文开展了一系列不同液限高分子吸水树脂固化工程泥浆无侧限抗压强度试验,探讨了泥浆土液限对固化效率的影响规律,对比研究了掺入高岭土对泥浆固化强度的改进程度,最后基于XRD和SEM试验揭示了液限和高岭土对固化泥浆强度影响的微观机理。结果表明:随着泥浆土液限的增大,固化泥浆土强度逐渐降低,固化效率随着泥浆土液限增大显著衰减,当液限增加10%,固化泥浆土强度qu平均减少48.2%。然而高岭土的掺入则显著提升了固化泥浆土的强度,并且强度增长率随着龄期逐渐增大,对于龄期为90天时,增加40%高岭土能够提升固化泥浆土强度qu 1.17倍。微观结构试验表明泥浆土液限变化对水化产物产量的影响较小,固化泥浆土强度随泥浆土液限减小主要是由于固化泥浆土孔隙随着泥浆土液限增大而增多,使得微观结构松散从而导致强度降低。高岭土的掺入则显著提升了固化泥浆土的水化产物产量,增强了固化泥浆土胶结强度,从而提升了固化泥浆土强度。因此,在实际工程中,一方面可以通过调配泥浆土液限来提高固化效率;另一方面可以通过掺入高岭土或者一些高岭土基废弃物(如高岭土尾矿)来提高固化强度,实现“以废制废”绿色环保的理念。

SAP联合双液浆对软土地区隧道漏水漏砂封堵效果试验研究

在高承压水软土地区盾构隧道修建过程中经常出现漏水漏砂险情,注浆封堵是常用的抢险方法之一。而在承压水层或者地层出现空腔情况下注浆时,传统的双液浆在注入后抗冲刷能力差,浆液留存率较低,严重影响抢险效率,难以在抢险的黄金时期控制住险情。因此,提出一种隧道漏水漏砂抢险的新型注浆方式,即高分子吸水树脂(SAP)与双液浆联合注浆,并通过室内模型试验研究了此方法的有效性,分析SAP注入方式、SAP种类、双液浆水灰比、渗漏流速等对注浆封堵效果的影响,并探究最优的注浆方式与封堵机理。研究结果表明,SAP吸水后,颗粒大、动水留存率高、吸水速度不受温度影响,能够填充地层侵蚀空腔,封堵渗漏或者减小渗漏水流速。本文试验条件下,以水泥浆液为载体注入SAP为最优注入方式,水灰比0.6的水泥浆液与吸水后的B类SAP均匀混合后,与水玻璃进行双液注浆,能避免跑浆,实现地层空腔与渗漏水的完全封堵。本文提出的新型注浆方式能够大幅增加双液浆的动水留存率,同时弥补SAP强度较低的缺陷,保证注浆体的整体性和地层支撑性,实现基坑与隧道等地下工程漏水漏砂灾害的快速有效控制。

江阴靖江长江隧道大体积混凝土抗裂技术研究

江阴靖江长江隧道是国内在建最大直径盾构隧道,其明挖段主体结构混凝土最大厚度达2.2 m,面临着较大的开裂与渗漏风险。在水化与膨胀历程双重调控技术的基础上,进一步研究了高吸水树脂(SAP)的湿度历程调控对混凝土抗裂性能的影响。室内试验结果表明,SAP可显著提高自生体积膨胀变形并优化变形历程,且基本不影响胶凝材料水化放热历程;工程现场试验结果表明,在湿度、水化、膨胀历程多重调控作用下,混凝土温升值降低了4.5℃,温升阶段单位膨胀变形增大206.7%,温降阶段单位收缩变形减小27.5%,为解决裂缝控制难度较大结构的收缩开裂难题提供了材料技术方案。

季冻区纳米SiO_(2)改性SAP路面混凝土的耐磨性

为解决季冻区高吸水性树脂(SAP)路面混凝土耐磨性下降的问题,通过耐磨性试验探索了纳米SiO_(2)(NS)对季冻区SAP路面混凝土磨损量的影响;采用压汞仪(MIP)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究了冻融前后NS改性SAP路面混凝土孔结构和微观形貌的变化,从细微观角度阐述其耐磨性的提升机理;并对其微观结构与耐磨性进行相关性分析。研究结果表明,经150次冻融循环之后,掺有3%NS的改性SAP路面混凝土在200 N磨耗负荷下的磨损量较基准下降30.92%,20~50nm的孔占比上升,50~200nm的孔占比下降,总孔隙量和孔隙率减少,界面区裂缝数量和尺寸大幅降低,内部密实性程度显著提高,耐磨性明显增强。

保水增肥措施对黄土丘陵区草地植物群落特征及物种多样性的影响

黄土丘陵区年均降水少,蒸发量大,季节性集中降水易造成水土流失,水分和养分亏缺成为限制该区域草地健康持续发展的重要因素。保水剂(super absorbent polymer, SAP)是一类具有快速吸水,缓慢释水特性的高分子聚合物,起到保水保肥改善土壤理化性质的重要作用。施肥是改良退化草地、提高牧草生产力的重要技术措施之一。为研究保水增肥措施对黄土丘陵区草地植物群落特征及多样性的影响,在甘肃省定西市安定区丘陵草地设置不同保水剂(SAP)和氮磷肥(N:尿素,P:过磷酸钙)添加水平(SAP:45、60 kg/hm^(2)和NP:150 kg/hm^(2)N+300 kg/hm^(2)P、250 kg/hm^(2)N+400 kg/hm^(2)P),揭示不同施量保水剂和氮磷肥单施及交互配施对黄土丘陵区草地土壤含水量、群落特征、物种多样性的影响。研究结果表明:(1)单施45 kg/hm^(2)SAP(T1)显著提高土壤含水量、豆科植物的重要值和地上生物量,有助于提高草地生物量和植物多样性;(2)SAP与NP配施(T7:45 kg/hm^(2)SAP+250 kg/hm^(2)N+400kg/hm^(2)P)或单施NP肥(T3:150 kg/hm^(2)N+300 kg/hm^(2)P)能显著提高植物冠层高度、植被盖度、菊科植物重要值和生物量、群落地上和地下生物量;(3)施用氮磷肥或氮磷肥与保水剂的配施处理除T8(250 kg/hm^(2)N+400kg/hm^(2)P+45 kg/hm^(2)SAP)外其余处理Simpson指数、Shannon-wiener指数及Pielou指数有所降低。综上所述,单施适量保水剂在维持草地多样性的同时有利于生产力缓慢增长,保水剂与氮磷肥配施大幅度提高菊科和禾本科植物生物量,进而提高群落生物量,但会导致植物多样性降低。

超吸水聚合物对碱激发泡沫混凝土性能的影响

【目的】研究超吸水聚合物(super‐absorbent polymer,SAP)对提升以矿渣和再生微粉为主要材料的碱激发泡沫混凝土性能的影响。【方法】调节SAP预吸NaOH溶液的质量分数和SAP掺量(质量分数,下同),考察其对碱激发泡沫混凝土的流动性、吸水率、凝结时间、导热系数、孔隙结构及强度的影响;借助扫描电子显微镜和傅里叶红外光谱分析,从微观角度揭示SAP对泡沫混凝土性能影响机制。【结果】随着SAP掺量的增加,碱激发泡沫混凝土的流动度、凝结时间和导热系数呈下降趋势,但吸水率增大。SAP的掺入会导致碱激发泡沫混凝土孔隙率增大和孔隙分布的改变,掺入预吸水和预吸质量分数为0.4%的NaOH溶液的SAP后,增大了碱激发泡沫混凝土中孔隙直径大于550μm的孔隙比例;掺入预吸质量分数为0.9%的NaOH溶液的SAP后,则增大了碱激发泡沫混凝土中孔隙直径小于250μm的孔隙比例。适量的掺入SAP可以显著改善碱激发泡沫混凝土的抗压、抗折强度,当SAP预吸质量分数为0.4%的NaOH溶液且掺量为0.10%时,碱激发泡沫混凝土的抗压、抗折强度最高。【结论】SAP预吸NaOH溶液处理后,可以明显改善碱激发泡沫混凝土的工作性能、孔隙结构和力学性能。

高吸水树脂改良煤矸石基质水分特性

【目的】探究不同质量分数的高吸水树脂(SAP)对矿区煤矸石基质容重、孔隙度、毛管水运移规律和保水性等方面的改善状况,阐明SAP最佳使用量下煤矸石基质的水分运移规律,为无土矿区煤矸石基质水分条件改善提供依据,实现矿区煤矸石固废资源化利用,为植被生长提供适宜条件。【方法】通过室内土柱试验模拟质量分数0%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%和0.4%的SAP对煤矸石基质水分运移规律的影响。【结果】(1)SAP可以改善煤矸石基质物理性质,随SAP使用量的增加,煤矸石基质容重呈下降趋势,总孔隙度与毛管孔隙度呈上升趋势;(2)SAP会极显著抑制煤矸石毛管水上升高度,且质量分数在0%~0.4%范围内,随SAP使用量的增加抑制效果逐渐增强,但当SAP质量分数为0.4%时,对煤矸石毛管水抑制程度较0.3%差异不显著;(3)最小显著差异法拟合分析得到:煤矸石毛管水上升高度随时间变化呈幂函数增加趋势(P<0.01),上升速率与时间变化呈对数函数下降趋势;(4)在室内通风条件下,72 h内不同SAP质量分数的煤矸石基质含水率持续降低,纯煤矸石(SAP质量分数0%)基质含水率下降趋势最大,水分损失率为15.96%,SAP质量分数为0.3%与0.4%下降趋势较小,水分损失率分别为3.90%和3.52%,差异不显著,且作用时间越长,SAP的保水性能表现越突出。【结论】SAP可以改善煤矸石基质水分条件,且在一定范围内,含量越高改善效果越显著。因此从经济和效果两方面考虑,首选质量分数为0.3%的SAP应用于无土矿区煤矸石基质中,为植被生长提供适宜的水气条件。

复合改性纤维基调湿材料吸放湿性能研究

以主要成分为植物纤维的纤维片材作为调湿材料的基材,利用无机盐的高吸湿性对纤维片材进行改性,以改善其调湿能力。为了减少无机盐的流失,采用高吸水性树脂和防水透气膜对纤维片材进行了复合。在恒温恒湿箱中对原材料和复合纤维片材进行了吸湿和放湿试验,并测试了复合纤维片材的盐流失性。结果表明,氯化钠可以提升纤维片材的吸放湿性能,但盐流失率较大;高吸水性树脂和防水透气膜的复合可有效减少纤维片材中无机盐的流失,其中采用高吸水性树脂复合纤维片材具有良好的调湿性能,且盐流失率较小。

原位聚合AMPS吸水树脂改性NHL对砂岩裂隙灌浆性能的影响

天然水硬性石灰(NHL)是在石质文物保护领域极具潜力的灌浆材料,但较低的强度和较高的脆性限制了其应用。采用一步法原位聚合制备了2−丙烯酰胺基−2−甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)吸水树脂,得到AMPS/NHL复合材料;通过XRD、FT-IR、SEM等手段对其进行了表征,通过等温量热仪监测AMPS吸水树脂改性前后NHL的水化放热情况;利用万能试验机测试了固化浆体的力学性能(抗压、抗弯以及黏接强度)。结果表明,AMPS在NHL浆体中产生的针网状结构能够在基体中起到穿针引线的作用,加强浆体内部联系,提高黏结效果,从而显著增强浆体的力学性能。3%的AMPS改性浆体在固化28 d后,抗压强度高达5.37 MPa,较改性前提高了60.7%,黏接和抗弯强度分别提高了12.8%和32.5%。