The state of art pertaining to vertical handover decisions in next-generation wireless networks provides a detailed overview of vertical handover studies.This paper classifies the research initiatives under the vertic...The state of art pertaining to vertical handover decisions in next-generation wireless networks provides a detailed overview of vertical handover studies.This paper classifies the research initiatives under the vertical handover decision mechanism for heterogeneous wireless networks.A fair comparison of traditional and recent techniques is drafted to obtain direction of the vertical handover decision.Several issues related to seamless support on mobility management techniques have been described in the literature.The next-generation wireless network promises to offer enhanced data services compared to other networks in mobile communication.Since all next generation network(NGN)is an IP-based network,challenges drive toward providing quality of service in the handover process.The necessity of handover process is a seamless connection.The handover operations that minimize or even target the elimination of delay in new network connection establishment are most welcomed.However,frequent disconnection and inefficient seamless handovers result in handover operation failures.Most of the existing methods on handover decisions are based on mobile-controlled handovers.Here,the decisions are in-corporate in the mobile devices.Several mobile-controlled handovers take a single parameter or two or more additional parameters as a combination to evaluate the policy decision.These approaches are carefully studied and classified.展开更多
Rural communities long for art education "I like playing the violin, and I can already play several songs," said Wei Luxi happily, holding a violin. She lives in Fengtai District in Beijing, and her parents ...Rural communities long for art education "I like playing the violin, and I can already play several songs," said Wei Luxi happily, holding a violin. She lives in Fengtai District in Beijing, and her parents are both well-paid engineers. At five展开更多
Background and objectives In many patients after stroke, spasticity develops over time, resulting in a decrease in the patient′s independence, pain, worsening mood, and, consequently, lower quality of life. In the la...Background and objectives In many patients after stroke, spasticity develops over time, resulting in a decrease in the patient′s independence, pain, worsening mood, and, consequently, lower quality of life. In the last ten years, a rich arsenal of physical agents to reduce muscle tone such as extracorporeal shock therapy (ESWT) wave has come through. The aim of this narrative review article is to present the current state of knowledge on the use of ESWT as a supplement to the comprehensive rehabilitation of people after stroke suffering from spasticity.Methods The PubMed and PEDro databases were searched for papers published in English from January 2000 to December 2020, 22 of which met inclusion criteria for clinical studies related to post-stroke spasticity management with ESWT.Results A total of 22 studies including 468 post-stroke patients-11 reports with the upper limb (267 patients) and 10 reports within the lower limb (201 patients), as well as one report including both upper and lower limb. We focused our attention on clinical and methodological aspects. Therefore, we performed the assessment of enrolled studies in terms of methodological quality using the PEDro and level of evidence using the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines. Furthermore, we indicated implications for clinical practice in using ESWT for post-stroke spasticity management. Moreover, we discussed a suggestion for future research directions.Conclusions In conclusion, an ESWT effectively reduces muscle tone in people with spastic limb after stroke. Further, ESWT is safe and free of undesirable side effects.The mechanism of action of ESWT on muscles affected by spasticity is still unknown.To date, no standard parameters of ESWT in post-stroke spasticity regarding intensity, frequency, location, and the number of sessions has been established. Further research, meeting the highest standards, is needed to establish uniform muscle stimulation parameters using ESWT.展开更多
文摘The state of art pertaining to vertical handover decisions in next-generation wireless networks provides a detailed overview of vertical handover studies.This paper classifies the research initiatives under the vertical handover decision mechanism for heterogeneous wireless networks.A fair comparison of traditional and recent techniques is drafted to obtain direction of the vertical handover decision.Several issues related to seamless support on mobility management techniques have been described in the literature.The next-generation wireless network promises to offer enhanced data services compared to other networks in mobile communication.Since all next generation network(NGN)is an IP-based network,challenges drive toward providing quality of service in the handover process.The necessity of handover process is a seamless connection.The handover operations that minimize or even target the elimination of delay in new network connection establishment are most welcomed.However,frequent disconnection and inefficient seamless handovers result in handover operation failures.Most of the existing methods on handover decisions are based on mobile-controlled handovers.Here,the decisions are in-corporate in the mobile devices.Several mobile-controlled handovers take a single parameter or two or more additional parameters as a combination to evaluate the policy decision.These approaches are carefully studied and classified.
文摘Rural communities long for art education "I like playing the violin, and I can already play several songs," said Wei Luxi happily, holding a violin. She lives in Fengtai District in Beijing, and her parents are both well-paid engineers. At five
文摘Background and objectives In many patients after stroke, spasticity develops over time, resulting in a decrease in the patient′s independence, pain, worsening mood, and, consequently, lower quality of life. In the last ten years, a rich arsenal of physical agents to reduce muscle tone such as extracorporeal shock therapy (ESWT) wave has come through. The aim of this narrative review article is to present the current state of knowledge on the use of ESWT as a supplement to the comprehensive rehabilitation of people after stroke suffering from spasticity.Methods The PubMed and PEDro databases were searched for papers published in English from January 2000 to December 2020, 22 of which met inclusion criteria for clinical studies related to post-stroke spasticity management with ESWT.Results A total of 22 studies including 468 post-stroke patients-11 reports with the upper limb (267 patients) and 10 reports within the lower limb (201 patients), as well as one report including both upper and lower limb. We focused our attention on clinical and methodological aspects. Therefore, we performed the assessment of enrolled studies in terms of methodological quality using the PEDro and level of evidence using the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines. Furthermore, we indicated implications for clinical practice in using ESWT for post-stroke spasticity management. Moreover, we discussed a suggestion for future research directions.Conclusions In conclusion, an ESWT effectively reduces muscle tone in people with spastic limb after stroke. Further, ESWT is safe and free of undesirable side effects.The mechanism of action of ESWT on muscles affected by spasticity is still unknown.To date, no standard parameters of ESWT in post-stroke spasticity regarding intensity, frequency, location, and the number of sessions has been established. Further research, meeting the highest standards, is needed to establish uniform muscle stimulation parameters using ESWT.
