Dynamic evaluation of a scaled-down heat pipe-cooled system during start-up/shut-down processes using a hardware-in-the-loop test approach

Micro-mobile heat pipe-cooled nuclear power plants are promising candidates for distributed energy resource power genera-tors and can be flexibly deployed in remote places to meet increasing electric power demands.However,previous steady-state simulations and experiments have deviated significantly from actual micronuclear system operations.Hence,a transient analysis is required for performance optimization and safety assessment.In this study,a hardware-in-the-loop(HIL)approach was used to investigate the dynamic behavior of scaled-down heat pipe-cooled systems.The real-time features of the HIL architecture were interpreted and validated,and an optimal time step of 500 ms was selected for the thermal transient.The power transient was modeled using point kinetic equations,and a scaled-down thermal prototype was set up to avoid mod-eling unpredictable heat transfer behaviors and feeding temperature samples into the main program running on a desktop PC.A series of dynamic test results showed significant power and temperature oscillations during the transient process,owing to the inconsistency of the rapid nuclear reaction rate and large thermal inertia.The proposed HIL approach is stable and effective for further studying of the dynamic characteristics and control optimization of solid-state small nuclear-powered systems at an early prototyping stage.

Numerical Simulation of a Two-Phase Flow with Low Permeability anda Start-Up Pressure Gradient

A new numerical model for low-permeability reservoirs is developed.The model incorporates the nonlinear characteristics of oil-water two-phase flows while taking into account the initiation pressure gradient.Related numerical solutions are obtained using a finite difference method.The correctness of the method is demonstrated using a two-dimensional inhomogeneous low permeability example.Then,the differences in the cumulative oil and water production are investigated for different starting water saturations.It is shown that when the initial water saturation grows,the water content of the block continues to rise and the cumulative oil production gradually decreases.

复杂网络视角下科技型初创企业的风险评估

首先对与科技型初创企业相关的影响因素进行梳理和筛选后,运用复杂网络理论构建科技型初创企业风险评估的复杂网络结构及指标体系,然后从复杂网络全局和模块化的角度分析科技型初创企业的风险。最后,选择10家科技型初创企业进行实证分析。研究结果表明,所构建的科技型初创企业风险评估模型具有一定有效性和合理性。

基于深度强化学习的火电机组制粉系统自启停智能决策

针对目前人工决策基础上的制粉系统一键启停技术存在决策主观经验性强、操盘劳动强度大、节能优化潜力难以发掘等问题,提出了一种综合考虑制粉系统能耗与机组负荷跟踪性能的制粉系统启停决策评价模型,以安全引入网调负荷计划指令信号作为输入,研究了基于深度强化学习的制粉系统自启停智能决策方法,开发了制粉系统自启停决策闭环控制系统。研究结果通过仿真验证,并已在某超超临界1000 MW机组常用磨煤机上成功应用,节能降耗效果显著。研究结果可为火电机组少人、无人化运行技术提供有效借鉴。

考虑输配协同的电网并行恢复分区及机组启动次序统一优化决策方法

在电网恢复初期,黑启动资源紧缺,恢复所需时间长。随着配电网接入多种类型的资源,利用含源配电网自下而上支撑输电网恢复、加速黑启动进程逐步具备可行性。该文首先提出输配协同恢复理念,分析向上支撑输电网恢复的配电网需具备的条件,进而明确输配协同恢复方式;然后,结合输电网机组启动过程的功率需求和配电网发电资源特征,定义配电网向上送电外特性,并提出配电网向上支撑外特性建模方法;进一步,以机组启动总耗时最小为目标,构建考虑输配协同的电网并行恢复分区及机组启动次序统一优化决策的混合整数线性规划模型;最后,基于国内实际输配电网算例,验证该文所提方法的有效性。

移动式固体氧化物燃料电池系统集成技术研究现状与进展

固体氧化物燃料电池(Solid Oxide Fuel Cell,SOFC)是一种能量转换装置,可以通过电化学反应将燃料中的化学能直接转换为电能。目前,SOFC大多被视为固定式发电技术,然而因其具有燃料灵活性、高效率和高能量密度等特点,在移动式发电领域如辅助动力、无人机动力、远程电源等也具有广阔应用前景。与固定式SOFC应用相比,移动式SOFC研究进展起步相对较晚,技术较不完善。移动式SOFC系统通常包括电堆、重整器、供气装置、尾燃器、换热器和储能组件等核心组件。开发SOFC移动系统需要考虑系统的鲁棒性、易用性以及发电能力等,而移动式SOFC系统部件相对较复杂,这些部件的耦合匹配特性又会显著影响系统的紧凑性、启动特性及体积/质量功率密度。从热特性、启动策略及高功率密度混合动力系统集成等方面对国内外移动式SOFC系统集成技术的研究进展进行综述。最后,基于对现有研究成果的总结提出了未来移动式SOFC系统集成中存在的挑战,及在材料与工艺的改进、新型启动策略和混合系统设计与优化等方面的发展方向。

CRI系统短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化高效脱氮工艺研究

为解决传统人工快渗(CRI)系统脱氮效果差的问题,构建了由好氧反应柱(O-CRI)和缺氧反应柱(A-CRI)串联而成的两级CRI系统,探讨了在O/A-CRI系统内实现短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化的调控方法及其脱氮效果。结果表明,调节干湿比为4:1并在进水中投加质量浓度为5 g/L的NaCl运行20 d后,NH_(4)^(+)-N去除率、NO_(2)^(-)-N积累率分别为60.7%、97.9%,O-CRI反应柱成功启动短程硝化。逐级提高进水NO_(2)^(-)-N质量浓度至25 mg/L左右,A-CRI反应柱可成功启动厌氧氨氧化,短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺耦合运行后NH+4-N、TN去除率均值分别达到97.5%、90.8%,为CRI系统提供了一种高效脱氮的新方法。

低体积分数瓦斯发动机混合器优化

针对某型号低体积分数瓦斯发动机启机成功率低的问题开展分析与研究。基于ANSYS Workbench的Fluent模块,建立从燃料阀前到增压器前的流道三维数模,并对模型进行标定。基于该模型开展仿真计算和优化设计,并在低体积分数瓦斯发动机上进行验证。试验结果表明:改进后的导向型混合器能够在瓦斯体积分数为11%~14%的工况下,在增压器入口前可获得0.7以上的过量空气系数,启机成功率大大提高。

电喷柴油发动机启动困难故障分析

近年来,随着环保意识的增强,柴油发动机作为一种污染排放少的动力装置,其市场份额正在逐步增加。但是,由于电喷柴油发动机技术较为复杂,使其在实际应用中出现了很多故障。对于电喷柴油发动机来说,其启动困难的故障较为常见,影响着人们正常生活及工作。本文通过分析电喷柴油发动机启动困难故障的原因,以期能够对其进行有效地维修与排除。

基于混合子模块柔直换流阀的海上风电并网系统优化启动策略

近年来由一定比例的半桥子模块(HBSM)和全桥子模块(FBSM)组成的混合型换流阀被大量应用于海上风电柔性直流输电系统,使其具有直流故障穿越能力。在基于混合型模块化多电平换流器(H-MMC)的海上风电柔直并网系统中,快速、有效的预充电是整个系统正常启动的基础。由于全桥子模块和半桥子模块吸收电能的速度具有差异性,因此两类子模块在柔直系统启动过程中会出现分压不均的问题。通过分析两类子模块的充电机理,提出了一种利用均压调制系统的优化启动策略。该策略解决了海上风电柔直系统启动后子模块电压不一致的问题,并降低了海上风电柔直系统启动失败的风险。最后,基于所提出的策略在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真环境中对基于混合型MMC换流阀的海上风电柔直系统启动过程进行仿真,验证了优化启动策略的有效性。

基于复变量控制的APS在燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组中的设计与应用

基于复变量控制的机组自启停系统(Automatic Plant Start-Up and Shut-Down System,APS),针对燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组进行设计与应用研究。通过对机组进行建模和仿真,采用复变量控制策略对机组进行优化调度,以提高其性能和能源利用效率。研究结果表明,基于复变量控制的APS在全功能控制、全工况控制方面均有较好的应用。

Start-up of anaerobic ammonia oxidation bioreactor with nitrifying activated sludge

The anaerobic ammonia oxidation(Anammox) bioreactor was successfully started up with the nitrifying activated sludge. After anaerobically operated for 105 d, the bioreactor reached a good performance with removal percentage of both ammonia and nitrite higher than 95% and volumetric total nitrogen removal as high as 149.55 mmol/(L·d). The soft padding made an important contribution to the high efficiency and stability because it held a large amount of biomass in the bioreactor.

负载口独立控制的压铸机比例插装压射速度系统研究

以压铸机压射系统为研究对象,针对只采用出口比例插装阀系统出现启动冲击、低速稳定性差、高速易超调和工作压力高等问题,提出一种独立阀口控制的速度系统,对出、入口比例插装阀同时采用前馈加反馈复合控制。通过采用双比例插装阀对进、出口速度控制的压铸机压射系统进行分析,建立关键元件和压射系统仿真模型,并在现场压铸机上进行试验验证。结果表明,这种控制方式能够消除启动时的瞬间速度前冲,提高了低速段时速度稳定性、降低了高速段超调,并且减小了出口比例插装阀的工作压力,同时也证明了联合仿真的有效性,为同类系统的设计提供参考。

A method to refine the start-up scheme of compression and refrigeration systems in ethylene plants via dynamic simulation

Starting the cracking gas compressor and precooling the refrigeration system are keys to start-up of an ethylene plant and accounts for up to 50% of the total start-up time and plant flare emissions. Premature feeding of cracking furnaces can be avoided if the cracking gas compressor is started and the refrigeration system is precooled in advance using mixed gas as the start-up working medium(SWM). Start-up scenario with mixed gas as SWM could significantly reduce the emission loss and shorten the precooling time. Research shows that making appropriate start-up scheme is important not only to ensure operational safety and feasibility, but also to reduce energy consumption. In this paper, a method is proposed to select suitable start-up operational parameters of compression and refrigeration system with sufficient safe operating ranges and short precooling time. The complex interrelation among key parameters of start-up is analyzed. It is found that higher energy consumption, especially for super high-pressure steam(SS), can promote operational safety and shorten the precooling time during start-up.Based on steady-state and dynamic simulation, appropriate operating parameter ranges are determined with reasonable SS consumption. A real case study demonstrates that an appropriate start-up scheme will optimize the operation.

The exact solution of Stokes' second problem including start-up process with fractional element

The start-up process of Stokes＇ second problem of a viscoelastic material with fractional element is studied. The fluid above an infinite flat plane is set in motion by a sudden acceleration of the plate to steady oscillation. Exact solutions are obtained by using Laplace transform and Fourier transform. It is found that the relationship between the first peak value and the one of equal-amplitude oscillations depends on the distance from the plate. The amplitude decreases for increasing frequency and increasing distance.

Experimental research on characteristic of start-up pressure wave propagation in gelled crude oil by large-scale flow loop

In order to research start-up pressure wave propagation mechanism and determine pressure wave speed in gelled crude oil pipelines accurately,experiment of Large-scale flow loop was carried out.In the experiment,start-up pressure wave speeds under various operation conditions were measured,and effects of correlative factors on pressure wave were analyzed.The experimental and theoretical analysis shows that thermal shrinkage and structural properties of gelled crude oils are key factors influencing on start-up pressure wave propagation.The quantitative analysis for these effects can be done by using volume expansion coefficient and structural property parameter of gelled crude oil.A new calculation model of pressure wave speed was developed on the basis of Large-scale flow loop experiment and theoretical analysis.

Start-up and contaminants removal characteristics of aerobic granules-membrane bioreactor at low temperature

In order to understand the effect of low temperature on the formation process of aerobic granules and contaminants removal characteristics,the aerobic granules-membrane bioreactor (AGS-MBR) has been started up and operated at low temperature using the carbon resource of sodium acetate. Aerobic granules cultivated in AGS-MBR possess smooth surface and compact structure in morphology as well as better settling property and higher biomass after 38 days. The average parameters of aerobic granules are: diameter 3. 1 mm,wet density 1. 041 g/mL,sludge volume index 42. 35 mL/g and settling velocity 20. 6 - 45. 2 cm/min. During the start-up of AGS-MBR,the respectively average contaminants removal efficiencies at low temperature are 91. 9% for chemical oxygen demand (COD) ,89. 2% for NH4 + -N and 86. 3% for PO43- -P,and the overgrowth of filamentous bacteria has been well controlled. In addition,the hollow fiber microfiltration (MF) membrane fouling is light and the regime membrane layer is capable of enhancing membrane filtration as well as the average growth of trans-membrane pressure (TMP) is 1. 07 kPa/d. Compared with the conventional cultivation of aerobic granules,the sludge granulation time significantly decreases from 73 days to 38 days by the application of microfiltration membrane at low temperature.

Study on durability of Pt supported on graphitized carbon under simulated start-up/shut-down conditions for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

The primary issue for the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cell（PEMFC） is the carbon corrosion of support under start-up/shut-down conditions. In this study, we employ the nanostructured graphitized carbon induced by heat-treatment. The degree of graphitization starts to increase between 900 and 1300 ℃ as evidenced by the change of specific surface area, interlayer spacing, and ID/IG value. Pt nanoparticles are deposited on fresh carbon black（Pt/CB） and carbon heat-treated at 1700 ℃（Pt/HCB17） with similar particle size and distribution. Electrochemical characterization demonstrates that the Pt/HCB17 shows higher activity than the Pt/CB due to the inefficient microporous structure of amorphous carbon for the oxygen reduction reaction. An accelerating potential cycle between 1.0 and 1.5 V for the carbon corrosion is applied to examine durability at a single cell under the practical start-up/shutdown conditions. The Pt/HCB17 catalyst shows remarkable durability after 3000 potential cycles. The Pt/HCB17 catalyst exhibits a peak power density gain of 3%, while the Pt/CB catalyst shows 65% loss of the initial peak power density. As well, electrochemical surface area and mass activity of Pt/HCB17 catalyst are even more stable than those of the Pt/CB catalyst. Consequently, the high degree of graphitization is essential for the durability of fuel cells in practical start-up/shut-down conditions due to enhancing the strong interaction of Pt and π-bonds in graphitized carbon.

START-UP AND DYNAMIC PROCESSES SIMULATION OF A DISTILLATION COLUMN

A new dynamic non-equilibrium mixing-pool model for simulating start-up and dynamic re-sponse of a distillation column is reported.The proposed model is established on the basis ofconsidering the two dimensional flow/mixing behavior of actual trays in a distillation column.Com-parison is made among the computed results of the start-up time and the dynamic response time bythe proposed and five other typical models.It is found that the computed time for both dynamicprocesses is longer by the model which considers any flow/mixing pattern than by the model withoutsuch concern.The inertia effect of flow/mixing seems to be important and can not be ignored inmodeling the transient process of distillation.The proposed model,which is believed to be suitableto large column,seems somewhat useful in predicting industrial distillation dynamics.

New Start-up Method for a Closed-Cycle Compression System with Gas Bearings and Its Characteristics

Gas bearings,which have the advantages of low frictional resistance and power loss,high rotational speed and high temperature operation,and long life,are more suitable than are traditional liquid lubricated bearings because of their high precision,high rotational speed,and special condition support.However,the problem of starting a closed-cycle compression system with gas bearings still needs to be solved for practical application.Thus,a new start-up method for a closed-cycle compression system with aerostatic gas bearings is proposed in this paper.Further,this paper presents a numerical simulation and experimental investigation of the method’s feasibility and characteristics during the start-up process when the gas tank’s initial pressure is fixed.The results show that the gas tank volume is approximately directly proportional to the start-up time allowable,and a gas tank volume sufficiently small,which not only ensures the feasibility of start-up,but also affects other components only slightly,can be obtained.A perfect combination of radial and axial loads also can be achieved to make the start-up time allowable as long as possible.R134a is a better choice for the working medium than is air,as the start-up time allowable is longer,which leads to a smaller gas tank.This research proposes a new start-up method for a closed-cycle compression system with aerostatic gas bearings which has sufficient load capacity to support system during the start-up method.