Comparison of the Evolution of Genetically Modified Food Safety Policies between the United States and the European Union

With the research on and development of Genetically Modified Food （GMF）, people＇s attitude toward GMF may fall into two divergent categories, typical- ly represented by the United States（US） and the European Union（EU）, respectively. The former follows a ＂sound science principle＂ and firmly objects to the precautionary principle, namely a permissive policy of positive support of and voluntary labelling on GMF; while the latter adopts a cautiously precautionary principle, requiring mandatory labelling and traceability. From the standpoint of regulatory principles, together with corresponding supervisory measures and relevant provisions, this paper compared the execution of directives and provisions on GMF from the initial policies enacted by the US and EU to current situation combined with the track and analysis of latest polic ies issued.

A Comparative Study of the Value Orientations of Foreign Language Education Policies in China and the United States in the 21st Century

Since the 21 st century, both Chinese Mainland and the United States have formulated foreign language education policiesbased on their national needs. This paper makes a comparative study of the value orientations of foreign language education poli-cies in Chinese Mainland and the United States in the 21 st century and finds that both China and the United States have regardedtheir national interests as the essential value orientation of their foreign language education policies. To be specific,the core valueorientation of foreign language education policies in China is to enhance its cultural soft power.In contrast,the core value orienta-tion of foreign language education policies in the United States is to safeguard its national security. Through the comparison of thedifferent value orientations of foreign language education policies of the two countries, the paper provides some reference for the for-eign language education policy-making in Chinese Mainland.

A study on aquaculture industry regulations and policies of globally representative states

Aquaculture has a long history,and has achieved rapid development from 1950 to 2010,especially since the 1990s.Nevertheless,aquaculture has also seen a series of problems emerge.Inevitably,aquaculture interacts with the environment and society.Rapid development requires that close attention be paid to potential environmental and social impacts and their prevention or mitigation.The development and management of aquaculture is related closely with a variety of legal and institutional arrangements.Thus,aquaculture raises numerous legal and institutional issues.This paper explores actual legal and institutional practices of global representative aquaculture countries and provides a comprehensive account of the legislation and policies of different countries.Further,this paper reveals that the optimal legal framework for aquaculture is in line with related international regulations(especially the soft laws)and strictly operational,and the corresponding policy framework should establish early access and warning,as well as post assessment and feedback mechanisms.

Big data assessment on the operating characteristics of on-line taxis and thoughts on relevant policies

A double-dimensional big data assessment method on the characteristics of on-line taxi traffic operation is proposed to provide a scientific basis for carrying out the taxi industry reform and standardizing the on-line taxi hailing management work. Taking Shenzhen as an example, multi- source data such as on-line taxi license plate data, plate identification data and taxi （including on-line taxis） operation data are combined with the results of the stated preference （SP） survey on taxi operating characteristics to assess the overall operation characteristics of on-line taxis. The results show that the current on-line taxis in Shenzhen can be divided into three categories, that is, full-time on-line taxis, non- active on-line taxis and part-time on-line taxis, accounting for 4%, 55%, and 41%, respectively, of the total quantity. In terms of the characteristics of space-time operations, full-time on-line taxis have similar operating characteristics as those of traditional taxis; the operation of non-active on-line taxis and part-time on-line taxis coincides with commuting requirements during morning and evening peak hours. However, part-time on-line taxis operate for a much longer time period at night. Due to the convenient hailing and favorable price, on-line taxis have a significant impact on trip modes of citizens; and the substitution eflbct of on-line taxis on traditional buses and cruising taxis is obvious. It is beneficial for helping the government departments to objectively understand the development law of the on-line taxi industry and providing decision reference for the formulation of relevant management policies during the critical development stage of on-line taxi industry.

Policy Framework for Community and State Policing in Combating Rising Security Challenges in Nigeria

Viability of decentralizing policing in Nigeria had been on the front burner of security discourse since Nigeria returned to democratic governance in 1999.Valid points had been put forward by both those in support and those in opposition.The Community Policing Department of the Nigeria Police had remained more of an administrative unit with little impact beyond the Police Community Relations Committee activities.Rising cases of herdsmen attacks of various communities,terrorist insurgency in the North-East,kidnappings across the different geo-political zones had resulted in the need to interrogate the efficacy of effective community policing and state policing as viable options to combating rising security challenges.The study adopted qualitative method,and being a library research relied entirely on secondary data.Sources of data included journals,relevant textbooks,newspapers,magazines,and materials downloaded from internet.The paper argues that the traditional security agencies had failed to effectively combat the many security challenges that Nigeria faces.The combination of the official security agencies and the military had failed to effectively combat insecurity in the country.The local vigilante groups on the other hand had made valuable inroad in curtailing some of the security challenges including terrorist insurgency as a result of their knowledge of the terrain.The paper concludes that to effectively combat the many security challenges,there is a need for new policy framework at the federal and state levels that would decentralize policing and give legal backing for collaboration between the official security agencies under the federal government and state security outfits including the vigilante.

Review on China’s Oil and Gas Policies in 2021

2021 marked the start of the“14th Five-Year Plan”.Faced with the complicated international situation,the Central Committee of the CPC attached great importance to energy security and put forward new requirements for the implementation of the new energy security strategy.Guided by the Outline of the People’s Republic of China“14th Five-Year Plan”for National Economic and Social Development and Long-Range Objectives for 2035 and focusing on the goals of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality,ministries and commissions coordinated development and security,and introduced a series of policies in terms of top-level design,industrial planning and tax regulation.While reiterating the importance of ensuring oil and gas supply and firmly supporting domestic exploration and development efforts,the ministries and commissions have strongly urged deep and practical actions towards Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality,along with more pressing requirements for the green and low-carbon transition of the oil and gas industry.In 2022,the policy keynote will be continued as stated above.On the one hand,with improving energy security as the fundamental starting point,the State will continue to support the oil and gas industry and further reforms in the energy sector;On the other hand,starting with accelerating the transformation of development drivers,the State will continue to improve the“1+N”policy system for Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality,and make a resolute commitment to promoting the green and low-carbon transition of the oil and gas industry.

Social Policies in the Thirties in Europe:Crisis and Solution-The Italian Case

Drawing from historiography and literature on the subject and considering the consequences produced on the European society by World War I and the 1929 Wall Street Crisis,this article aims at analysing some aspects of the fascist construction of welfare state.The model suggested by the fascist regime in the thirties was a typical totalitarian welfare state,which used social policies to strengthen the home front and to build consensus for the regime.Despite the fascist regime had the war as its goal,it did not mobilize the country on the eve of World War II,but preferred to invest in social assistance and welfare,for reasons of political convenience.Moreover,the analysis of fascist social policy measures,such as social security,points out that some flaws in the social security system,such as excessive spending,or the categorical approach to assistance and social security typical of fascism,were borrowed from republican Italy.

Financial Sustainability Among Higher Education Institutions in the United States

This article explores the challenges of financial sustainability faced by higher education institutions in the United States.Against a backdrop of stringent state and federal regulations coupled with a decline in financial support,institutions are grappling with a shifting landscape.The paper delves into the intricacies of state regulations and funding policies,highlighting their impact on educational establishments.Furthermore,strategies for financial sustainability,including student attraction and retention,are discussed.The article concludes by underscoring the duality of regulations as both challenges and essential resources,suggesting a potential shift towards greater autonomy and a reshaping of the educational landscape in response to modern challenges.

美国产业政策复兴:目标、特征与启示

长期以来,自由市场经济被认为是美国经济的主要特征,美国政府也在国际上反对产业政策的使用。但近年来美国产业政策出现复兴,主要体现在直接干预型产业政策明显增多、推动产业本土化归岸化、加强供应链韧性与安全、加大新兴产业扶持力度等方面。从历史上看,产业政策在美国的崛起中发挥过重要作用。随着二战后美国取得全方位遥遥领先的地位,其支持产业发展的政策转向更加重视发挥市场的作用,重点支持科技创新,鼓励自由市场竞争,也不排除在特殊情况下实施适度干预。当前美国产业政策复兴呈现出产业补贴的使用增加和力度加大、竞争前环节仍是产业政策的重点、联邦产业政策多以法案形式出台、注重不同政策间盟友间的协调配合等新特征。中国已经进入新的发展阶段,面对百年未有之大变局,产业政策仍然是促进产业转型升级、构建现代化产业体系的重要手段,但随着我国向全球价值链高端攀升、向战略性新兴产业迈进,也需要对产业政策进行调整。美国产业政策复兴对于我国全面认识产业政策的作用、更好地制定和实施产业政策具有重要的启示。

“杯水车薪”抑或“雪中送炭”——低利率环境下货币政策的有效性研究

为应对内需不足的内部环境和严峻复杂的外部环境,我国货币政策仍将保持低利率状态,然而低利率环境下货币政策的实施效果究竟如何是政策制定者的核心关切。现有对于低利率环境下的货币政策有效性研究大多集中于发达国家,缺少对于当前中国情景下的深入探讨,而且局部投影模型尚未应用于货币政策非对称效应的研究。本文首先构建理论框架系统性分析了我国高、低利率时期货币政策的作用机理,然后基于状态依存局部投影模型定量分析了我国高、低利率时期货币政策的时变效应。研究发现:(1)我国扩张性货币政策冲击无论在高、低利率时期均能有效提升产出,从而实现预期的调控效果。(2)我国暂未陷入“流动性陷阱”,低利率时期扩张性货币政策冲击对产出、投资和消费的效应会增强,货币政策确实能起到“雪中送炭”的作用,常规货币政策尚能有效刺激消费和投资意愿,进而拉动总需求。(3)高杠杆会增强低利率时期产出和投资对扩张性货币政策冲击的响应,但会削弱消费的响应,这是因为高杠杆促使企业减少用于缓解日常运转的资金,增加用于长期投资的资金,高杠杆还会增加居民房地产投资,增强流动性约束,从而挤占居民消费。文章结论为优化货币政策有效性,增强货币政策传导效果提出建设性政策建议。

潜在空间中的策略搜索强化学习方法

策略搜索是深度强化学习领域中一种能够解决大规模连续状态空间和动作空间问题的高效学习方法,被广泛应用在现实问题中。然而,此类方法通常需要花费大量的学习样本和训练时间,且泛化能力较差,学到的策略模型难以泛化至环境中看似微小的变化。为了解决上述问题,提出了一种基于潜在空间的策略搜索强化学习方法。将学习状态表示的思想拓展到动作表示上,即在动作表示的潜在空间中学习策略,再将动作表示映射到真实动作空间中。通过表示学习模型的引入,摒弃端到端的训练方式,将整个强化学习任务划分成大规模的表示模型部分和小规模的策略模型部分,使用无监督的学习方法来学习表示模型,使用策略搜索强化学习方法学习小规模的策略模型。大规模的表示模型能保留应有的泛化性和表达能力,小规模的策略模型有助于减轻策略学习的负担,从而在一定程度上缓解深度强化学习领域中样本利用率低、学习效率低和动作选择泛化性弱的问题。最后,在智能控制任务CarRacing和Cheetah中验证了引入潜在空间中的状态表示和动作表示的有效性。

“混合学街”的样态表征、实践价值与政策贡献

“混合学街”是温州市第二职业中等专业学校首创的职业院校混合所有制办学新模式,其样态表征体现在三个方面:基础在“混合”、关键在“治理”、核心在“育人”。对“混合学街”的实践探索深化了产教融合、优化了产教资源的合理配置、推动了职业学校高质量发展,不仅为混合所有制办学政策创新提供了典型模式、路径方法,也为混合所有制办学政策创新增添了勇气信心。

美国北极地区能源开发政策演变

随着全球气候变暖,各国对北极能源的开发愈发重视。美国北极地区的能源储量巨大,但鉴于美国的北极战略核心是国家安全、环境保护和国际合作,其能源开发相对滞后。2013年奥巴马政府出台了《北极地区国家战略》,开始对北极能源开发予以特别关注。特朗普政府执政期间,加强了对北极近海油气能源开发的支持力度。2021年拜登总统上任后,美国的北极能源政策以气候变化为核心,意在推动北极地区的绿色发展。美国的北极能源开发始终面临着法律、资金、技术、环保等各种问题的制约,这也决定了美国北极地区能源开发的复杂性和长期性。我国宜通过制定北极能源合作开发战略,重视北极等极寒地区绿色技术的应用和研发,推动与美国在北极地区气候变化和能源转型的合作,深化国际协作与交流,积极参与北极治理等举措,促进我国对北极能源资源的开发利用。

禁止性补贴扩大论的理论思辨与中国因应

WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协定》规定了有限的禁止性补贴范围,对此,美欧在晚近WTO改革以及新一轮的区域贸易协定中提议予以扩大。美欧扩大禁止性补贴的倡议和实践将传统的贸易救济规则与竞争政策规则进行制度性叠加,同时将禁止性补贴与中国的非市场经济导向和国有企业等问题捆绑在一起,共同服务于打压中国经济发展模式的战略。中国应明确,禁止性补贴的修订和完善应在贸易救济的制度框架下予以系统推进,坚持后果评估标准,不带所有制偏见。在此前提下,中国可以结合反补贴争端解决的实践以及国内经济体制改革的方向,适当增列禁止性补贴类型,同时恢复对补贴造成严重侵害的法律推定并优化其条款。

财政政策导向、国有企业配合度与债务风险——基于最优杠杆率偏离度的检验

国有企业债务风险问题及“平台化”现象引起社会各界关注。探究政策对国有企业融资决策的影响,有助于政府更有效地制定财政政策,引导国有企业规范融资行为,降低国有企业债务风险。笔者运用企业微观数据和宏观经济数据拟合的最优杠杆率构建杠杆偏离度指标,以“四万亿计划”政策措施为例,深入探讨了政策导向促使国有企业债务风险形成的机理。研究表明,相对于非国有企业,国有企业展现出对财政政策更高的配合度。在扩张性财政政策实施后,国有企业更积极地进行融资活动,导致实际杠杆率高于最优杠杆率。机制分析表明,提高政府补助和降低融资成本是促使国有企业配合的重要原因。异质性分析表明,在政策冲击后原本过度负债的国有企业杠杆偏离度更大,进一步扩大了债务风险;而经营范围与政策内容关联、与政府关系更紧密、市场地位更高的国有企业融资意愿也更强。进一步研究发现,过度负债的国有企业持续融资扩大了债务风险,阻碍了新质生产力发展,而低负债的非国有企业融资后能够显著促进新质生产力提高,体现出更高的资源配置效率。据此,提出引导国有企业稳健经营,优化资金配置效率,精准施策等政策建议。

论健康促进实现的法治保障——以“健康融入万策”框架为基础

在现代社会,健康是所有政策的综合结果,我国语境下的“健康促进”应解释为健康权的完整实现,其实现进路应运用“健康融入万策”框架,从“政策影响健康”走向“健康影响政策”。但目前健康融入万策在规范体系内的适用范围、具体机制等内容都存在未竟之处。健康融入万策是一种政策制定方式,规范体系应该为健康融入万策确定范式,其适用范围应分三个阶段逐步扩大。健康融入万策的规范体系应当至少包含政策论证制定机制、跨部门合作机制、健康审查机制和健康报告机制四大部分。政策论证制定机制应厘清行政组织的规范定位、明确政策制定的具体下位系统、构建信息共享的开放平台。跨部门合作机制应当包含公权力部门之间的合作系统及非政府主体的合作系统。健康审查机制应明确其适用范围并引入健康影响评估。健康报告机制应通过规范予以制度化、明确化。

三层供给下的激励政策与国有企业知识型员工创新绩效——基于安徽省1596份问卷调查

探讨激励政策供给对国有企业知识型员工创新绩效的作用效应及其在供给层级和激励内容上的差异,对于国有企业创新能力提升及中国经济高质量发展意义重大。在理论分析了不同层级激励政策及不同激励内容对国有企业知识型员工创新绩效的作用机制之后,利用来自安徽省的1596份调研样本进行了实证分析。研究发现,激励政策对国有企业知识型员工创新绩效存在显著的正向作用效应,但不同层级的激励政策的作用效应存在差异,地方政府层面政策最明显;不同激励内容在不同层级下对知识型员工创新绩效的作用效应存在差异,企业层面的薪酬福利激励和职业激励的正向作用最明显,地方政府层面的荣誉激励的正向作用最明显,中央政府层面的环境激励和知识产权保护的正向作用最明显。

利润上缴政策改革与企业金融资产投资

近年来中国经济呈现出一定的“脱实向虚”趋势,对企业的风险管控与持续发展提出了严峻挑战。以2003—2019年中国A股中央企业控股公司和非国有公司为样本,本文考察了国有资本管理改革对企业金融资产投资的影响。研究发现:(1)中央企业利润上缴政策实施显著抑制了企业的金融资产投资行为,且主要表现为对投机性金融资产的抑制;(2)随着上缴比例的不断调高,政策效果愈发明显;(3)当企业资源丰富、行业盈利能力较弱以及高管业绩偏好较高时,政策效果受到一定削弱;(4)政策实施降低了金融资产中的“投机”成分,进而缓解了企业经营风险。本文从宏观政策角度丰富了企业金融化影响因素的研究,也丰富了国有资本管理改革政策经济后果的研究。本文的结论对于完善国有资本管理制度、深化国有企业改革具有较为重要的政策意义。

基于样本优化的PPO算法在单路口信号控制的应用

优化交通信号的控制策略可以提高道路车辆通行效率,缓解交通拥堵.针对基于值函数的深度强化学习算法难以高效优化单路口信号控制策略的问题,构建了一种基于样本优化的近端策略优化(MPPO)算法的单路口信号控制方法,通过对传统PPO算法中代理目标函数进行最大化提取,有效提高了模型选择样本的质量,采用多维交通状态向量作为模型观测值的输入方法,以及时跟踪并利用道路交通状态的动态变化过程.为了验证MPPO算法模型的准确性和有效性,在城市交通微观模拟软件(SUMO)上与值函数强化学习控制方法进行对比.仿真实验表明,相比于值函数强化学习控制方法,该方法更贴近真实的交通场景,显著加快了车辆累计等待时间的收敛速度,车辆的平均队列长度和平均等待时间明显缩短,有效提高了单路口车辆的通行效率.

净零之路:海湾阿拉伯国家气候政策新动向及其地缘效应

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