The Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake occurred on the Longmenshan fault which inclines at a dip angle exceeding 60 degrees. Since most thrust earthquakes occur on faults with dip angles of about 30 degrees, it is enigmatic wh...The Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake occurred on the Longmenshan fault which inclines at a dip angle exceeding 60 degrees. Since most thrust earthquakes occur on faults with dip angles of about 30 degrees, it is enigmatic why the Wenchuan earthquake occurred on such a steep fault. In this study we use a simple finite element model to investigate how the stress state in the fault changes with the variation of Poisson＇s ratio. The results show that, with the Poisson＇s ratio in the fault increasing, the magnitudes of the principal stresses increase and the maximum Shear stress decrease, and, especially, the angle between the maximum principal stress and the fault plane decreases, which will enhance the driving force to overcome the frictional resistance on the fault. The increase of Poisson＇s ratio in the fault may be an important factor to affect the occurrence of the fault earthquakes with large angles between maximum principal stress and fault plane.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to verify that the computational scheme from[Heid et al.,Gradient flow finite element discretizations with energy-based adaptivity for the Gross–Pitaevskii equation,J.Comput.Phys.436(2021...The purpose of this paper is to verify that the computational scheme from[Heid et al.,Gradient flow finite element discretizations with energy-based adaptivity for the Gross–Pitaevskii equation,J.Comput.Phys.436(2021)]for the numerical approximation of the ground state of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation can equally be applied for the effective approximation of excited states of Schr¨odinger’s equation.That procedure employs an adaptive interplay of a Sobolev gradient flow iteration and a novel local mesh refinement strategy,and yields a guaranteed energy decay in each step of the algorithm.The computational tests in the present work highlight that this strategy is indeed able to approximate excited states,with(almost)optimal convergence rate with respect to the number of degrees of freedom.展开更多
A century ago the classical physics couldn’t explain many atomic physical phenomena. Now the situation has changed. It’s because within the framework of classical physics with the help of Maxwell’s equations we can...A century ago the classical physics couldn’t explain many atomic physical phenomena. Now the situation has changed. It’s because within the framework of classical physics with the help of Maxwell’s equations we can derive Schrödinger’s equation, which is the foundation of quantum physics. The equations for energy, momentum, frequency and wavelength of the electromagnetic wave in the atom are derived using the model of atom by analogy with the transmission line. The action constant A0 = (μ0/ε0)1/2s02e2 is a key term in the above mentioned equations. Besides the other well-known constants, the only unknown constant in the last expression is a structural constant of the atom s0. We have found that the value of this constant is 8.277 56 and that it shows up as a link between macroscopic and atomic world. After calculating this constant we get the theory of atoms based on Maxwell’s and Lorentz equations only. This theory does not require knowledge of Planck’s constant h, which is replaced with theoretically derived action constant A0, while the replacement for the fine structure constant α-1 is theoretically derived expression 2s02 = 137.036. So, the structural constant s0 replaces both constants h and α. This paper also defines the stationary states of atoms and shows that the maximal atomic number is equal to Zmax = 137. The presented model of the atoms covers three of the four fundamental interactions, namely the electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions.展开更多
Direct individual analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy combined with online obscrv ation was conducted to examine the S-rich particles in PM2.5 of two typical polluted haze cpisodes in summer and winter from 20...Direct individual analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy combined with online obscrv ation was conducted to examine the S-rich particles in PM2.5 of two typical polluted haze cpisodes in summer and winter from 2014 to 2015 in Beijing. Four major types of S-rich particles, including sccondary CaSO4 particles （mainly observed in summer）, S-rich mineral particles （SRM）, S-rich water droplets （SRW） and （C, O, S）-rich particles （COS） were identified. We lbund the differcnt typical morphologies and element distributions of S-rich particles and considered that （C, O, S）-rich parliclcs had two major mixing states in different seasons. On the basis of the S-rich particles＂ relative abundances. S concentrations and their relationships with PM2.5 as well as the seasonal comparison, wc revealed that the S-participated formation degrees of SRM and SRW would enhance with increasing PM2.5 concentration. Moreover, C-rich matter and sulfate had seasonally differcnt but significant impacts on the formation of COS.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40474013 and 40821062)the Special Research Project in Earthquake Science,China(No.200808068)
文摘The Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake occurred on the Longmenshan fault which inclines at a dip angle exceeding 60 degrees. Since most thrust earthquakes occur on faults with dip angles of about 30 degrees, it is enigmatic why the Wenchuan earthquake occurred on such a steep fault. In this study we use a simple finite element model to investigate how the stress state in the fault changes with the variation of Poisson＇s ratio. The results show that, with the Poisson＇s ratio in the fault increasing, the magnitudes of the principal stresses increase and the maximum Shear stress decrease, and, especially, the angle between the maximum principal stress and the fault plane decreases, which will enhance the driving force to overcome the frictional resistance on the fault. The increase of Poisson＇s ratio in the fault may be an important factor to affect the occurrence of the fault earthquakes with large angles between maximum principal stress and fault plane.
基金the financial support of the Swiss National Science Foundation(SNSF),Project No.P2BEP2_191760.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to verify that the computational scheme from[Heid et al.,Gradient flow finite element discretizations with energy-based adaptivity for the Gross–Pitaevskii equation,J.Comput.Phys.436(2021)]for the numerical approximation of the ground state of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation can equally be applied for the effective approximation of excited states of Schr¨odinger’s equation.That procedure employs an adaptive interplay of a Sobolev gradient flow iteration and a novel local mesh refinement strategy,and yields a guaranteed energy decay in each step of the algorithm.The computational tests in the present work highlight that this strategy is indeed able to approximate excited states,with(almost)optimal convergence rate with respect to the number of degrees of freedom.
文摘A century ago the classical physics couldn’t explain many atomic physical phenomena. Now the situation has changed. It’s because within the framework of classical physics with the help of Maxwell’s equations we can derive Schrödinger’s equation, which is the foundation of quantum physics. The equations for energy, momentum, frequency and wavelength of the electromagnetic wave in the atom are derived using the model of atom by analogy with the transmission line. The action constant A0 = (μ0/ε0)1/2s02e2 is a key term in the above mentioned equations. Besides the other well-known constants, the only unknown constant in the last expression is a structural constant of the atom s0. We have found that the value of this constant is 8.277 56 and that it shows up as a link between macroscopic and atomic world. After calculating this constant we get the theory of atoms based on Maxwell’s and Lorentz equations only. This theory does not require knowledge of Planck’s constant h, which is replaced with theoretically derived action constant A0, while the replacement for the fine structure constant α-1 is theoretically derived expression 2s02 = 137.036. So, the structural constant s0 replaces both constants h and α. This paper also defines the stationary states of atoms and shows that the maximal atomic number is equal to Zmax = 137. The presented model of the atoms covers three of the four fundamental interactions, namely the electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions.
基金This work was supported by the National Science and Technology Support Program of China （No. 2014BAC22B01）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 21107061, 21190054, and 81571130090）, the Science-technology Program of State Grid Corporation of China （No. 521700140004） and the Development and Application of Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscopy National Special Projects on Scientific Instrument Development （No. 2013YQ120353）. The authors also thank the Energy Saving and Pollution Control Association of East Asia （ESPA）, for their help in the management of the field observation program.
文摘Direct individual analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy combined with online obscrv ation was conducted to examine the S-rich particles in PM2.5 of two typical polluted haze cpisodes in summer and winter from 2014 to 2015 in Beijing. Four major types of S-rich particles, including sccondary CaSO4 particles （mainly observed in summer）, S-rich mineral particles （SRM）, S-rich water droplets （SRW） and （C, O, S）-rich particles （COS） were identified. We lbund the differcnt typical morphologies and element distributions of S-rich particles and considered that （C, O, S）-rich parliclcs had two major mixing states in different seasons. On the basis of the S-rich particles＂ relative abundances. S concentrations and their relationships with PM2.5 as well as the seasonal comparison, wc revealed that the S-participated formation degrees of SRM and SRW would enhance with increasing PM2.5 concentration. Moreover, C-rich matter and sulfate had seasonally differcnt but significant impacts on the formation of COS.
