CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF THE INDUCED OVERCURRENT GENERATED BY CLOSE TRIGGERED LIGHTNING ON THE OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION POWER LINE

Techniques of artificially-triggered lightning have provided a significantly useful means to directly measure various physical parameters of lightning discharge and to conduct research on protection methods of lightning electromagnetic pulses.In this study,using capacitive and resistive dividers,current probes and optical fiber transmission devices,we measured and analyzed the induced overvoltage on the overhead transmission line and the overcurrent through Surge Protective Devices(SPD) when a lightning discharge was artificially triggered nearby on August 12,2008 at Conghua Field Lightning Experiment Site.The triggered lightning discharge contained an initial current stage and eight return strokes whose peak currents ranged from 6.6kA to 26.4kA.We found that overcurrents through SPD were induced on the power line both during the initial continuous current stage and the return stroke processes.During the return strokes,the residual voltage and the current through the SPD lasted up to the ms(millisecond) range,and the overcurrents exhibited a mean waveform up to 22/69μs with a peak value of less than 2kA.Based on the observed data,simple calculations show that the corresponding single discharge energy was much greater than the values of the high voltage pulse generators commonly used in the experiments regulated for SPD.The SPD discharge current peak was not synchronous to that of the residual voltage with the former obviously lagging behind the latter.The SPD discharge current peak was well correlated with the triggered lightning current peak and the wave-front current gradient.The long duration of the SPD current is one of the major reasons why the SPD was damaged even with a big nominal discharge current.

A New Proposal of Inverse-Time Characteristics for Overcurrent Relay Based on Microcomputer

The conventional time function of electromechanical relays is hard to coordinate with other relays. In order to promote the application of inverse-time overcurrent relays, a new time function for microprocessor-type relay is proposed. The setting of the trip time for this relay is performed by determining the shortest trip time and the longest trip time, respectively. The results of analysis show that with the new time function, the inverse-time overcurrent relay is easy to coordinate with other relays and has a comparatively shorter trip time, and that the fault happens in the protective zone.

IGBT Overcurrent Protection of Welding Inverter Power Source

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Simulation Analysis of Suppression of Resonant Overcurrent by Nonlinear Components

For the development of distributed power supply active distribution network system, the instability of the power supply side causes the system frequency to be disturbed, and harmonics, voltage fluctuations, or ferromagnetic saturation causes resonance and other series of power quality problems;what resulting in the over-voltage and over-current can easily damage components and threaten the system's safe and stable operation. In order to solve these problems, this paper compares some harmonic detection and filtering methods, devices and methods for suppressing resonance in recent years, and combines the principle of resonance to design a nonlinear inductive circuit that can suppress resonant overcurrent according to the characteristics of nonlinear inductors. Compared with the Resistance (R) series Induct Capacitance (LC) parallel circuit composed of common inductors, the circuit described in this paper is not affected by overcurrent, and the influence of overvoltage is relatively greatly reduced. The simulate-on proves that this circuit suppresses the effects of resonant overvoltage and overcurrent.

MATLAB fitting for overcurrent relay and a new digital algorithm study

The overcurrent (OC) protection limit is set usually accorging to a OC protection setting table on digital integrated protection equipment in mine explode isolation high voltage (HV) vacuum switch. For digital integrated protection equipment, OC protection setting table must be converted to be a microcomputer algorithm. This paper first intro-duced a method of the fitting OC protection setting table to be OC relay inverse time characteristics equations using MATLAB least square fitting. On the basis of analyzing these fitting equations, a notion, “integral limit rate” was put forward initially and a OC in-verse time digital algorithm was developed. MATLAB simulation results and a digital signal processor (DSP) based digital integrated protection equipment running test indicate that this algorithm has less calculation amount, less taking up memory, high control accuracy, implements the no-grade setting of OC delay values, suits for all kinds of low-middle mi-crocomputer system implementation.

Numerical Simulation of a Two-Phase Flow with Low Permeability anda Start-Up Pressure Gradient

A new numerical model for low-permeability reservoirs is developed.The model incorporates the nonlinear characteristics of oil-water two-phase flows while taking into account the initiation pressure gradient.Related numerical solutions are obtained using a finite difference method.The correctness of the method is demonstrated using a two-dimensional inhomogeneous low permeability example.Then,the differences in the cumulative oil and water production are investigated for different starting water saturations.It is shown that when the initial water saturation grows,the water content of the block continues to rise and the cumulative oil production gradually decreases.

Dynamic evaluation of a scaled-down heat pipe-cooled system during start-up/shut-down processes using a hardware-in-the-loop test approach

Micro-mobile heat pipe-cooled nuclear power plants are promising candidates for distributed energy resource power genera-tors and can be flexibly deployed in remote places to meet increasing electric power demands.However,previous steady-state simulations and experiments have deviated significantly from actual micronuclear system operations.Hence,a transient analysis is required for performance optimization and safety assessment.In this study,a hardware-in-the-loop(HIL)approach was used to investigate the dynamic behavior of scaled-down heat pipe-cooled systems.The real-time features of the HIL architecture were interpreted and validated,and an optimal time step of 500 ms was selected for the thermal transient.The power transient was modeled using point kinetic equations,and a scaled-down thermal prototype was set up to avoid mod-eling unpredictable heat transfer behaviors and feeding temperature samples into the main program running on a desktop PC.A series of dynamic test results showed significant power and temperature oscillations during the transient process,owing to the inconsistency of the rapid nuclear reaction rate and large thermal inertia.The proposed HIL approach is stable and effective for further studying of the dynamic characteristics and control optimization of solid-state small nuclear-powered systems at an early prototyping stage.

基于动作时限曲线拟合思想的含DG型配电网后备保护新方法

分布式电源(distributed generation,DG)的接入可能会改变电力系统的短路电流特性,从而影响到反时限过流保护的选择性和配合关系。为此,提出一种基于动作时限曲线拟合思想的含DG型配电网后备保护新方法。从配电网主保护和后备保护的动作时间差入手,建立曲线拟合模型,并运用梯度下降法对反时限过流保护的动作时限曲线进行优化。通过在优化整定计算中考虑保护的选择性以及DG接入所带来的影响,使优化参数适用于配电网中各分段位置。然后,在配电网中设置两相、三相短路故障,并根据故障位置、类型进行整定参数再调整,最终得到参数的全局最优解。基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件进行仿真分析,验证了所提方法的有效性和实用性。

手跳线路分相断路器失灵时预防事故扩大的方法

现场出现了几起手跳分相断路器时一相或两相断路器失灵的情况,但目前的规范并未要求手跳断路器失灵时启动失灵保护,若由零序过流保护动作切除负荷电流,可能导致事故扩大。目前南网220 kV线路保护通过修改软件实现了三相不一致和单相运行三跳动作后远跳线路对侧,但国网以及南网有些地区的保护不具备软件升级条件,提出了将手跳继电器触点和断路器三相位置不一致状态触点串联后接入纵联电流差动保护的其他保护动作开入方法。该方法简单可靠,便于实施。

超、特高压交流线路反时限零序过流后备保护的整定建议

针对国家电网“六统一”线路保护装置,提出了超、特高压交流线路反时限零序过流保护的整定原则。反时限零序过流保护在保证灵敏性方面并无困难,整定原则的核心问题是解决选择性和速动性的矛盾。根据该保护的原理和逻辑提出了转折电流的概念以及接地距离保护与反时限零序过流保护的配合原则;充分考虑配合时间定值和最小时间定值对保护动作特性的影响,综合超、特高压电网实际短路电流水平和接地距离保护的过渡电阻耐受能力,将反时限零序过流保护低电流区的选择性与接地距离保护高电流区的选择性进行结合,提升了对接地故障全域电流范围的选择性切除能力;提出了方向元件投退原则。通过对某省级电网进行算例分析,验证了整定原则的有效性,该整定原则已经在实际电网中进行了应用。

新型本质安全电源保护电路设计

为了解决本安电源过流和短路的安全问题,设计了一种用于本质安全电源的新型保护电路。该电路通过电流镜电路按一定的比例复制主路电流,并由副电路采样电流信号,经过放大、移位处理后接入比较器负输入端,比较器正输入端接入短路检测信号。该新型电路的功能是当电源负载发生过流或短路故障时,滞回比较器输出过流或短路控制信号,迅速关断主电流开关,从而实现对负载主电路截断的保护;同时启动微电流开关,检测短路故障是否消除,使得故障消除后能够自动恢复主电流开关电路。此外,电源保护电路的软启动电路可用于解决电源启动过程中的浪涌电流可能会造成过流保护误动作的问题。

基于相位与幅值补偿的虚拟同步发电机低电压穿越控制

虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)通过模拟同步发电机的工作原理,引入虚拟惯量与阻尼系数,提高了分布式电源并网的稳定性。但是当电网发生电压跌落时,电压的跌落与恢复均会使电网电压的相位与幅值发生跳变,而传统的VSG控制策略难以解决该问题。为此,文中提出一种基于相位与幅值补偿的VSG低电压穿越控制方法。首先,分析电网电压跌落与恢复对电网造成的不同影响。其次,在电网电压跌落期间,通过将VSG输出电压和电网电压之间的相位与幅值差控制在允许范围内来实现过流抑制、输出功率的快速稳定以及无功补偿的目的。然后,在电网电压恢复时,通过快速补偿消除VSG输出电压和电网电压之间的相位与幅值差,从而抑制因电网电压跳变而造成的过流等问题。最后,通过MATLAB/Simulink仿真验证所提控制策略的有效性。根据仿真结果可知,文中提出的控制策略可以有效抑制过流的产生并且能够实现无功补偿。

基于改进灰狼算法的配电网反时限过电流保护定值优化

随着分布式电源接入配电网,改变了电网结构,导致故障电流特征越发复杂。本文针对配电网反时限过电流保护定值优化问题,提出一种基于改进灰狼算法的反时限过电流保护(ITOCP)定值优化算法。首先,针对反时限过电流保护参数约束复杂、关联性强的特点,引入静态惩罚函数对约束项进行处理,建立一个含静态惩罚函数和保护动作总时间的新颖的配电网ITOCP优化模型;其次,为了避免参数寻优陷入局部最优,引入比例调节因子改变全局搜索和局部搜索的比例,浮动因子优化灰狼个体的活动范围。提出一种改进的灰狼算法对ITOCP的时间系数和启动电流进行优化整定,缩短配电网故障保护动作时间,实现故障的快速有效切除。最后,以含分布式电源的IEEE 15节点配电网的两相短路电流故障和三相短路电流故障为例,验证所提方法的有效性和优越性。

自锁型SiC MOSFET固态过流保护单元设计

新能源汽车动力电池发生短路故障时,可靠、快速地实现分断保护对于保护人身财产安全至关重要。传统的热熔型熔断器无法在低倍电流工况下实现稳定分断,而新型的烟火型熔断器则存在控制器判断失效的情况下无法执行保护动作的风险。为满足新能源汽车功率回路快速、可靠、被动分断的需求,在此采用固态分断电路的基本原理,基于SiC MOSFET设计了一种自锁型无极性过流保护单元,额定载流60A,可以实现1.5倍分断保护(90A)。该电路采用隔离电源直驱拓扑,结构简单,性能稳定。测试结果显示,在此所设计的过流保护单元保护动作时间8.4ms,闭合动作时间22.8ms,分断动作时间3.1ms,满足新能源汽车应用要求。

基于D5000系统的励磁变过流保护协调配置自动评估方法研究

阐述基于国家电网智能电网调度技术支持系统(D5000系统)的励磁变过流保护协调配置的自动评估方法。以励磁变过流保护和励磁系统强励为研究对象,通过研究两者之间的协调匹配关系,给出励磁变过流保护协调配置的自动校核方法。该方法可以迅速评估励磁变过流保护定值的合理性,防止励磁变过流保护误动而危及机组运行安全。

基于分布式不平衡配电网双方向整定的自适应过流保护方案研究

随着传统化石能源的大量消耗与环境问题的日益严重,分布式发电(DG)技术快速发展,DG接入配电网也产生了新问题。由于重合器-熔断器的不协调,可能会降低网络可靠性。为了防止这种可靠性的降低,提出一种保护协调策略,展开理论分析,得出重合器快速和慢速操作修正设置以及熔断器系数的取值,以实现尽量少地使用熔断器的情况下满足保护目的,增加保护装置的协调范围。在IEEE 13个节点测试系统上模拟出现故障情况时应用该策略,重合器和熔断器能够配合处理故障,验证了策略的有效性。

导线长度对过电流聚氯乙烯铜导线起火燃烧行为的影响

为深入研究导线长度对过电流聚氯乙烯铜导线起火燃烧及火蔓延行为的影响,利用电气火灾故障模拟装置模拟铜导线在不同长度下发生过电流故障,分析了导线长度对起火燃烧过程、火蔓延最大距离的影响,并通过视频影像堆栈技术分析了火蔓延速率。结果表明:当过电流值不变时,随着导线长度的延长,火蔓延最大距离呈现先增大再减小的趋势;对于研究中使用的2.5 mm^(2)多芯聚氯乙烯铜导线,过电流值不变,且导线长度在240 cm时,火蔓延距离最大,其中在200 A时,火焰会达到全线的燃烧;火蔓延速率在导线熔断瞬间向两侧蔓延时最快,随着远离熔断点未燃区可燃性气体浓度、温度的下降,火蔓延速率有下降的趋势,并且呈现较大的波动。

TSD-10中波数字调幅发射机高压电源过流故障分析

中波发射作为传统广播传输的重要途径,设备运行的质量关键在于技术支撑。要想快速解决设备运行中出现的问题,技术维护人员须了解中波广播发射机的运行监测原理。基于此,对TSD-10数字调制中波广播发射机高压电源过流故障监测的相关原理、峰值电流和平均值电流预置门限电平调校进行阐述,以期为相关人员提供参考借鉴。

RVVB导线过电流诱发短路起火及迸溅熔珠特征试验研究

为研究RVVB导线过电流诱发短路故障发生过程和迸溅熔珠典型特征,搭建220 V电压条件下导线过电流诱发短路故障装置,利用视频影像技术分析短路发生过程,统计初次短路发生时间和短路持续时间,收集迸溅熔珠并分析其形貌和典型组织特征。结果表明:导线由内及外受热时,PVC绝缘层发生热解,导线发生初次短路时间与电流值存在指数递减关系。迸溅熔珠根据形貌可分为圆珠状、连接珠状、凹坑状、半珠状、连接半珠状、连接棒状及连接尖状,其金相组织可分为4类。试验结果可为火灾调查提供参考。