基于SAT的GRANULE算法不可能差分分析

基于布尔可满足性问题(SAT)的自动化搜索方法可以直接刻画与、或、非、异或等逻辑运算,从而建立更高效的搜索模型。为更高效地评估GRANULE算法抵抗不可能差分攻击的能力,首先,基于S盒差分分布表性质优化S盒差分性质刻画的SAT模型;其次,对GRANULE算法建立基于比特的不可能差分区分器的SAT模型,通过求解模型得到多条10轮GRANULE算法的不可能差分区分器;再次,针对不可能差分区分器,给出改进的SAT自动化验证方法并验证;最后,将得到的区分器往前和往后各扩展3轮,对GRANULE-64/80算法发起16轮的不可能差分攻击,通过该攻击可以恢复80比特主密钥,时间复杂度为251.8次16轮加密,数据复杂度为241.8个选择明文。与表现次优的对GRANULE算法不可能差分分析的方法相比,所得到的区分器轮数和密钥恢复攻击轮数都提高了3轮,且时间复杂度、数据复杂度都进一步下降。

Influence of temperature on the characteristics of aerobic granulation in sequencing batch airlift reactors

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated in sequencing batch airlift reactors （SBAR） at 25, 30, and 35℃, respectively. The effect of temperature on the granules characteristics was analyzed and the microbial community structures of the granules were probed using scanning electron microscope （SEM） and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE）. The results showed that 30℃ is optimum for matured granule cultivation, where the granules had a more compact structure, better settling ability and higher bioactivity, the oxygen utilization rate （OUR） reached 1.14 mg O2/（g MLVSS.min） with COD removal rate of 97% and TP removal rate of 75%. The removal efficiency of NH3-N increased from 68.5% to 87.5% along with the temperature increment from 25 to 35℃. The DGGE profiles revealed that the microbial community structure at 25℃ showed the least similarity with those at other temperatures. The sequencing results indicated that the majority of dominant microbes belonged to Actinobacteria and Proteobacterium. Thermomonas sp., Ottowia sp. and Curtobacteriurn ammoniigenes might play important roles at different temperatures, respectively.

Granulation of filamentous microorganisms in a sequencing batch reactor with saline wastewater

Proliferation of filamentous microorganisms frequently leads to operational failure for activate sludge systems. In this study, it was found that filamentous microorganisms could grow in compact granular structure with 5% sodium chloride in the substrate. In the early period of experiment, coccoid and rode-like bacteria predominated in the yellowish-brown granules, and later the white and the black granules were developed by filamentous microorganisms. The filamentous granules exhibited low porosity and fast settling velocity, and were more compact even than bacteria granules. It was hypothesized that the elevated pH in the later period might be a possible reason for the compact growth of filamentous granules. However, the bacteria granules showed the high bioactivity in terms of specific oxygen utilizing rate, and comprised of a wider diversity of compounds based on the thermogravimetric evaluation. The findings in this study demonstrated that filamentous microbes could form compact granular structure, which may encourage the utilization of filamentous microorganisms rather than the inhibition of their growth, as the latter is frequently used for sludge bulking control.

Sludge granulation and efficiency of phase separator in UASB reactor treating combined industrial effluent

Sludge granulation and the effect of gas-liquid-solid separator （GLSS） design on the efficiency of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket （UASB） and upflow anaerobic sludge filter （UASF） reactors, operating at HRTs ranging from 3 to 12 h was investigated. VSS/TS ratio gradually increased in both the reactors with increasing sludge age （from 0.5 to more than 0.7 for UASB reactor and 0.012 to 0.043 for UASF reactor）. X-Ray diffraction analysis of the UASF sludge showed the presence of expanding clays revealing its additional absorption capability. Fuoraphyllite and albite precipitation related to excellular polymers of the microbial shell structure, showed the extended growth of microorganisms during sludge granulation. A gradual decrease （82%-69%） in COD removal with decreasing HRT was apparent in UASF reactor. In case of UASB reactor, this decrease was marginal because addition of GLSS device significantly improved （14%-20%） the overall efficiency of the UASB reactor. GLSS enhanced the efficiency of the UASB reactor by increasing the settleability of suspended particles and accelerating the coagulation of colloidal particles due to the velocity gradient.

Effects of particle characteristics on the granulation ability of iron ores during the sintering process

The granulation behavior of iron ores is essential for subsequent parameter optimization and efficient granulation, especially under changing material conditions. In this study, the effects of surface properties and particle size were analyzed using a laboratory granulation method; an estimation of the granulation of sintering blends was subsequently conducted for the base ores. Circularity and porosity were observed to negatively affect the granulation of iron ores, whereas wettability positively affected the granulation and was the most influential factor, indicating that wetting of iron ores is desirable during granulation. When iron ores with complex size distributions were granulated, the equivalent surface area was the main influencing factor for coarse particles larger than 1 mm and the ratio of adhering fines to intermediates was the main factor for fine particles smaller than 1 mm. By combining the granulation of coarse and fine particles with their proportioning, we proposed a calculation method for estimating the granulation ability of sintering blends. Good verification was demonstrated with the designed schemes. The results suggest that the developed method is effective for predicting the granulation of iron ore mixtures.

Endoscopic management of a rare granulation polyp in a colonic diverticulum

There are many case reports on colon diverticula that cause irritable bowel syndrome,constipation,bleeding,diverticulitis,stricture due to multiple recurrences of diverticulitis,and perforation.However,few articles have examined neoplasms that arise from a diverticulum,such as adenoma and adenocarcinoma,and there have been no reports of granulation polyps that arise from a colon diverticulum after recurrent diverticulitis.We observed a rare granulation polyp that arose from a diverticulum as a result of repeated episodes of local diverticulitis.Narrow band imaging magnified colonoscopy was very useful to diagnose the polyp as a granulation polyp because of the absence of a pit pattern on the surface of the polyp.We successfully resected the polyp using endoscopic mucosal resection.We inverted the diverticulum,and the resected stalk of the polyp was used to close the diverticulum with an over-thescope clip.If a granulomatous polyp could arise from a diverticulum,differential diagnosis between a colon neoplasm and a granulomatous polyp would not only be difficult but also necessary for suitable endoscopic treatment.

DEM modeling of high shear wet granulation of a simple system

High shear wet granulation(HSWG) is one of the most poorly understood processes with known difficulties in optimization and scale up. The purpose of the current study is to develop a DEM model which can be applied under dynamic process conditions with high predictive capacity to improve process insight. The DEM model is used to predict agglomeration as a function of impeller speed and liquid addition rate in a high shear wet granulator. The DEM model tracks dynamic formation and breakage of liquid bridges between particles as liquid binder in the system is added, and corrects for the change in material properties as a function of the binder content.

Interaction between granulation and small-scale magnetic flux observed by Hinode

With the polarimetric observations obtained by the Spectro-Polarimeter on board Hinode, we study the relationship between granular development and magnetic field evolution in the quiet Sun. Six typical cases are displayed to exhibit interaction between granules and magnetic elements, and we have obtained the following results. （1） A granule develops centrosymmetrically when no magnetic flux emerges within the granular cell. （2） A granule develops and splits noncentrosymmetrically while flux emerges at an outer part of the granular cell. （3） Magnetic flux emergence in a cluster of mixed polarities is detected at the position of a granule as soon as the granule breaks up. （4） A dipole emerges accompanied by the development of a granule, and the two elements of the dipole are rooted in the adjacent intergranular lanes and face each other across the granule. Advected by the horizontal granular motion, the positive element of the dipole then cancels with the pre-existing negative flux. （5） Flux cancellation also takes place between a positive element, which is advected by granular flow, and its surrounding negative flux. （6） While magnetic flux cancellation takes place in a granular cell, the granule shrinks and then disappears. （7） Horizontal magnetic fields are enhanced at the places where dipoles emerge and where opposite polarities cancel each other, but only the horizontal fields between the dipolar elements point in an orderly way from the positive elements to the negative ones. Our results reveal that granules and small-scale magnetic fluxes influence each other. Granular flow advects magnetic flux, and magnetic flux evolution suppresses granular development. There exist extremely large Doppler blue-shifts at the site of one canceling magnetic element. This phenomenon may be caused by the upward flow produced by magnetic reconnection below the photosphere.

Promoting sludge granulation by putting xonotlite into the UASB reactors during starting-up stage

Four reactors of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) were concurrentlyoperated to examine the effects of the xonotlite secondary particles on promoting the sludgegranulation during the starting-up stage at room temperature. The results show that the putting ofthe xonotlite secondary particles into the UASB reactors can increase the basicity of the reactingliquid significantly. The particles can act as the media for biomass accumulation. Thus, thegranulation process of the sludge within the reactor can be largely promoted by the specialperformances of the particles both in physical and chemical aspects.

Hemozoin triggers tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated release of lysozyme by human adherent monocytes:new evidences on leukocyte degranulation in P.falciparum malaria

Objective:Avidly phagocytosed hemozoin(malarial pigment) alters several functions of human monocytes and stimulates generation of several cytokines.Recently,we showed that phagocytosis of hemozoin by human monocytes increases expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9,a proteolytic enzyme available in specific gelatinase granules,which contain several enzymes including lysozyme.Present work investigated active lysozyme release after phagocytosis of hemozoin and its dependence on production of tumor necrosis factor alpha. Methods:After phagocytosis of hemozoin,hemozoin-containing trophozoites or control meals(opsonized nonparasitized red blood cells and latex particles),monocyte supematants were monitored for 2 hours,in presence of blocking anti-human tumor necrosis factor alpha antibodies or recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha cytokine in selected experiments.Lysozyme release was evaluated by a specific spectrometric assay measuring lysozyme activity after coincubation of cell supematants with suspensions of Mycrococcus Lysodeikticus,while levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha were analyzed by specific enzyme-linked immunodsorbent assay. Results:Levels of lysozyme activity and soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha protein were increased in hemozoin in-or trophozoites-laden monocytes supematants.Phagocytosis per se(control meals) also increased lysozyme release,but levels were significantly lower than those obtained after phagocytosis of hemozoin or trophozoites. Interestingly,all effects on lysozyme release observed after phagocytosis were abrogated by blocking anti-human tumor necrosis factor alpha antibodies,while they were mimicked by recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha cytokine.Conclusions:Present work shows that phagocytosis of hemozoin promotes monocyte degranulation and enhances active lysozyme release.The effect requires tumor necrosis factor alpha mediation.

TRANSFORMATION OF EFFUSION AND FORMATION OF GRANULATION TISSUE IN PATHOLOGIC PROCESS OF OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION

Objective To explore the diversity of stagnant effusions and the pathologic processes leading to granulation tissue formation in otitis media with effusion(OME). Methods Temporal bone slides from 306 ears with OME were studied histopathologically under the light microscope. Results Results of this study revealed a pathologic process in witch the type and the condition of stagnant effusion in the middle ear cleft was a variable in the dynamics of OME progression from an early stage to an advanced stage. The location of granulation tissue and retentive effusion were found to be closely related. Conclusion Early stage granulation tissue formation exhibited a pathologic process in which granulation tissue formation occurred only in areas where effusion had stagnated or was absorbed. The incidence of the retentive effusion and formation of granulation tissue was much higher and the pathologic changes most extensive in the area around the ossicular chain.

Technological Parameters for Preparation and Granulation of Ammonium Ion-Exchange Material

As a raw material,kaolin was modified to prepare a high-performance ammonium ion-exchange material.According to cation-exchange capacity (CEC) measurement,the prepared ammonium ion-exchange material has an ammonium ion-exchange capacity greater than 75mg/g and can be used to remove ammonia nitrogen in water treatment.A pharmaceutical extruder-rounder was used to study the effects of granulation process.Polyethylene glycol6000 (PEG-6000) was used as the pore-forming agent and calcining temperature of 650℃ was used as the optimal condition.NMR data indicate that 27 Al is mainly converted from hexa-coordinated Al to tetra-coordinated Al during the modification.Compared with 29 Si in the original kaolin,29 Si in the modified kaolin does not have an obvious change.A comparison of the data with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models shows a good correlation.The Freundlich model describes the process more accurately,and the adsorption process of ammonia nitrogen in water with the ammonium ion-exchange material closely matches the pseudo-second-order reaction.

Start-up and contaminants removal characteristics of aerobic granules-membrane bioreactor at low temperature

In order to understand the effect of low temperature on the formation process of aerobic granules and contaminants removal characteristics,the aerobic granules-membrane bioreactor (AGS-MBR) has been started up and operated at low temperature using the carbon resource of sodium acetate. Aerobic granules cultivated in AGS-MBR possess smooth surface and compact structure in morphology as well as better settling property and higher biomass after 38 days. The average parameters of aerobic granules are: diameter 3. 1 mm,wet density 1. 041 g/mL,sludge volume index 42. 35 mL/g and settling velocity 20. 6 - 45. 2 cm/min. During the start-up of AGS-MBR,the respectively average contaminants removal efficiencies at low temperature are 91. 9% for chemical oxygen demand (COD) ,89. 2% for NH4 + -N and 86. 3% for PO43- -P,and the overgrowth of filamentous bacteria has been well controlled. In addition,the hollow fiber microfiltration (MF) membrane fouling is light and the regime membrane layer is capable of enhancing membrane filtration as well as the average growth of trans-membrane pressure (TMP) is 1. 07 kPa/d. Compared with the conventional cultivation of aerobic granules,the sludge granulation time significantly decreases from 73 days to 38 days by the application of microfiltration membrane at low temperature.

Effects of Formulation Parameters and Process Variables on the Properties of Granules Obtained by Reactive Granulation

In this work, granulation between dodecyl-benzenesulfonic acid and sodium carbonate was investigated in a laboratory-scale high shear mixer. The effects offormulation parameters and process variables, including primary carbonate size, binder content, impeller speed, and operating temperature, were correlated to the properties ofthe product granules. Design ofexperiment and analysis ofvariance were combined to analyze the experimentaldata, and results showed that larger granule sizes with fewer fine particles can be obtained by employing higher binder contents and larger sodium carbonate sizes. The shear force ofthe impeller can extensively break oversized granules. The binder content exerted a contrasting effect on the flowability ofgranules formed with two kinds ofsodium carbonate, likely because ofdifferences in the liquid saturation ofthe solids. The dissolution rate determined by in-line size analysis showed that high binder contents were beneficialto dissolution performance, and the relationships between Hunter color and tested parameters were evaluated. The results ofthis work can be used as a reliable guidance for process controland optimization in powder detergent manufacturing.

Fluidised bed granulation of two APIs:QbD approach and development of a NIR in-line monitoring method

The study focused on the fluid-bed granulation process of a product with two active pharmaceutical ingredients,intended for coated tablets preparation and further transfer to industrial scale.The work aimed to prove that an accurate control of the critical granulation parameters can level the input material variability and offer a user-friendly process control strategy.Moreover,an in-line Near-Infrared monitoring method was developed,which offered a real time overview of the moisture level along the granulation process,thus a reliable supervision and control process analytical technology(PAT)tool.The experimental design’s results showed that the use of apparently interchangeable active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs)and filler sorts that comply with pharmacopoeial specifications,lead to different end-product critical attributes.By adapting critical granulation parameters(i.e.binder spray rate and atomising pressure)as a function of material characteristics,led to granules with average sizes comprised in a narrow range of 280–320μm and low nongranulated fraction of under 5%.Therefore,the accurate control of process parameters according to the formulation particularities achieved the maintenance of product within the design space and removed material related variability.To complete the Quality by design(QbD)strategy,despite its limited spectral domain,the microNIR spectrometer was successfully used as a robust PAT monitoring tool that offered a real time overview of the moisture level and allowed the supervision and control of the granulation process.

On the Effect of the Rotating Chamber Reverse Speed on the Mixing of SiC Ceramic Particles in a Dry Granulation Process

In order to control the accumulation of SiC ceramic particles on the wall of the rotating chamber in the frame of a dry granulation process,the effect of the wall reverse speed on the mixing process is investigated.In particular,an Euler-Euler two-phase flow model is used to analyze the dynamics of both SiC particles and air.The numerical results show that by setting a certain reverse rotating speed of the rotating chamber,the accumulation of SiC particles on the wall can be improved,i.e.,their direction of motion in proximity to the wall can be changed and particles can be forced to re-join the granulation process.Experimental tests conducted to verify the reliability of the numerical findings,demonstrate that when the reverse rotating speed of the rotating chamber is 4 r/min,the sphericity of SiC particles in the rotating chamber is the highest and the fluidity is the best possible one.

Combination forecast for urban rail transit passenger flow based on fuzzy information granulation and CPSO-LS-SVM

In order to obtain the trend of urban rail transit traffic flow and grasp the fluctuation range of passenger flow better,this paper proposes a combined forecasting model of passenger flow fluctuation range based on fuzzy information granulation and least squares support vector machine(LS-SVM)optimized by chaos particle swarm optimization(CPSO).Due to the nonlinearity and fluctuation of the passenger flow,firstly,fuzzy information granulation is used to extract the valid data from the window according to the requirement.Secondly,CPSO that has strong global search ability is applied to optimize the parameters of the LS-SVM forecasting model.Finally,the combined model is used to forecast the fluctuation range of early peak passenger flow at Tiyu Xilu Station of Guangzhou Metro Line 3 in 2014,and the results are compared and analyzed with other models.Simulation results demonstrate that the combined forecasting model can effectively track the fluctuation of passenger flow,which provides an effective method for predicting the fluctuation range of short-term passenger flow in the future.

Influence of Nozzle Orifice Shape on the Atomization Process of Si3N4 in a Dry Granulation Process

In order to reveal the intrinsic fluid-dynamic mechanisms of a pressure-swirl nozzle used for Si3N4 dry granulation,and effectively predict its external spray characteristics,the dynamics of air-atomized liquid two-phase flow is analyzed using a VOF(Volume of Fraction)method together with the modified realizable k-εturbulence model.The influence of nozzle orifice shape on velocity distribution,pressure distribution is studied.The results show that the pressure difference in a convergent conical nozzle is the largest with a hollow air core being formed in the nozzle.The corresponding velocity of atomized liquid at nozzle orifice is the largest.Using a self-designed atomization experiment platform,the velocity and pressure of atomized liquid and the spray cone angle are measured for three nozzles with different orifice shapes.The micro-morphology of Si3N4 particles is also determined.These data confirm the correctness of numerical simulation.Considering atomization performance of the nozzle,the contraction conical nozzle is more suitable for the atomization of Si3N4 in practical production based on the dry granulation approach.

EFFECT OF MODIFICATION ON CARBIDE GRANULATION AND ITS MECHANISM

By the modification, network carbide is disconnected at 1100 degree C through uneven dissolution at higher energy places in carbide, where there is twin or lattice distortion, and is granulated at 1130 degree C through element diffusion. The stability of M//7C//3 carbide is decreased because of the modification reducing the segregation of Cr and Mo, thus the temperature, at which uneven dissolution of carbide commenced, is decreased. Also lattice distortion or defect such as twin in carbide is increased by the modification, which prompts widespread disconnections in carbide. In addition, the modification prompts element diffusion to accelerate the kinetics process of carbide granulation. (Edited author abstract) 6 Refs.

STUDY ON GRANULATION MECHANISMS OF γ+(Fe,Mn)3C EUTECTICS IN AUSTENITE STEEL COMPOSITES

Results presented in this paper contribute to investigation of the granulation mechanisms of γ+(Fe,Mn)3C eutectics in the austenite matrix composites (abbreviated EAMC). The specimens corresponding to the nominal composition of eutectic with controlled RE(Ce)-Mg agent modifier additions have been unidirectional solidified with a constant growth rate of 2.18μm/s at a fixed temperature gradient of 800K/cm using vertical Bridgeman method. With the RE-Mg agent modifier, the transition of solid/liquid (S/L) interface from columnar to dendrite (CDT), refinement and developed branching of γ and (Fe,Mn)3C phases in the eutectics, and the transition of growth style from faceted-nonfaceted (F/NF) to nonfaceted-nonfaceted (NF/NF) for γ and (Fe,Mn)3C phases in the eutectic have been observed and investigated theoretically. Those can explain the granulation of γ+(Fe,Mn)3C eutectics in the as cast because the roundness increases with the developed lateral branching of primary austenite dendrites, refinement of eutectics, and NF/NF growth of γ and (Fe,Mn)3C phases in the eutectic.