Simple electrode assembly engineering:Toward a multifunctional lead-acid battery

Electrochemical energy storage is a promising technology for the integration of renewable energy.Lead-acid battery is perhaps among the most successful commercialized systems ever since thanks to its excellent cost-effectiveness and safety records.Despite of 165 years of development,the low energy density as well as the coupled power and energy density scaling restrain its wider application in real life.To address this challenge,we optimized the configuration of conventional Pb-acid battery to integrate two gas diffusion electrodes.The novel device can work as a Pb-air battery using ambient air,showing a peak power density of 183 mW cm^(−2),which was comparable with other state-of-the-art metal-O_(2)batteries.It can also behave as a fuel cell,simultaneously converting H_(2)and air into electricity with a peak power density of 75 mW cm^(−2).Importantly,this device showed little performance degradation after 35 h of the longevity test.Our work shows the exciting potential of lead battery technology and demonstrates the importance of battery architecture optimization toward improved energy storage capacity.

Research on thin grid materials of lead-acid batteries

A detailed investigation on Pb-Ca-Sn alloys was made in order to choose suitable grid alloys materials for thin plate lead-acid batteries. The electrochemical performances of alloys were investigated by electrochemical corrosion experiment, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) test. The results indicate that Pb-Ca-Sn-Bi-Cu alloys can be used to make the grids used for thin grid lead-acid batteries, the content of bismuth has primary effects on the corrosion resistance of grid alloys, the composition of alloys plays an important role on batteries performance, and appropriate scale of elements can be choosed to obtain optimal electrochemical performance. The lead-acid batteries using this kind of grid show good performance by cycle life test.

Experiments Study on Charge Technology of Lead-Acid Electric Vehicle Batteries

The basic theory of the fast charge and several charge methods are introduced. In order to heighten charge efficiency of valve-regulated lead-acid battery and shorten the charge time, five charge methods are investigated with experiments done on the Digatron BNT 400-050 test bench. Battery current, terminal voltage, capacity, energy and terminal pole temperature during battery experiment were recorded, and corresponding curves were depicted. Battery capacity-time ratio, energy efficiency and energy-temperature ratio are put forward to be the appraising criteria of lead-acid battery on electric vehicle （EV）. According to the appraising criteria and the battery curves, multistage-current/negative-pulse charge method is recommended to charge lead-acid EV battery.

PREPARATION OF LEAD-ACID BATTERY USING ELECTROPLATED RETICULATED SiC AS THE POSITIVE CURRENT COLLECTOR

The possibility of using Pb-electroplated reticulated SiC as the positive current collector for lead-acid batteries was investigated. Reticulated SiC with two aperture sizes (3 and 2mm) were tested as the substrate of positive electrode. It was found that the reticulated SiC has an excellent corrosion resistance in H2SO4 solution, and the Pb layer electroplated on reticulated SiC showed analogous electrochemical behavior to metal Pb. Preliminary test of the battery performance indicated that the utilization efficiency of the positive active mass of new designed batteries are improved compared with the conventional batteries. The improvement could be ascribed to the high specific surface area of the reticulated structured positive current collector, which was further supported by the even better performance of the battery made from a smaller aperture size (2mm) reticulated SiC as the substrate of the positive electrode.

Self-Discharge in Valve-Regulated Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries

Factors that cause the self-discharge in valve-regulated sealed lead-acid batteries are discussed and measures to inhibit the self-discharge are put forward.

Study of the Charge Acceptance of Small-Size Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries

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Mathematical Model and Experiment of Temperature Effect on Discharge of Lead-Acid Battery for PV Systems in Tropical Area

This paper presents Mathematical Model and Experiment of Temperature effect on Charge and Discharge of Lead-Acid Battery performance in PV system power supply. To test temperature effect on battery discharge cycles, a temperature range of tropical area from 25 - 60 degrees Celsius in a simulator is set up for testing. This temperature range is normally practical for battery usage. This allows the battery to determine the parameters of the battery quickly and high accurate. A Mathematical Model with MATLAB Program is written and constructed as block diagram using the equations of battery the parameters. By running program, the effects of various parameters are investigated. The results showed that time of discharge the battery is longer. Then, the experiment is set up by battery VRLA 12 V 20 AH. The results confirmed the mathematical model simulations.

A study on equivalent circuit model of lead-acid battery for electric vehicles

A 100Ah@42V lead-acid battery package for electric vehicles are used for study. 1he hybrid pulse test is applied to the battery package to acquire enough data, by which the partnership for a new generation of vehicles （PNGV） equivalent circuit model parameters are identified by the least square method. Then, the PNGV model is verified under two conditions, i.e., the composite pulse excitation and the constant-current respectively. The corresponding maximum relative errors of output voltage are less than 3 % and 3.5 %. Results show that the present PNGV equivalent circuit model and verification method is effective, which can satisfy requirement of simulation of power system of electric vehicles.

Potentiometric Measurement of State-of-Charge of Lead-Acid Batteries Using Polymeric Ferrocene and Quinones Derivatives

Measurement of state-of-charge of lead-acid batteries using potentiometric sensors would be convenient;however, most of the electrochemical couples are either soluble or are unstable in the battery electrolyte. This paper describes the results of an investigation of poly (divinylferrocene) (PDVF) and Poly(diethynylanthraquinone) (PAQ) couples in sulfuric acid with the view to developing a potentiometric sensor for lead-acid batteries. These compounds were both found to be quite stable and undergo reversible reduction/oxidation in sulfuric acid media. Their redox potential difference varied linearly with sulfuric acid concentration in the range of 1 M - 5 M (i.e. simulated lead-acid electrolyte during battery charge/discharge cycles). A sensor based on these compounds has been investigated.

Application of a Sulfur Removal Hydrometallurgical Process in a Lead-Acid Battery Recycling Plant in Costa Rica

This study presents the implementation of a desulphurization process for lead recycling under different chemical and physical conditions using pyro-metallurgical processes. Desulphurization was done using a hydrometallurgical process using sodium carbonate as a desulphurization agent and different lead-bearing loads compositions. Waste characterization included: SO2 concentrations in the stack emissions, total lead content in the furnace ash, the total lead content in the slag, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). A significant reduction in SO2 emissions was achieved (~55% reduction) where mean SO2 concentrations changed from 2193 ± 135 ppm to 1006 ± 62 ppm after the implementation of the modified processes. The desulfurized lead paste (i.e. the metallic fraction lead of the battery) of the modified process exhibited an improvement in the concentration of the lead in the TCLP test, with an average value of 1.5 ppm which is below US EPA limit of 5 ppm. The traditional process TCLP mean value for the TCLP was 54.2 ppm. The total lead content in the bag house ashes shows not significant variations, when comparing the desulphurization (67.6% m/m) and non-desulphurization process (64.9% m/m). The total lead mean content in the slag was higher in the desulphurization process (2.49% m/m) than the traditional process (1.91% m/m). Overall, the implementation of a new desulphurization method would potentially increase the operation costs in 10.3%. At the light of these results, a combination of hydrometallurgical and pyro-metallurgical processes in the recycling of lead-acid batteries can be used to reduce the environmental impact of these industries but would increase the operational costs of small lead recyclers.

纯电动汽车坡道自适应的起步加速控制与仿真

纯电动汽车电机控制技术对车辆纵向平顺性和动力性有着重要影响。分析一般反馈控制可能会造成汽车起步时的倒溜现象,以模拟液力变矩器起步加速工况为目标,提出纯电动汽车的冲击度、驻坡坡度和无油门下的最大稳定车速评价指标,并建立整车动力学模型,基于液力变矩器驱动特性试验数据,提出有无制动踏板信号两个阶段的无油门起步控制策略和有油门的起步加速控制策略,力求实现纯电动汽车具有与液力变矩器相同的性能,能在一定坡度上平稳起步加速,无后溜趋势,动力性与平顺性俱佳。基于MATLAB/Simulink平台对纯电动汽车起步加速过程进行仿真分析,结果表明,文章提出的起步加速控制策略能显著改善纯电动汽车的动力性与平顺性,实现无溜车控制。

Battery Management System with State ofCharge Indicator for Electric Vehicles

Aim To research and develop a battery management system(BMS)with the state of charge(SOC)indicator for electric vehicles (EVs).Methods On the basis of analyzing the electro-chemical characteristics of lead-acid. battery, the state of charge indicator for lead-acid battery was developed by means of an algorithm based on combination of ampere-hour, Peukert's equation and open-voltage method with the compensation of temperature,aging,self- discharging,etc..Results The BMS based on this method can attain an accurate surplus capa- city whose error is less than 5% in static experiments.It is proved by experiments that the BMS is reliable and can give the driver an accurate surplus capacity,precisely monitor the individual battery modules as the same time,even detect and warn the problems early,and so on. Conclusion A BMS can make the energy of the storage batteries used efficiently, develop the batteries cycle life,and increase the driving distance of EVs.

基于事件驱动的液流电池控制系统实现方式

液流电池具有充放电循环次数大、容量高及寿命长等优点,是长时大规模储能的理想选择,但是其复杂的结构对电池控制系统的要求较高,传统开发方式难以满足其多样的控制需求,因此提出精准度更高、实时性更好的基于事件驱动技术的液流电池控制系统开发方法。首先针对液流电池稳定性需求高、内部损耗大等问题,提出了主/辅助电堆协同架构,并对该架构系统进行建模分析;然后基于事件驱动技术对控制系统进行模块化设计,包括柔性充放电控制、辅助电堆参与的黑启动控制、基于卡尔曼滤波的电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)估计等;最后搭建半实物仿真平台,对所提架构和策略进行验证,证明了该架构和策略能提高系统的能量转换效率和稳定性。

复合高精度计时起点的电池激活方法

针对储备电池激活时间长、激活时间散布大(最大超过100 ms),电路部件以上电时刻为计时起点时,计时精度差的问题,提出一种复合高精度计时起点的电池激活方法。该方法在电激活方法的基础上复合了高精度计时起点产生电路,延期对电路部件输出计时起点。试验结果表明:该方法可以解决由于储备电池激活时间散布大,造成的电路部件以上电时刻为计时起点时,计时精度差的问题,计时起点精度可控制在2 ms以内。

锂离子电池与超级电容器复合的低温起动性能

铅酸电池低温下大电流放电能力显著减弱,不能快速可靠地起动车辆。测试磷酸铁锂锂离子电池组及其与超级电容器并联的复合电源的低温放电性能。超级电容器的低温大电流放电性能可对锂离子电池组的放电电流进行补偿,降低放电倍率。复合电源在-40℃下以180 A放电时,超级电容器放电电流最高为127 A,大大降低了锂离子电池组的放电倍率,放电电压提升34.9%。复合电源的低温大电流放电性能,可保障车辆的低温起动。

VRLA起停电池正极板铅膏软化改善研究

针对VRLA起停电池正极板铅膏软化改善的研究表明,随着电池循环使用进程的不断加深,电池正极板铅膏中的物相组成、孔隙体系结构、物相的晶体尺寸、板栅筋条腐蚀程度等都在发生不断的变化。通过改善正板栅与铅膏结合力、装配压力、降低成品电池电解液密度及控制铅粉中杂质含量等能一定程度上提高AGM起停电池的循环寿命。

不同支撑电源下9F级燃机黑启动方案与技术分析

大型燃机(9F级)的黑启动技术比较稀缺,现阶段针对大型燃机(9F级)黑启动的启动电源主要有储能蓄电池和柴油发电机两种。对其基本原理及黑启动容量确定进行了分析,并从响应速度、稳定性、经济性、巡视巡检、可持续性和运行费用等多项指标对两种不同支撑电源下9F级大型燃机黑启动建设方案与关键技术进行对比,为9F级大型燃机黑启动系统建设、运行和维护提供理论依据。

Regional Power System Black Start with Run-of-river Hydropower Plant and Battery Energy Storage

Battery energy storage systems(BESSs)are a kind of important asset for power systems with high integration levels of renewable energy,and they can be controlled to provide various critical services to the power grid.This paper presents the real-world experience of using a megawatt-scale BESS with grid-following(GFL)and grid-forming(GFM)controls and a run-of-river(ROR)hydropower plant to restore a regional power system.To demonstrate this,we carry out power-hardwarein-the-loop experiments integrating an actual GFL-or GFM-controlled BESS and a load bank.Both the simulation and experimental results presented in this paper show the different roles of GFL-or GFM-controlled BESS in power system black starts.The results provide further insight for system operators on how GFL-or GFM-controlled BESS can enhance grid stability and how an ROR hydropower plant can be converted into a black-start-capable unit with the support of a small-capacity BESS.The results show that an ROR hydropower plant combined with a BESS has the potential of becoming one of enabling elements to perform bottom-up black-start schemes as opposed to conventional bottom-down method,thus enhancing the system resiliency and robustness.

PSO-LSSVM-based Online SOC Estimation for Simulation Substation Battery

As the emergency power supply for a simulation substation,lead-acid batteries have a work pattern featuring noncontinuous operation,which leads to capacity regeneration.However,the accurate estimation of battery state of charge(SOC),a measurement of the amount of energy available in a battery,remains a hard nut to crack because of the non-stationarity and randomness of battery capacity change.This paper has proposed a comprehensive method for lead-acid battery SOC estimation,which may aid in maintaining a reasonable charging schedule in a simulation substation and improving battery’s durability.Based on the battery work pattern,an improved Ampere-hour method is used to calculate the SOC during constant current and constant voltage(CC/CV)charging and discharging.In addition,the combined Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)and Least Squares Support Vector Machine(LSSVM)model is used to estimate the SOC during non-CC discharging.Experimental results show that this method is workable in online SOC estimation of working batteries in a simulation substaion,with the maximum relative error standing at only 2.1%during the non-training period,indicating a high precision and wide applicability.

Simple Rational Model for Discharge of Batteries with Aqueous Electrolytes, Based on Nernst Equation

A simple rational model is proposed for discharge of batteries with aqueous electrolytes, based on Nernst equation. Details of electrode kinetics are not taken into account. Only a few overall parameters of the battery are considered. A simple algorithm, with variable time step-length Δt, is presented, for proposed model. The model is first applied to Daniel cell, in order to clarify concepts and principles of battery operation. It is found that initial pinching, in time-history curve of voltage E-t, is due to initial under-concentration of product ion. Then, model is applied to a lead-acid battery. In absence of an ion product, and in order to construct nominator of Nernst ratio, such an ion, with coefficient tending to zero, is assumed, thus yielding unity in nominator. Time-history curves of voltage, for various values of internal resistance, are compared with corresponding published experimental curves. Temperature effect on voltage-time curve is examined. Proposed model can be extended to other types of batteries, which can be considered as having aqueous electrolytes, too.