Research on the Policy Evolution of Inclusive Education from an International Comparative Perspective

In recent years,thanks to the vigorous promotion by UNESCO,inclusive education has rapidly developed and spread worldwide.Governments across various nations have responded and implemented this approach,successively introducing laws and policies to ensure that children with special needs are better integrated into society and receive a comprehensive education.This paper begins by exploring the concept and connotation of inclusive education.Through an international comparative perspective,it conducts a comparative analysis of the policy evolution of inclusive education in China and the United Kingdom.Furthermore,it investigates the implications that advanced international policy experiences have for the development of inclusive education in China.

Gifted Students’Special Educational Programs in France:An Analysis of Students’Needs as Perceived by Headmasters-A Secondary Publication

Some French public middle schools offer gifted students the opportunity to pursue their education in general classes,while benefiting from specific facilities within the framework of a dedicated educational program.In this study,we sought to identify and analyze the needs of these students as perceived by the headmaster of each middle school involved.The results highlight two main student needs,common to all these programs(uneasiness and difficulties in peer relationships)as well as needs specifically mentioned by some headmasters(non-adaptive behavior).

Book Review of Developing Multilingual Education Policies:Theory,Research and Practice Edited by Michal Tannenbaum,and Elana Shohamy,London&New York:Routledge,2023,PP.208,$135.ISBN:978-0-367-61989-3(hbk)

In the book review,the author introduced the latest theoretical and practical endeavors by Isreali scholars to tackle challenges posed by multilingualism.Michal Tannenbaum and Elena Shohamy conducted a comprehensive examination of the Isreali social and educational context,setting the stage for their proposal of a new multilingual policy.The new multilingual education policy has been formulated on the basis of extensive domestic and overseas research and empirical investigation,it is expected to be offer some insights into promoting multilingualism and social justice in both Isreal and the world.

The Influence of the First Language （Arabic） on Learning English as a Second Language in Jordanian Schools, and Its Relation to Educational Policy： Structural Errors

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of the L 1 （first language） （Arabic） on learning ESL （English as a second language） in Jordanian schools, and its relation to education policy. The sample of the study consisted of 266 high school graduates Jordanian students in the academic year 2013-2014. A translation test consisted of 24 items and divided to eight areas was constructed to arrive at the objectives of the study. The study concluded that the percentage of total errors committed by the study sample in all areas exceeds percentage of correct answers （wrong answers is 52.48＇%, correct answers is 47.52%）, and the students committed more transfer errors in the types of verb to be, addition to, andpassive voice than other types of errors as a result of the effect of the L1.

The Situation, Policies, and Development of Foreign Language Education in Contemporary China

Foreign language education is an important part of Chinese education,but the overall foreign language education in China is still relatively underdeveloped.Foreign language education and policies in contemporary China are closely related to China’s political,economic,and social development.The contemporary Chinese foreign language education and policies,since the establishment of New China in 1949,can be divided into four periods.The first period is a period of domination by the Russian language(1949–1956),the second period is a period of exploration and transformation(1956–1966),the third period is a period of interruption(1966–1978),and the fourth period is a period of development and improvement(1978 to present).Understanding foreign language education and policies in contemporary Chinese universities can contribute to the future development of foreign language education and policies in China.

Development of International Chinese Language Education in Iran:An Analysis in the Context of Iran’s Foreign Language Policy Characteristics

This paper focuses on examining the relevant policies concerning Chinese language education within Iran’s foreign language education policy framework from the perspective of its historical context.By analyzing the characteristics of Iran’s foreign language policy and the current situation of Chinese language teaching in Iran,this paper studies the future development of international Chinese language education in Iran.

Multi-Dimensional Analysis of China’s“Double Reduction” Policy

Under China’s“Double Reduction”policy,although the educational pressure has somewhat reduced,the mechanism of talent selection through examinations still exists,which means competition remains,leading to the internalization of education.This article analyzes the challenges faced by the“Double Reduction”policy from historical and current perspectives.The reasons for the internalization of education are examined and four recommendations for the further implementation of the“Double Reduction”policy are presented.

Higher Education Admission Policy and Social Class of Ethnic Minority:The Case of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,China

Gaokao has been considered as the gatekeeper of intergenerational class reproduction in today’s slowing social mobility in China.In order to bolster the fairness of Gaokao,the Policy of Bonus Scores for Ethnic Minority Candidates(PBSEMC)has been issued,whose,however,effectiveness in promoting upward social class has not been adequately empirically explored.The difference-in-differences(DID)analysis based on cross-sectional data,which is distinct from the traditional DID analysis paradigm,was implemented to assess the Reform of PBSEMC in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 1988.The results showed that PBSEMC had a significant and positive impact on the social classes of ethnic minorities,and gender,residence type and occupation type were also relevant to social class,aligning with the previous literature.The PBSEMC is effective in improving the social classes of ethnic minorities.However,the PBSEMC policy should be made more precise,in order to benefit the candidates who are in genuine need of assistance.

Research on the Well-off Family Education Investment under the Policy of Double Reduction

Chinese education is like a large competitive game in the past time,with a lot of over-step learning and pre-emptive education increasing the extra—curricular pressure on primary and secondary school students day by day.In 2021,the national"double reduction"policy was implemented,and in 2022,the"Family Education Promotion Law of the People's Republic of China"was introduced.With the combined effect of"one government,one law",the status and role of family education have become more prominent,so it is of great practical significance to understand the education investment behavior of Chinese families.Therefore,this study is a case study of three students and their families from different schools in Weifang,Shandong Province in China.Through semi-structured interviews,this paper discusses the educational investment of well-off families after the implementation of the double reduction policy.The results show that art-related learning content dominates the education expenditure of well-off families after the implementation of the double-reducing policy,while cultural tutoring decreases.Becasue of(a)parents mainly want to cultivate their children's interests and hobbies or provide guidance for weak subjects;(b)the lack of understanding of the double reduction policy,leading to parents and students blindly follow the trend,increasing the pressure of students and parents'anxiety.This study focuses on the feelings of students and parents after the implementation of the double reduction policy,and attaches importance to the problems arising after the implementation of the policy.The findings are helpful to provide reference for future research on the educational investment of wealthy families after the implementation of the double reduction policy.

The Role of Mathematics in STEAM Education under the“Double Reduction”Policy

This essay delves into the pivotal role of mathematics within the context of STEAM(science,technology,engineering,arts,and mathematics)education under China’s“Double Reduction”policy.Amidst a shifting global education landscape that emphasizes holistic growth,policies such as the“Double Reduction”strategy underscore the significance of well-rounded development alongside academic excellence.By advocating for a balanced approach to education,the policy resonates with the principles of STEAM education,which seeks to cultivate versatile and innovative individuals.Mathematics,acting as a unifying force,connects disparate STEAM disciplines,fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and preparing students to thrive in a rapidly evolving,technology-driven world.This essay provides an in-depth exploration of the multifaceted role of mathematics in STEAM education,drawing on specific cases and scholarly references to highlight its contributions to creativity,critical thinking,and holistic development.

Exploration into the Development of"Integration of Production and Education"in Vocational Education in China

In order to further clarify the function and important value of the integration of production and education for the development of vocational education,this paper combed the development context of the integration of production and education in China's vocational education from three dimensions:policy evolution,research evolution and practice promotion.Studies have shown that the integration of production and education,as a distinctive type characteristic of vocational education in China,has experienced four stages of evolution in policy:the period of combination of production and education,the preparation and presentation period,the full implementation period and the in-depth promotion period,and the initially-constructed institutional system reflects developmental characteristics.In academic research,there are obvious policy-driven characteristics.The theoretical framework tends to be perfect,and the concept connotation and promotion path are gradually getting clear,but the research on regional promotion modes is slightly insufficient.The empirical research is weak,and the operability of countermeasure research is not strong.Moreover,the problem of discussing integration based on education is more prominent.In practice and promotion,the characteristic of the integration of production and education is gradually highlighted and deepened in terms of talent training,school-running system and school-running mode,and the carriers and contents of the integration of production and education are gradually enriched.

Promoting China-U.S.Arctic education cooperation:challenges,opportunities and recommendations

Arctic education refers not only to the teaching,but also to research,communication,dissemination as well as popularization of knowledge related to the Arctic.This article reviews joint efforts between Chinese and American educators and researchers to promote cooperation and understanding in Arctic education and research,and examines the facing challenges of China-U.S.Arctic education cooperation which include current political or economic tensions between the two countries,the differing perspectives and priorities on Arctic policy,the disproportion in Arctic scientific research,different research methodologies and discourse system in social science.This article also argues that there are opportunities for the two countries to cooperate in Arctic education.Common goals and interests in the Arctic,Arctic-dedicated institutions with significant Arctic research capabilities and partnerships around the world provide foundations for Arctic education cooperation.The implementation of a new science-based Arctic treaty of the Arctic Council is an opportunity for China-U.S.Arctic education cooperation.As for future cooperation,it suggests that in addition to promoting the direct bilateral cooperation,cooperation within international cooperation platforms and mechanisms,especially within the Arctic Council also needs to be further promoted.

Analysis of the Influence and Countermeasures of China’s New Educational Policy“Double Reduction”-Take an After-School English Training Institution as an Example

Recently,the Chinese government has published a new policy,called“Double Reduction”,addressing the problems of the workloads of the students under high school,and in the after-school training institution.Under this current situation,many after-school training institutions are confronting serious difficulties,even have to shut down and exit the market.Thus,it is of great significance to carefully analyze and discuss the influence on a certain case and its countermeasures.The article discusses the background of the“Double Reduction”policy,which is exam-oriented education,quality-oriented education,and education modernization.The article analyzes the influence and countermeasures of the“Double Reduction”on a medium size after-school English training institution in Wenzhou,Zhejiang,China.By using the method of interview,this article presents specific data about the influence and detailed plans of transition.

Research on the Path of Further Deepening the Reform and Internationalization of English Education in the Hainan Free Trade Zone

With the establishment of the Hainan Free Trade Zone(FTZ),the internationalization of English education has become a key element of the region’s educational reform efforts.As globalization intensifies,fostering an internationalized English education system is crucial for improving the competitiveness and global positioning of the Hainan FTZ.This study explores the multiple pathways and strategies for promoting the internationalization of English education in the Hainan FTZ,focusing on aspects such as policy support,curriculum reform,teacher training,international collaboration,and the effective allocation of educational resources.By examining the current state of English education in the region,identifying key challenges,and drawing insights from successful domestic and international cases-particularly from free trade zones elsewhere-this paper offers actionable recommendations.These suggestions aim to enhance the region’s educational outcomes,thereby bolstering the Hainan FTZ’s broader objectives of economic growth and enhanced global connectivity.The proposed strategies also seek to elevate the international stature of the Hainan FTZ as a regional hub for talent development,international exchange,and soft power enhancement.

U.S.’ Recognition, Evaluation of China-U.S. Educational Cooperation and Its Enlightenment to China--Analysis Based on the Survey Reports by U.S.’Policy Elites

Educational cooperation is one of the key factors to embody humanistic exchanges and promote the development of international relations.Through the analysis of four survey reports on China-U.S.educational cooperation,it is found that American policy elites generally attach importance to the distribution of power,the application of law,mutual benefit between the two countries in educational cooperation,and pay attention to the potential motivation and influence of China.China should rationally refer to the views and suggestions,strengthen the effectiveness of dialogue mechanism,enhance the credibility of international discourse,and at the same time encourage the negotiation and governance among cooperative universities,so as to promote the stable and sustainable development of education cooperation.

A Comparative Study of the Value Orientations of Foreign Language Education Policies in China and the United States in the 21st Century

Since the 21 st century, both Chinese Mainland and the United States have formulated foreign language education policiesbased on their national needs. This paper makes a comparative study of the value orientations of foreign language education poli-cies in Chinese Mainland and the United States in the 21 st century and finds that both China and the United States have regardedtheir national interests as the essential value orientation of their foreign language education policies. To be specific,the core valueorientation of foreign language education policies in China is to enhance its cultural soft power.In contrast,the core value orienta-tion of foreign language education policies in the United States is to safeguard its national security. Through the comparison of thedifferent value orientations of foreign language education policies of the two countries, the paper provides some reference for the for-eign language education policy-making in Chinese Mainland.

Comparison of nutrition education policies and programs for children in China and other selected developed countries

A double burden of overweight/obesity and malnutrition during childhood is a major concern in China.Dietary intakes in this critical period affect children’s physical and cognitive development,and also have health consequences in later life.Therefore,establishing healthy eating habits that will endure is crucial for children.Nutrition education is an effective way in improving nutrition knowledge and attitudes,and healthy eating behaviors.Diverse forms of nutrition improvement programs that targeting children,family,teachers,and school settings have been conducted in many developed countries.However,due to the differences of genetic background,household environment as well as dietary patterns between Chinese children and children from other countries,the existing nutrition education programs for children abroad might not be appropriate for children in China.Thus,nutrition education programs that consider Chinese nutrition-related policies and food supply as well as the local educational resources are required for Chinese children.This review summarized nutrition-related policies and legislations in China and developed countries.A series of evidence-based nutrition education programs that combined educational strategies and environmental supports conducted in the Southwest China Childhood Nutrition and Growth Study were presented.These programs can serve as example models for adopting nutrition interventions to improve nutrition and health status of children in different regions of China.

An Analysis of UNESCO's Role In The Development of Higher Education Policy Around The Globe

In recent years,Globalization enhances the development of education and corporation between higher education organizations.Being part of international organization involved in education policy-making,UNESCO has play an indispensable role in the enhancement of higher education.Present essay introduces the structures and working patterns of UNESCO and its role in accelerating the formulation of higher education policy.Meanwhile,limitations and challenged UNESCO confronted are also provided to give a detailed analysis of the role UNESCO plays in higher education.

A comparative analysis of information literacy curriculum standards in the educational programs of high schools in China and in the United States

Our study aims to take a closer look at China's current information literacy(IL) program standards at secondary schools and to analyze their level of success and/or failures in a comparative way with those of the United States in terms of fulfilling their each other's mission-oriented mandates. Our research findings show that China's current IL standards of high schools contain a disproportionate emphasis on information technology(IT). Moreover, the stipulations of these IL standards are narrowly construed and without being solidly grounded on a broad and comprehensive educational perspective. We also suggest that there are two underlying causes for this set of unsound IL standards in China.Firstly, there is a lack of collaboration between two major competing forces engaged in the curricular development and research of IL in China: Those professionals in educational IT discipline vis-à-vis those in Library and Information Science. Secondly, library professionals have a very limited influence on major socio-cultural policies, even at their own institutions. As a result, this paper recommends the following three possible measures,which may help remedy this situation strategically: 1) Establishing a set of new IL curriculum standards based on an IL-centered educational perspective; 2) establishing a teacher-librarian's training program to promote school librarians' role in IL education; and 3) strengthening the research and development of an online IL education program and an accompanied evaluation mechanism.

Effect of educational intervention on attitudes toward the concept of criminal responsibility

AIM To evaluate the effect of educational intervention on individuals' knowledge of and attitudes toward forensic mental health.METHODS We conducted a questionnaire regarding attitudes toward various ideas about forensic mental health. The respondents attended a 1-h seminar regarding forensic mental health after answering the questionnaire. On completion of the seminar, the respondents answered another questionnaire containing many of the same questions as contained in the pre-seminar questionnaire.RESULTS A total of 86 individuals attended the seminar, and 78 responded to the questionnaire. Only 13(18.8%) participants were supportive of the concept of criminal responsibility initially, and there was a statistically significant increase in those who became more supportive after the seminar, with 22(33%) being supportive after the seminar(Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that participants who were skeptical about forensic mental systems and those with fewer opportunities to see media reports regarding psychiatry were likely to become supportive of criminal responsibility after the intervention.CONCLUSION These results suggest that public attitudes toward criminal responsibility and mental health can be influenced via educational interventions.