Survey of the current state of emergency care in Chennai, India

BACKGROUND：On July 21, 2009, the Medical Council of India officially recognized the specialty of emergency medicine in India. The city of Chennai with over six and a half million people is the fourth largest on the subcontinent and has already been a prominent city of interest in the specialty＇s development. However, there is no standardization of the resources found in the city＇s emergency departments. This study was to survey the equipment, training, and certification of Chennai area emergency departments and their staff. METHODS：We conducted a cross-sectional survey of emergency department staff from 38 Chennai area hospitals. The survey instrument contained 44 questions pertaining to hospital demographics, staff training and certification, and ED equipment and supplies. The items on the survey were specifically chosen to represent only the most basic and common resources necessary to practise emergency medicine. RESULTS： The survey found a majority of hospitals are privately operated but there is a wide range in terms of size and volume of patients. A minority of both doctors and nurses are certified in BLS, ACLS, PALS, and ATLS. While almost all departments surveyed had the basic code medications, a number of basic equipment items were lacking from a large percentage of the EDs surveyed. CONCLUSION：The newly established EP community in Chennai will have the responsibility to establish standards for both training and resources so that the specialty may grow and provide a higher standard of emergency care moving into the future.

On the Special Application of the Principle of Proportionality under Emergency State

As the two fundamental aspects of modern society,the emergency state and the routine state are not exceptions to the rule of law.They just abide by special legal rules and must adhere to the spirit of the rule of law,such as human rights protection and power restrictions and apply the principle of proportionality.In a state of emergency,public interests are faced with major and urgent threats.In this state,the positioning of the purpose,the examination of the consequences,or the measurement of the legal benefits of the purpose and the consequences all have a certain degree of particularity and complexity.In order to increase the rationality of the principle of proportionality in the state of emergency,and to perform its value function scientifically and effectively,it is necessary to adopt loose application standards based on the characteristics of the state of emergency,grasp the key application links,and limit the scope of application to the review of the rationality of the exercise of emergency powers.Judgment of the legitimacy of the purpose of the exercise of emergency powers and the derogation of civil rights such as human dignity are not within the scope of the principle of proportionality.

Evaluation of the effect of the state of emergency for the first wave of COVID-19 in Japan

In this paper,we evaluate the effect of the state of emergency for the first wave of COVID-19 in Japan,2020 from the viewpoint of mathematical modelling.In Japan,it was announced during the period of the state of emergency from April 7 to May 25,2020 that the 80%reduction of the contact rate is needed to control the outbreak.By numerical simulation,we show that the reduction rate seems to have reached up to 86%.Moreover,we estimate the control reproduction number R c during the period of the state of emergency as R c?0:36(95%CI,0.34e0.39),and show that the effective reproduction number R e after the lifting of the state of emergency could be greater than 1.This result suggests us that the second wave of COVID-19 in Japan could possibly occur if any effective intervention will not be taken again.

Emergency Law in China： Its Formation, Present State and Future

China＇s emergency laws have emerged as a result of dealing with crises. They comprise laws and regulations, emergency plans, and military regulations, and define three exceptional or emergency states： war, emergency and emergency response, with the aim of constructing a comprehensive integrated system based on the specialized division of labor. In practice, however, emergency plans take the place of laws and regulations and provide the fundamental normative basis for tackling emergencies, with government and the military playing the dominant role. Developing out of necessity and possessing temporary applicability, China＇s emergency laws are characterized by authorization and prevention. Integrating emergency law with the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics, formulating basic law for emergency situations and improving the specific mechanisms of emergency law should be regarded as major steps in its future development.