Discussion on the relationship between Construction of Forest Towns and Reform & Development of State-owned Forest Farms

In recent years, China's social economy has continued to develop. While paying attention to the pursuit of the economy, people are paying more and more attention to the pursuit of quality of life. China has vast territory and abundant resources, forest resources are particularly rich, in order to make full use of forest resources and regulate the use and protection of forests, China has promoted the development of forestry by deepening the construction and reform of state-owned forest farms, and using forest resources to obtain benefits to meet people's living needs. This paper explores the necessity and advantages of building a forest town by analyzing the reform and development situation of state-owned forest farms.

A study on state-owned forest area stakeholders' behavior

The development of state-owned forest area plays a very important role in the development of Chinese forest industry, and even in the construction of national economy. As the backbone of Chinese forestry development, it contributes to Chinese economic development, ecological environment protection and social progress. How to balance all stakeholders' interest and behaviors remains as one of the focuses in the study of sustainable development of forest areas. On this basis, researches were carried out and described in the paper. Firstly, the paper goes through the concept and scope of state-owned forest area in China; Secondly, it defines the stakeholders of state-owned forest area, and discusses over the problems in stakeholders' behaviors from the aspect of responsibility, rights and interests; and Finally, it designs the stakeholders' behaviors on the basis of existing problems and provides constructive suggestions on deeper reform of state-owned forest areas.

Intensities of human disturbance dictate the floral diversity in tropical forest:the case of a secondary forest in Benguet, Philippines

This study inventoried the floral diversity of a secondary forest in Tuba,Benguet,Philippines as affected by different intensities of human disturbance.This study is unique from other land use studies in Southeast Asia in having conventional farms as the most disturbed land use while other sites have oil palm plantations.A total of 267 species belonging to 222 genera and 78 families was documented.Results showed that the level of human disturbance is the major factor affecting the floral diversity while the effect of elevation is secondary.The level of human disturbance is significantly associated with species richness,species composition,dominant species and biodiversity indices.Greater human disturbance,as in the case of conventional farms,results in lower species richness,predominantly weed composition,dominant weed species and lower biodiversity indices.On the other hand,lesser human disturbance(as in the case of secondary forest)leads to higher species richness,greater native species composition,dominance of indigenous species,and higher diversity indices.The most disturbed land use experienced the greatest loss of species richness,change in floristic composition and vegetation structure,as well as a shift from native to alien-dominated plant communities.These results showed that the effect of land use change is not limited to species richness but also to species composition,dominant species and biodiversity indices.Locally,the study is an important baseline data for biodiversity conservation of the Marcos Highway Watershed Forest Reserve.

Analysis of the Freezing Damage to Biennial Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus smithii in Haikou Forest Farm

In winter of 2013,cold weather occurred in Kunming,and biennial E. dunnii and E. smithii in Haikou Forest Farm suffered different degrees of freezing damage. The freezing damage to them was analyzed here. The results showed that in the families of E. dunnii,families suffering severe and especially severe freezing damage accounted for 7. 7%,while 92. 3% of families suffered moderate and below freezing damage; in the families of E. smithii,56. 7% of families suffered severe and especially severe freezing damage,while families suffering moderate and below freezing damage accounted for 43. 3%. There was significant difference between two species of eucalyptuses in tree height（ P 〈0. 05）,while there was extremely significant difference in freezing damage grade and index（ P 〈0. 01）. There was significantly negative correlation between the tree height and freezing damage grade of E. dunnii and E. smithii,with the correlation coefficients of- 0. 374 and- 0. 234. That is,the freezing damage grade would decrease with the increase of tree height.

Effectiveness Evaluation of the Construction of the Natural Forest Resources Protection Project in Haikou Forest Farm of Kunming

The current situation about the natural forest resources protection project in Haikou Forest Farm of Kunming on the protection of forest resources, forest fire prevention, forest administration resource management, forest pests, and money management was briefed. Achievements made in the implementation of natural forest protection project in Haikou Forest Farm were analyzed, and problems existing in the project as well as corresponding countermeasures were expounded.

Influence of Tea Plantations, Forest and Mixed Farming on Stream Flow and Sediment Loads, Case of Sondu Miriu River Basin, Kenya

The changing patterns of land cover and land use in the tropical river basin over time are critical. The hydrological phenomena at basin and sub basin scale are affected positively or negatively by dynamics of the land cover and land use patterns. Hence identifying causes and driving factors aid in taking appropriate measures to avert the impacts. This study determined the influences of sub basins dominated by tea plantations, forests and agricultural land uses in terms of streamflow and sediment flux variability in Sondu Miriu River Basin in Kenya, East Africa. Field-based investigations were conducted through sampling of flow velocities, turbidity and TSSC obtained from existing River Gauging Stations established within the three sub basins. The sub basin dominated by mixed farming land cover exhibits high turbidity approximately 620 NTU and high levels of total suspended sediment concentration (TSSC) of the order of 630 mg/l in wet seasons. The turbidity levels and TSSC were low in sub basins dominated by forest and tea plantations with approximately mean value of 17 - 29 NTU and 0.019 g/l. The sediment loads in sub basin dominated by mixed farming in the pre planting season in January to February were about 900 tonnes/day higher than that in crop growing season. In sub basins dominated by forest cover and tea plantations, sediment loads were low ranging between 2 - 7 tonnes/day. The relationship between stream flows and area under tea plantations, forests and mixed farming ranged between R2 of 0.025 and 0.16. Tea plantations and forests influence the stream flows and sediment yields in long term duration while in mixed farming variations were observed seasonally. The strong relationships between rainfall and stream flows at the sub basins ranging between R2 of 0.84 and 0.97 revealed the significance of rainfall in hydrologic response of the Sondu Miriu River Basin.

基于改进的随机森林—模糊积分模型的家庭农牧场信用评级研究

缓解融资难融资贵问题是实现家庭农牧场可持续发展的关键,而构建家庭农牧场信用评级体系是解决该难题的基础。针对家庭农牧场信用风险评估中样本数据指标多、噪声复杂、非线性乃至高维度等问题,以内蒙古自治区12个盟市500个家庭农牧场为信用评价对象,将XGBoost算法、随机森林算法、模糊积分模型进行组合,构建了改进的随机森林—模糊积分模型,对家庭农牧场进行信用评级。分析结果表明:运用改进的随机森林—模糊积分模型对家庭农牧场进行信用评级的准确率、精确率、召回率、F1分数更高。

森林生态产品价值实现的生态产业化经营实践与探索——以腾冲市沙坝国有林场为例

文章阐述了腾冲市沙坝国有林场探索森林生态产品价值实现的生态产业化经营实践现状,分析研究了其在资金、用地、经营权限、价值评估、收益分配等方面存在的问题,并提出了相关优化措施与政策建议,以期进一步提升生态产业化经营水平,促进以市场为主导的森林生态产品价值实现。

水产养殖中水质与鱼类行为双向映射模型研究

在水产养殖中,水质参数与鱼类活动之间有着密不可分的相互映射关系。过去的监测更多偏向于单向映射,一般都是通过鱼类的行为表明水质的情况。针对仅仅通过鱼类行为反映水质情况会产生误判和滞后的问题,本文构建一种基于随机森林的鱼类行为与水质情况双向映射模型。双向映射模型不仅可以提供更多的信息从而提高预测的准确性,而且也可以通过相互验证提高模型的可靠性。首先,通过引入可变形卷积模块对YOLO v7进行改进,利用改进模型检测出视频中鱼类的位置再通过前后帧的坐标量化出鱼的游动参数。随后,将采集到的鱼类游动参数及对应的水质参数作为输入,使用随机森林模型进行分类、回归,分别完成鱼类游动参数和水质参数具体数值的预测以及指标异常级别的预测,从而得到双向映射关系。为了表明模型的泛化能力,分别在黎安港和新村港渔场2个数据集下进行实验。实验结果表明:提出的方法可以较好地实现鱼类行为与水质关系的双向映射,其中,分类实验平均准确率可以达到90.947%,回归实验决定系数R^(2)的平均值可以达到0.801。

杜拉尔林场白桦林可燃物载量反演

为了提高森林可燃物载量估测精度,以杜拉尔林场野外样地调查数据为基础,从Sentinel-2A数据获取(band2~band9)光谱特征及纹理特征,并计算植被指数结合郁闭度、龄组、坡度、坡向作为特征变量,应用森林的分类与回归方法建立估测模型对杜拉尔林场白桦林进行可燃物载量反演。结果表明:Sentinel-2A数据结合林分地形因子建立的估测模型拟合效果较好,能够准确反演杜拉尔林场白桦林可燃物载量,反演结果与实测值的R 2为0.8615、均方根误差(R MSE)为7.612。

广西13家国有林场桉树资源变化分析

为实现桉树资源高质量发展,根据2003—2020年森林资源调查数据,对广西13家国有林场(高峰、七坡、树木园、东门、派阳山、钦廉、博白、六万、维都、三门江、黄冕、大桂山、雅长)桉树资源变化情况进行分析。结果表明:2003—2020年,桉树人工林面积从57782.4 hm^(2)增加到100126.75 hm^(2),蓄积从1631700 m^(3)增加到8556100 m^(3);单位面积蓄积量从21.66 m^(3)•hm^(−2)上升到85.5 m^(3)•hm^(−2);单位面积年均生长量从6.1 m^(3)•hm^(−2)•年^(−1)上升到24.7 m^(3)•hm^(−2)•年^(−1)。至2020年,在13家林场中场内桉树人工林面积达10000 hm^(2)以上有3家,5000~10000 hm^(2)的有6家,5000 hm^(2)以下的有4家;桉树人工林蓄积量1000000m^(3)以上的有2家,500000~1000000m^(3)的有7家,500000 m^(3)以下的有4家;单位面积蓄积量100 m^(3)•hm^(−2)•年^(−1)以上的有6家,80~100 m^(3)•hm^(−2)•年^(−1)的有3家,80 m^(3)•hm^(−2)•年^(−1)以下的有4家;单位面积年均生长量超过30.0 m^(3)•hm^(−2)的有1家,年均生长量25~30 m^(3)•hm^(−2)•年^(−1)的有4家,年均生长量20~24.9 m^(3)•hm^(−2)•年^(−1)的有6家,年均生长量小于20.0 m^(3)•hm^(−2)•年^(−1)的有2家。针对当前桉树资源经营管理中存在的突出问题,提出加强抚育管理、科学合理调整主伐年龄、加强自然灾害防控等建议。

济源市南山林场不同林分类型土壤主要肥力指标评价

土壤肥力是衡量土壤能够提供植被所需各种养分的能力,是反映土壤肥沃性的重要指标。为了解济源市南山林场不同林分类型土壤肥力状况,选取林场内侧柏、刺槐、栓皮栎、核桃4种不同林分类型土壤为研究对象,通过对不同层位(0~40 cm)土壤pH、有机质、全量养分(TN、TP、TK)和速效养分(AN、AP、AK)的测定,分析了不同林分类型土壤养分状况,并采用改进的内梅罗综合指数法对土壤综合肥力状况进行评价。结果表明:研究区不同林分土壤理化因子除pH外均达到中等变异,土壤中全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾、pH均达到显著性差异水平。研究区土壤pH、容重均表现出随着深度增加而增大的趋势;有机质、全氮和速效养分则随深度增加而减少;全磷和全钾受深度影响不明显。土壤养分丰瘠评价表明,研究区土壤全氮、全磷和土壤速效养分相对贫瘠。4种林分不同深度土壤肥力综合评价表现为刺槐>栓皮栎>侧柏>核桃,肥力状况多处于一般等级,肥力较差层位多处于20~40 cm。综合分析表明,研究区全氮、全磷和速效养分缺乏,建议有针对性地增加有机肥以及氮、磷的投入。

腾冲市沙坝国有林场森林生态文化服务产品价值实现探究

国有林场是探索实践生态产品价值实现的主战场之一。研究国有林场生态产品价值实现路径、模式,对促进国有林场将生态优势转化为经济优势、深化国有林场改革,促进社会经济绿色高质量发展具有重要意义。通过对腾冲市沙坝国有林场森林生态文化服务产品价值实现现状、困境进行分析,提出建立健全森林生态产品价值评估体系,完善并落实用地保障政策,挖掘自身特色,强化品牌打造宣传,加强专业人才培养等建议。

塞罕坝植被覆盖时空分异与驱动机制研究

研究塞罕坝林场植被覆盖变化及其驱动机制能够为区域植被保护与森林经营管理提供重要的理论依据。基于MODIS-NDVI、气温和降水数据,采用趋势分析、偏相关性分析、残差分析和相对作用分析等方法,分析塞罕坝林场2000—2020年不同植被覆盖的时空变化,探讨气候因素和人类活动对不同植被覆盖的驱动机制。结果显示:(1)塞罕坝林场植被覆盖的归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)低于0.55的区域归为低植被覆盖区,NDVI高于0.65的区域为高植被覆盖区,而NDVI为0.55~0.65的区域为中等植被覆盖区。(2)2000—2020年,不同植被覆盖等级NDVI的平均增长速率有所差异,低植被覆盖区NDVI平均增长速率较快;其次是中等植被覆盖区和高植被覆盖区;尤其是2007年之后,塞罕坝林场全域NDVI平均增长速率明显高于2000—2007的植被NDVI平均增长速率。(3)在不同植被覆盖等级区,NDVI的主要驱动因素也有所不同,低植被覆盖区NDVI主要受到人类活动的影响,其贡献率高达60.78%;中高植被覆盖区主要驱动因子存在着空间异质性,即中高植被覆盖区的西部和东南部的低海拔区主要受人类活动的影响,而东北部的高海拔区主要受到气候因素的影响。

基于RUSLE模型的帽儿山实验林场不同林分类型土壤侵蚀动态评估

为解决定量评估帽儿山实验林场不同林分类型土壤侵蚀动态变化的问题,以帽儿山实验林场1983、1993、2004、2016年4期二类调查数据和Landsat遥感影像数据为基础,采用修订后的通用土壤流失方程(Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation,RUSLE)模型对帽儿山实验林场平均土壤侵蚀量进行动态评估,并量化和分析不同林分类型与土壤侵蚀量间的关系。结果表明,4个时期帽儿山实验林场的年均土壤侵蚀量分别为0.26、0.24、0.10、0.17 t/(hm^(2)·a),其中各期土壤侵蚀强度处于0~1 t/(hm^(2)·a)的面积分别占总面积的98.79%、98.68%、99.88%、98.88%;1983—2016年土壤侵蚀强度未发生变化的区域占70.4%,高等级侵蚀强度向低等级侵蚀强度转移的面积占25.1%,而低等级侵蚀强度向高等级侵蚀强度转移的面积仅占4.5%,表明帽儿山实验林场土壤侵蚀状况整体趋势良好;6种林分类型中,软阔天然林、硬阔天然林、落叶松人工林、樟子松人工林、蒙古栎天然林和针阔混交天然林在1983年的平均土壤侵蚀量分别为0.150、0.161、0.054、0.110、0.121、0.083 t/(hm^(2)·a);到2016年,其平均土壤侵蚀量分别下降53.7%、61.2%、30.3%、83.0%、46.8%、23.2%;除软阔天然林、落叶松人工林和针阔混交天然林于2004—2006年期间土壤侵蚀量轻微增加以外(0.003~0.016 t/(hm^(2)·a)),其余林分类型平均土壤侵蚀量均呈逐年下降趋势。

喀斯特地区非农就业对农户薪柴利用的作用路径——基于供需的角度

薪柴是中国山村的传统生活能源。薪柴砍伐是喀斯特地区植被退化、石漠化加剧的重要原因。薪柴利用关系着森林转型和生态恢复。已有研究主要从劳动力和收入的角度分析非农就业对薪柴利用的影响。从薪柴供需变化的角度研究非农就业对薪柴利用的作用路径,有助于明晰森林转型的微观机制。本文以喀斯特地区三个典型区县562户农户调查数据为基础,采用有序Logit模型和中介效应模型,从供需的角度分析非农就业对农户薪柴利用的影响及其作用路径。研究表明:(1)研究区薪柴利用总体减少,79.72%的农户减少对薪柴的利用。(2)非农就业通过降低农户薪柴获取能力和放大薪柴采集环境约束减少薪柴供给,同时通过减少需求来源、增强其他能源替代减少薪柴需求,供需的减少使得农户对薪柴的利用减少。(3)非农就业促进了薪柴替代,有利于喀斯特地区森林质量的提升。森林转型“经济增长路径”中能源转型机制拓展和细化为“非农就业—薪柴替代—薪柴利用减少—森林质量提升—森林质量转型”。(4)喀斯特地区可通过引导农村劳动力非农就业、发展规模养殖和增加商品能源的消费来加快薪柴替代、促进地区的生态恢复。研究结果丰富和拓展了森林转型的路径理论,可为喀斯特地区的生态恢复提供理论和实践参考。

大同山杉木人工林林分空间结构与种内竞争关系

为了解大同山国有林场不同龄组杉木人工林林分空结构特征与种内竞争强度的相关性,以大同山国有林场杉木人工林为研究对象,根据幼龄、中龄、近熟、成熟4个龄组共设置8块标准地,应用样地数据,通过计算林分空间结构参数,分析林分的空间结构特征和林分竞争关系。结果表明:(1)杉木人工林在水平维度上普遍处于密集状态,除幼龄林外,其他龄组的林木密集度指数较高,各个龄组杉木人工林的林分密度集分布在0.436 3~0.863 6,各龄组林分内对象木的密集程度处于密集状态。(2)杉木人工林的林分垂直结构较为简单,垂直空间的利用率较低,各龄组样地的林层指数随林龄增加而呈现减小-增大-减小的趋势,且各龄组大部分对象木的林层指数为0~0.33。(3)杉木人工林的密度集和竞争指数的相关性比林层指数和竞争指数的相关性相对较强,林分密集度和竞争指数的相关系数随林龄的增加呈规律性变化;林层指数和竞争指数也存在较强的相关性,但随林龄变化不明显。

广西国有高峰林场植物组成和区系特征

为给林场植物资源的保护、开发和利用提供参考,采用线路调查和样方调查相结合的方法,对广西壮族自治区国有高峰林场维管植物科、属、种组成和生活型及本土野生植物区系地理成分进行分析。结果表明,广西国有高峰林场维管植物共有1385种,隶属于192科784属,其中蕨类植物29科49属85种,裸子植物7科10属18种,被子植物156科725属1282种。野生植物161科540属913种,栽培植物119科327属472种。以草本植物为主(558种),藤本植物最少(181种)。寡种科和单种科及寡种属和单种属占比均较高。外来入侵植物共有65种。在本土野生植物区系地理成分中,科的泛热带和热带类型占比为52.53%,属的泛热带和热带类型占比为72.86%,且属的R/T值较高,表明广西国有高峰林场具有较强的热带-亚热带性质。广西国有高峰林场有8种国家二级重点保护野生植物和5种广西重点保护野生植物。广西国有高峰林场植物种类丰富,植物区系地理成分复杂,科和属组成以热带-亚热带性质为主。

景洪市国有林场经济发展现状与前景

国有林场是生态文明建设中的重要组成部分,而国有林场经济发展关系到国有林场的建设。为了更好的推动国有林场的发展,结合景洪市国有林场实际情况,根据现阶段景洪市国有林场发展的困难,实践分析了景洪市国有林场改革后的林区经济发展因素,提出实现景洪市国有林场经济发展和乡村振兴的策略和建议。

生态林场生态保护补偿机制探讨——以山东省东营市为例

生态林在提高森林覆盖率,调节生态功能,改善人居环境,满足人民群众生态需要等方面发挥着重要作用。推进生态林场建设对维护生态平衡,协调区域高质量发展和高水平保护具有现实意义。为了提升生态林场建设质量和保障生态林场的可持续发展,需要政府主导,各方参与,完善生态保护补偿政策和机制。以山东省东营市为例,结合座谈访谈、问卷调研、实地考察等方式进行梳理探讨,分析了立地条件相对较差地区生态林场生态保护补偿机制建设存在的问题,并对当前存在的问题提出对策建议,以期推动东营市生态林场的生态保护和可持续经营,为健全完善生态保护补偿机制提供参考依据。