Low-temperature photothermal-induced alkyl radical release facilitates dihydroartemisinin-triggered“valve-off”starvation therapy

The high nutrient and energy demand of tumor cells compared to normal cells to sustain rapid proliferation offer a potentially auspicious avenue for implementing starvation therapy.However,conventional starvation therapy,such as glucose exhaustion and vascular thrombosis,can lead to systemic toxicity and exacerbate tumor hypoxia.Herein,we developed a new“valve-off”starvation tactic,which was accomplished by closing the valve of glucose transporter protein 1(GLUT1).Specifically,dihydroartemisinin(DHA),2,20-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane]dihydrochloride(AI),and Ink were co-encapsulated in a sodium alginate(ALG)hydrogel.Upon irradiation with the 1064 nm laser,AI rapidly disintegrated into alkyl radicals(R·),which exacerbated the DHA-induced mitochondrial damage through the generation of reactive oxygen species and further reduced the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate(ATP).Simultaneously,the production of R·facilitated DHA-induced starvation therapy by suppressing GLUT1,which in turn reduced glucose uptake.Systematic in vivo and in vitro results suggested that this radical-enhanced“valveoff”strategy for inducing tumor cell starvation was effective in reducing glucose uptake and ATP levels.This integrated strategy induces tumor starvation with efficient tumor suppression,creating a new avenue for controlled,precise,and concerted tumor therapy.

Expression Characteristics of AaHsp90 Gene in Antheraea assamensis under Different Temperature and Starvation Stress

[Objectives]To investigate the effects of different temperature and starvation stress on the expression of AaHsp90 and reveal the molecular mechanism of adaptation to environment in Antheraea assama.[Methods]Taking the normal feeding group at 26℃as the control,the expression change of AaHsp90 was detected by real-time PCR in midgut,fat body and hemlymph after high temperature stress at 38℃,low temperature stress at 4℃and starvation stress separately for different time on the third day of the fifth larvae.[Results]The expression of AaHsp90 in midgut,fat body and hemlymph of Antheraea assama were increased obviously at first and then decreased sharply with the prolongation of treatment time at 38℃.There has a certain inhibitory effect on the expression of AaHsp90 in midgut,fat body and hemolymph after treatment with 4℃for different time.After treatment with starvation,the AaHsp90 expression were increased at 12 and 18 h and decreased sharply at 24 h in midgut,fat body and hemolymph of A.assama.[Conclusions]Comprehensive analysis showed that high temperature and starvation stress can induce the expression of AaHsp90,while low temperature stress mainly suppressed its expression.It was suggested that the AaHsp90 protein may play an important role in the process of adaptation to high temperature and starvation stress in A.assama.

Phosphorus Starvation-induced Expression of Leaf Acid Phosphatase Isoforms in Soybean

Leaf acid phosphatase (APase) activities of 274 soybean genotypes were surveyed under field conditions with two levels of P supplies, and a nutrient solution culture experiment with eight selected genotypes was subsequently conducted under greenhouse conditions to further characterize APase activity and its isoform expression induced by P starvation. Results from the field experiment showed that there was a great genotypic variation for leaf APase activity among the tested soybean genotypes from different origins, and APase activity in many of the tested genotypes (about 60%) was generally increased in the treatment without P fertilizer addition. Results from the nutrient solution culture experiment showed that APase activity in all the eight tested genotypes was generally enhanced by P starvation. Six isoforms of APases were detected in isoelectric focusing gels with samples from both young and old leaves. The activity of all the six isoforms was increased by P starvation, but no new APase isoform was induced. Our results suggest that leaf APase activity could serve as an enzymatic indicator of P starvation for soybean; the increase in leaf APase activity under low P stress was mainly caused by the increase in the activity of existing isoforms but not by the induction of new isoforms.

Identification of Phosphorus Starvation Inducible Genes in Rice by Suppression Subtractive Hybridization

Phosphorus is one of the three essential macroelements for plant growth. Plants respond to phosphorus starvation through adaptive mechanisms involved in morphological, biochemical and molecular changes. To investigate the molecular background of the adaptive mechanisms, the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) method was used to construct a rice phosphorus-starvation ( Pi-starvation) induced cDNA library. Through screening of the cDNA library and sequencing of the enriched cDNAs, 18 known genes and 47 novel genes were identified. The known genes are involved in different metabolic processes, including phosphate uptake and transport, signal transduction, protein synthesis and degradation, carbon metabolism and stress response. Northern analysis was performed to detect the expression patterns of some known genes and novel genes under different phosphorus levels. Different expression patterns of the selected genes were identified, which suggests that genes involved in different pathways may have different responses to Pi-starvation.

草地早熟禾Phosphate Starvation Response 2基因的克隆及表达分析

磷饥饿响应(Phosphate starvation response PHR2)家族基因在植物磷(Pi)信号调节网络中发挥重要指示作用。为了解该基因在逆境胁迫中的反应机制,本研究从草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.)中克隆了PHR2基因,对其进行生物信息学和基因表达模式分析,并分析PHR2基因在草地早熟禾逆境胁迫中的作用。结果表明:草地早熟禾PHR2属于MYB-CC型转录因子,与节节麦氨基酸序列高度同源,该基因主要定位在细胞核。PHR2基因在草地早熟禾的根、茎、叶、穗中均有表达,其中根和穗中表达高于茎和叶;低磷诱导叶中PHR2基因表达低于适磷下该基因表达;干旱胁迫抑制该基因在根、叶的表达,但根与叶的转录调控模式存在差异。本研究为探究PHR家族基因在逆境胁迫中的功能提供一定的理论依据。

Over-starvation aggravates intestinal injury and promotes bacterial and endotoxin translocation under high-altitude hypoxic environment

AIM:To study whether over-starvation aggravates intestinal mucosal injury and promotes bacterial and endotoxin translocation in a high-altitude hypoxic environment.METHODS:Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to hy-pobaric hypoxia at a simulated altitude of 7000 m for 72 h.Lanthanum nitrate was used as a tracer to detect intestinal injury.Epithelial apoptosis was observed with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining.Serum levels of diamino oxidase(DAO),malondialdehyde(MDA),glutamine(Gln),superoxide dismutase(SOD) and endotoxin were measured in intestinal mucosa.Bacterial translocation was detected in blood culture and intestinal homogenates.In addition,rats were given Gln intragastrically to observe its protective effect on intestinal injury.RESULTS:Apoptotic epithelial cells,exfoliated villi and inflammatory cells in intestine were increased with edema in the lamina propria accompanying effusion of red blood cells.Lanthanum particles were found in the intercellular space and intracellular compartment.Bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes(MLN) and spleen was evident.The serum endotoxin,DAO and MDA levels were significantly higher while the serum SOD,DAO and Gln levels were lower in intestine(P< 0.05).The bacterial translocation number was lower in the high altitude hypoxic group than in the high altitude starvation group(0.47±0.83 vs 2.38±1.45,P<0.05).The bacterial translocation was found in each organ,especially in MLN and spleen but not in peripheral blood.The bacterial and endotoxin translocations were both markedly improved in rats after treatment with Gln.CONCLUSION:High-altitude hypoxia and starvation cause severe intestinal mucosal injury and increase bacterial and endotoxin translocation,which can be treated with Gln.

TaARR1, a cytokinin response regulator gene in Triticum aestivum, is essential in plant N starvation tolerance via regulating the N acquisition and N assimilation

Plant N starvation response is closely associated with the N signaling components that involve transduction of the low-N cues. In this study, we functionally characterized Ta ARR1, a cytokinin(CK) response regulator gene in Triticum aestivum, in mediating the N starvation adaptation in plants. Ta ARR1 harbors two conserved domains specified by plant ARR family members;subcellular localization analysis indicated its target onto nucleus after endoplasmic reticulum assortment. Ta ARR1 displayed modified expression upon the N starvation stressor, showing upregulated expression in roots and leaves over a 27-h N starvation treatment and whose induced transcripts were gradually recovered along with progression of the N recovery treatment. The tobacco lines overexpressing Ta ARR1 displayed improved low-N stress tolerance, displaying enlarged phenotype, increased biomass and N accumulation, and enhanced glutamine synthetase(GS) activities compared with wild type(WT) following the N starvation treatment. Expression analysis on genes encoding the nitrate transporter(NRT) and GS proteins in Nicotiana tabacum revealed that Nt NRT2.2 and Nt GS3 are upregulated in expression in the N-deprived transgenic lines, whose expression patterns were contrasted to other above family genes that were unaltered on transcripts between the transgenic lines and WT. Transgene analysis validated the function of Nt NRT2.2 and Nt GS3 in regulating N accumulation, GS activity, growth traits, and N use efficiency in plants. These results suggested the internal connection between the Ta ARR1-mediated N starvation tolerance and the modified transcription of distinct N acquisitionand assimilation-associated genes. Our investigation together indicates that Ta ARR1 is essential in plant N starvation adaptation due to the gene function in transcriptionally regulating distinct NRT and GS genes that affect plant N uptake and assimilation under the N starvation condition.

Sugar Starvation Enhances Leaf Senescence and Genes Involved in Sugar Signaling Pathways Regulate Early Leaf Senescence in Mutant Rice

To clarify the complex regulatory relationship between changes in sugar content and leaf senescence during the grain-filling stage of rice,genotype-dependent differences in sugar content and the temporal transcriptional patterns of genes involved in sugar signaling pathways were determined in mutant rice exhibiting early leaf senescence and its wild type Zhefu 142.The effects of exogenous glucose or sucrose on the senescence of detached leaves under dark conditions were also investigated.Chlorophyll,soluble sugar,sucrose and fructose contents decreased,whereas electrolytic leakage and malondialdehyde levels increased in mutant leaves at the grain-filling stage.These results suggested that sugar starvation is positively correlated with the early leaf senescence of mutant plants.Detached leaf segments incubated in exogenous sugar solutions under dark conditions exhibited delayed senescence.The high expression of Hxk1 in leaves of mutant plants at the initial grain-filling stage suggested that Hxk1 is involved in the hexose-sensing process at the early stage of leaf senescence.The low expression levels of Hxk2 and Frk1 in the senescing leaves of mutant rice during the grain-filling stage are indicative of weakened hexose phosphorylation.In addition,the high expression levels of Su Sy1,Su Sy2 and Su Sy4 in leaves of mutant plants at the initial grain-filling stage are accompanied by the high transcript levels of SUT1,which favor sucrose translocation and remobilization from the early senescing leaves of mutant rice.The relatively reduced transcript levels of ch FBP,cy FBP,SPS1,SPS2 and SPS6 indicated that during the grain-filling stage,sucrose biosynthesis is weakened in the senescing leaves of mutant rice.

Starvation on changes in growth and fatty acid composition of juvenile red swamp crawfish, Procambarus clarkii

The effect of starvation on physiological and biochemical indicators of body, muscle and hepatopancreas were investigated for juvenile red swamp crawfish （Procambarus clarkii）, and the results showed the effect was obvious. In a 70-day starvation experiment, mean body weight, exuvial rate, abdominal muscle ratio and hepatosomatic index decreased significantly. The percentage of protein, fat, ash and moisture were also significantly affected. The protein content decreased sharply at Day 30 onward and the percentage of fat decreased rapidly from Day 50 and on. The percentages of ash and moisture started to increase significantly at Day 40 and 30 respectively. After the starvation experiment, the hepatopancreatic total and neutral lipid content decreased slightly from 23.90% to 20.39% and 73.75% to 70.35%, while the hepatopancreatic polar lipid content increased from 23.81% to 27.32%. On the other hand, all the muscular total, neutral and polar lipid contents, and the muscular fatty acid compositions did not change significantly except for the hepatopancreatic fatty acid composition. The relative percentages of 14：0, 16：0, 16：1n-7 and 18：1n-9 were decreased by 55.17%, 11.11%, 8.5% and 6.70% from the initial values, and the relative percentages of 18：2n-6, 18：3n-3, 20：4n-6, 20：5n-3 and 22：6n-3 increased obviously from 5.2%, 3.9%,4, 2.4%, 10.6%, and 13.7% to 7.1%, 5.0%, 2.8%, 11.5%, and 14.4% respectively. Preference of utilization of fatty acids from hepatopancreas during starvation was as follows： 14：0〉16：0〉16：1n-7〉18：1n-9, and the conservation of highly unsaturated fatty acids was in the order of： 18：2n-6 〉18：3n-3〉20：4n-6〉20：5n-3〉22：6n-3.

IMPACT OF STARVATION ON SURVIVAL, MEAT CONDITION AND METABOLISM OF CHLAMYS FARRERI

The effects of 60 day starvation on survival rate, condition index (CI), changes of nutrient composition of different tissues, respiration and excretion of scallop Chlamys farreri were studied in laboratory from Oct. 17 to Dec. 15,1997. Two groups (control and starvation with 200 individuals each) were cultured in two 2 m 3 tanks, with 31 to 32 salinity water at 17℃. Starvation effects were measured after 10, 20, 40 and 60 days. There was no mass mortality of scallops of the two tanks and survival rates of the control and starvation groups were 93.5% and 92.0%, respectively. Starvation had strong effect on the meat condition of the scallops, especially after 10 days; when relative lipid percentage dropped sharply while relative protein percentage increased. The impact of starvation on the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and the ammonia N excretion rate (AER) was obvious. The OCR increased rapidly after 10 days but decreased after 20 days. The AER increased after 10 days and 20 days, but decreased obviously from 20 to 40 days. The O:N ratios varied to different degrees, and minimized after 20 days. The low O:N ratios implied that the protein was the main material for the metabolism of C. farreri.

Advances in Studies of the Effects of Starvation on Growth and Development of Fish Larvae

Starvation has important effects on early development of fish. It determines the survival and growth of fish larvae,and plays an important role in the dynamics of fish population and fisheries recruitment. In this review,we discuss the current studies about the effects of starvation on growth and development of fish larval stage. The goals of this review are to understand some adaptive mechanisms and ecological countermeasures of starved fish larvae and to provide the scientific guideline for exploring early life history processes,evaluating the nutrition condition and growth of larval fish,protecting fish resource and breeding fish larvae.

The point of no return and pectoral angle of Japanese anchovy(Engraulis japonicus) larvae during growth and starvation

At a temperature of 23.0 - 24.8℃, the mixed feeding of Japanese anchovy larvae was initiated 24 h before the yolk-sac was exhausted. The point of no return （PNR） was reached on the 6th day after hatching. On the 4th day after hatching, the pectoral angle appeared in both fed and unfed anchovy larvae although it was more evident and sharper in the starved and the PNR stage larvae than in the fed ones. According to observations of larvae collected in the sea, the pectoral angles were evident not only in the larvae of 3.62 - 7.44 mm in standard length, but also in the larvae of 2.70 mm in standard length with remnants of yolk. The pectoral angles became diffuse when the larvae reached 7.84 mm and vanished at 9.86 mm. The pectoral angle cannot be used as a criterion to distinguish healthy from starving larvae.

GmPHR1, a Novel Homolog of the AtPHR1 Transcription Factor, Plays a Role in Plant Tolerance to Phosphate Starvation

GmPHR1 from soybean （Glycine max） was isolated and characterized. This novel homolog of the AtPHR1 transcription factor confers tolerance to inorganic phosphate （Pi）-starvation. The gene is 2 751 bp long, with an 819-bp open reading frame and ifve introns. Analysis of transcription activity in yeast revealed that the full-length GmPHR1 and its C-terminal activate the reporter genes for His, Ade and Ura, suggesting that the C-terminal peptide functions as a transcriptional activator. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated that patterns of GmPHR1 expression differed. For example, under low-Pi stress, this gene was quickly induced in the tolerant JD11 after 0.5 h, with expression then decreasing slowly before peaking at 12-24 h. By contrast, induction in the sensitive Niumaohuang （NMH） was slow, peaking at 6 h before decreasing quickly at 9 h. GmPHR1 showed sub-cellular localization in the nuclei of onion epidermal cells and Arabidopsis roots. Growth parameters in wild-type （WT） Arabidopsis plants as well as in overexpression （OE） transgenic lines were examined. Under low-Pi conditions, values for shoot, root and whole-plant dry weights, root to shoot ratios, and lengths of primary roots were signiifcantly greater in OE lines than in the WT. These data demonstrate that GmPHR1 has an important role in conferring tolerance to phosphate starvation.

Physiological Responses of Two Wheat Cultivars to Nitrogen Starvation

Plants need to be efficient in nutrient management, especially when they face the temporal nutrient defficiencies. Understanding how crops respond to nitrogen （N） starvation would help in the selection of crop cultivars more tolerant to N deficiency. In the present work, the physiological responses of two wheat cultivars, Yannong 19 （YN） and Qinmai 11 （QM）, to N starvation conditions were investigated. The two cultivars differed in biomass and N rearrangement between shoots and roots during N starvation. QM allocated more N to roots and exhibited higher root/shoot biomass ratio than YN. However, tissue measurement indicated that both cultivars had similar nitrate content in leaves and roots and similar remobilization rate in roots. Microelectrode measurement showed that vacuolar nitrate activity （concentration） in roots of QM was lower than that in roots of YN, especially in epidermal cells. Nitrate remobilization rates from root vacuoles of two cultivars were also identical. Moreover, vacuolar nitrate remobilization rate was proportional to vacuolar nitrate activity. During N starvation, nitrate reductase activity （NRA） was decreased but there were no significant differences between the two cultivars. Nitrate efflux from roots reduced after external N removal and QM seemed to have higher nitrate efflux rate.

Side Effects of Chemotherapy in Cancer Patients and Evaluation of Patients Opinion about Starvation Based Differential Chemotherapy

Side-effects associated with the cancer chemotherapy limit the scope of chemotherapeutic drugs and no data was available about these side effects in Pakistan. Moreover starvation based differential chemotherapy has been proved to greatly reduce the side effects of chemotherapy depending on starvation time. The current study was conducted to survey the common side effects of the chemotherapeutic drugs and the role of starvation to reduce them. The study included total 100 subjects with multiple carcinomas. A comprehensive questionnaire about starvation inquiry, chemotherapy side effects and their basic information was filled by interviewers as told by patients. There were 48% patients with breast cancer and 11% with uterine cancer. Out of these patients 30%, 28%, 9% and 9% patients were agreed to starve for 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours respectively. The survey regarding the side effects of chemotherapy showed that 43% patients were suffering from headache, fatigue 90%, weakness 95%, hair loss 76%, nausea 77%, vomiting 75%, diarrhea 31%, abdominal cramps 40%, mouth sores 47%, dry mouth 74%, memory impairment 14%?and numbness 49%. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Pakistan. Only 18% of the total patients were agreed to starve for more than one day. Chemotherapy-associated side effects vary greatly and it does not depend upon cancer type. But these side effects depend on multiple factors such as the type and dose of chemotherapeutic drug, patient’s health status and stage of cancer.

Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Starvations on <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>Lipids Productivity and Quality under Different Trophic Regimens for Biodiesel Production

In this work the effects of nutrients starvations on Chlorella vulgaris were investigated in different trophic regimens. For all the tested conditions, the cellular response to nutrient starvation and trophic regimen was evaluated on specific growth rate, biomass and lipids productivity, lipids content and quality. These parameters are all crucial for microalgae biodiesel production, but in literature the lipids quality, in terms of polar and nonpolar lipids, is often neglected. Thus the typical high content of polar lipids, a class of molecules that negatively affects the biodiesel production process, of microalgae crude oil is generally not analyzed. In the tested conditions the triggering effect of nitrogen starvation on total lipids productivity is confirmed only in autotrophic regimen, while in mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions the total lipids productivity is reduced, as a consequence of the lowered biomass productivity, but with an evident compositional shift towards nonpolar lipids production (from 0.5 mg/Ld to 41.6 mg/Ld in mixotrophic regimen). Nitrogen and phosphorus co-starvation induced the highest nonpolar lipids productivity in all trophic regimens. Maximum nonpolar lipids productivity was obtained in nitrogen limited and phosphorus deprived condition during mixotrophic growth, equal to 118.2 mg/Ld, representing the 80% of produced lipids. On the basis of the obtained results, the possibility of a short pre-harvesting cultural step to maximize the nonpolar lipids yield of the crop could be envisaged.

Physiological Regulation of Valve-Opening Degree Enables Mussels Mytilus edulis to Overcome Starvation Periods by Reducing the Oxygen Uptake

During periods of starvation, the blue mussel Mytilus edulis reduces its valve gape and thus the filtration rate whereby the oxygen uptake becomes reduced. Considering the frequency with which M. edulis in the field experience shorter or longer periods with low phytoplankton concentrations it is of great importance to understand the bioenergetic implications the valve opening-closing mechanism. Here, we tested the hypothesis that M. edulis during starvation regulates the opening degree of its valves in such a way that the oxygen concentration in the mantle cavity is reduced in order to minimize the respiration and at the same time prevent anaerobic metabolism which is energetically expensive. This was experimentally done by measuring the oxygen-concentration changes in the mantle cavity of both starved and fed mussels using a fibre-optic oxygen meter with a small sensor inserted into the mantle cavity through a hole drilled in the valve. It was observed that when there were no algal cells in the ambient water, the mussels gradually closed their valves resulting in a decline of the filtration rate along with a simultaneous decrease in the oxygen concentration in the mantle cavity and subsequently a remarkable decrease in the respiration rate. Typically, a starved M. edulisclosed its valves for a certain period of time followed by a short period when it re-opened and this resulted in an alternating fall and rise of the oxygen concentration in the mantle cavity. Therefore, the low oxygen consumption rate of M. edulis in phytoplankton depleted water can be interpreted as an efficient physiologically regulated mechanism that allows the mussel to save energy during a starvation period.

Starvation effects on pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus in natural seawater

To get a better understanding of the starvation survival strategy of pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus, log-phase cells were inoculated into sterile natural seawater for starvation studies. The results showed that all of total bacteria number, viable bacteria number and CFU number of V. alginolyticus increased remarkably at the initial starvation stage; after reaching their peaks at 5 d, both total bacteria number and viable bacteria number of V. alginolyticus fell slowly, while the CFU number fell more quickly after reaching its peak at 10 d; V. alginolyticus elongated their cells at the prophase of starvation, and then shrunk their volume and turned their shapes into ovals from rods at the anaphase of starvation; starved cells showed more sensitivity to heating and UV; starved cells showed no significant difference from unstarved ones at the lowest detection limit determined by indirect enzyme-linked immu- nosorbent assay （ELISA） ; starved cells＇ ability to adhere to the skin mucus of large yellow croaker （ Pseudosciaena crocea） showed a sharp decline as the starvation time increases; the cellular protein of V. alginolyticus increased remarkably at the ariaphase of starvation. The results indicated that pathogenic V. alginolyticus could survive in starvation for relatively long periods of time （ ≥2 months） in 28℃ natural seawater due to the morphological and physiological changes; however, starved V. alginolyticus cells showed less virulence and higher sensitivity under environmental stresses.

Starvation metabolism of two common species of chironomids in Biandantang Lake

Starvation metabolism is one of the important parts of respiration for normal activities of chironomids. During April 1996 to March 1997, the relationships of starvation metabolism and temperature, body weight of two common chironomids in Biandantang Lake were carefully investigated. The results showed relationship between starvation metabolism （R, mgO2/ind.d） and body weight （Ww, mg wet wt） was： Chironomus plumosus, 1gR=-2.573＋1.0211gWw （5℃）, 1gR=-2.710＋1.3541gWw （10℃）, 1gR= -1.824＋0.8231gWw （15℃）, 1gR=-1.364＋0.4421gWw （20℃）, 1gR=-2.763＋1.5171gWw （25℃）; and Tokunagayusurika akamusi, 1gR=-2.390＋0.7521gWw （5℃）, 1gR=-1.978＋0.7101gWw （10℃）, 1gR=-1.676＋ 0.6481gWw （15℃）, 1gR=-1.517＋0.6501gWw （20℃）, 1gR=-2.434＋1.2901gWw （25℃）. Relationship of starvation metabolism and temperature （T, ℃） was： C. plumosus, R = -0.051 ＋ 0.021T- 0.0006T^2 ; akamusi, R= -0.051 ＋ 0.021T- 0.0006T^2. The complex relationship of the three parameters was： C. plumosus, R=0.0098Ww^0.3882e^0.1068T; T. akamusi, R=0.0012Ww^1.1936e^0.0711r. With the above regressions, the estimated annual starvation metabolisms of the two chironomid species in Biandantang Lake were： C. plumosus, 24.2791 kJ/m^2.a; T. akamusi, 8.7864 kJ/m^2.a, respectively. This provides a firm foundation for the comparative study of bioenergetics of the chironomids.

Transcriptional responses to starvation of pathogenic Vibrio harveyi strain DY1

Vibrio harveyi is a pathogen of various aquatic organisms that has been recently associated with massive mortality episodes in the aquaculture industry.Recurrent outbreaks of vibriosis are closely correlated with the capacity of this bacterial species to survive long-term starvation conditions.To study the regulation mechanism of gene expression at the transcriptional level in V.harveyi under starvation conditions,the transcriptomic response profiles were determined of the Portunus trituberculatus pathogen V.harveyi strain DY1 under normal conditions and after four weeks of starvation.A total of 4679 and 4661 genes were expressed in the non-starved and starved cells,respectively.The significantly differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between non-starved and starved groups were identified,in which 255 genes were up-regulated and 411 genes were down-regulated.GO analysis and KEGG enrichment analysis were used to analyze the DEGs and revealed the involvement of these DEGs in many pathways,including ABC transporters,flagellum assembly,and fatty acid metabolism.Several DEGs were randomly selected and their expression levels were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR).This is the first comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of starvation ef fects in V.harveyi.Our findings will facilitate future study on stress adaptation and survival mechanisms of V.harveyi.