Evaluation of slope stability through rock mass classification and kinematic analysis of some major slopes along NH-1A from Ramban to Banihal, North Western Himalayas

The network of Himalayan roadways and highways connects some remote regions of valleys or hill slopes,which is vital for India’s socio-economic growth.Due to natural and artificial factors,frequency of slope instabilities along the networks has been increasing over last few decades.Assessment of stability of natural and artificial slopes due to construction of these connecting road networks is significant in safely executing these roads throughout the year.Several rock mass classification methods are generally used to assess the strength and deformability of rock mass.This study assesses slope stability along the NH-1A of Ramban district of North Western Himalayas.Various structurally and non-structurally controlled rock mass classification systems have been applied to assess the stability conditions of 14 slopes.For evaluating the stability of these slopes,kinematic analysis was performed along with geological strength index(GSI),rock mass rating(RMR),continuous slope mass rating(CoSMR),slope mass rating(SMR),and Q-slope in the present study.The SMR gives three slopes as completely unstable while CoSMR suggests four slopes as completely unstable.The stability of all slopes was also analyzed using a design chart under dynamic and static conditions by slope stability rating(SSR)for the factor of safety(FoS)of 1.2 and 1 respectively.Q-slope with probability of failure(PoF)1%gives two slopes as stable slopes.Stable slope angle has been determined based on the Q-slope safe angle equation and SSR design chart based on the FoS.The value ranges given by different empirical classifications were RMR(37-74),GSI(27.3-58.5),SMR(11-59),and CoSMR(3.39-74.56).Good relationship was found among RMR&SSR and RMR&GSI with correlation coefficient(R 2)value of 0.815 and 0.6866,respectively.Lastly,a comparative stability of all these slopes based on the above classification has been performed to identify the most critical slope along this road.

Static and dynamic responses of a microcantilever with a T-shaped tip mass to an electrostatic actuation

In this study, nonlinear static and dynamic responses of a microcantilever with a T-shaped tip mass excited by electrostatic actuations are investigated. The electrostatic force is generated by applying an electric voltage between the horizontal part of?T-shaped tip mass and an opposite electrode plate. The cantilever microbeam is modeled as an Euler-Bernoulli beam. The T-shaped tip mass is assumed to be a rigid body and the nonlinear effect of electrostatic force is considered. An equation of motion and its associated boundary conditions are derived by the aid of combining the Hamilton principle and Newton’s method. An exact solution is obtained for static deflection and mode shape of vibration around the static position. The differential equation of nonlinear vibration around the static position is discretized using the Galerkin method. The system mode shapes are used as its related comparison functions. The discretized equations are solved by the perturbation theory in the neighborhood of primary and subharmonic resonances. In addition, effects of mass inertia, mass moment of inertia as well as rotation of the T-shaped mass, which were ignored in previous works, are considered in the analysis. It is shown that by increasing the length of the horizontal part of the T-shaped mass, the amount of static deflection increases, natural frequency decreases and nonlinear shift of the resonance frequency increases. It is concluded that attaching an electrode plate with a T-shaped configuration to the end of the cantilever microbeam results in a configuration with larger pull-in voltage and smaller nonlinear shift of the resonance frequency compared to the configuration in which the electrode plate is directly attached to it.

General Derivation of Mass-Energy Relation without Electrodynamics or Einstein’s Postulates

The mass-energy equation ?is derived in general from Newton’s equation of motion without use of electrodynamics, or Einstein’s Postulates which were presented in his superb 1905 paper on Special Relativity (SR). This was previously not thought to be possible. This novel derivation of an accelerated body of rest mass m0 is compared with the traditional SR inertial derivation. A discussion is given of pre-1905, electrostatic and electrodynamic derivations of the mass-energy relation yielding , as well as more recent ones. A concise pre-relativity history of the mass-energy relation is traced back to Newton in 1717.

Effect of Manufacturing Errors on Static Characteristics of Externally Pressurized Spherical Air Bearings

Externally pressurized spherical air bearings are the key component of the three-axis air bearing table, and the manufacturing errors of the bearing affects the performance of the air bearing table. However, the manufacturing errors are unavoidable, and the pursuit to enhance the manufacturing accuracy will increase the cost greatly. In order to provide some theoretical guideline for the tolerance choice in the design of the externally pressurized spherical air bearings with inherent compensation, the effects of several manufacturing errors on the static characteristics of the air bearing are studied. Due to the complex geometry of the computational domain, an unstructured meshing technology is used for mesh generation. A finite-volume method is adopted to discretize the three-dimensional steady-state compressible Navier-Stokes equations. A modified SIMPLE algorithm which is suitable for compressible flows is applied to solve the discretized governing equations. The effects of the dimension error and the roundness error of the ball head and the ball socket on the static characteristics are investigated. The investigation result shows that the positive dimension error and the oblate spheroid-type roundness error of the ball head as well as the negative dimension error and the prolate spheroid-type roundness error of the ball socket can improve the bearing capacity and static stiffness of the air bearings by reducing the mass flow. The calculation method proposed in this paper fits well for the general principle, which can be extended to the characteristics analysis of other air bearings.

Static-deformation based fault diagnosis for damping spring of large vibrating screen

Based on the statics theory, a novel and feasible twice-suspended-mass method(TSMM) was proposed to deal with the seldom-studied issue of fault diagnosis for damping springs of large vibrating screen(LVS). With the static balance characteristic of the screen body/surface as well as the deformation compatibility relation of springs considered, static model of the screen surface under a certain load was established to calculate compression deformation of each spring. Accuracy of the model was validated by both an experiment based on the suspended mass method and the properties of the 3D deformation space in a numerical simulation. Furthermore, by adopting the Taylor formula and the control variate method, quantitative relationship between the change of damping spring deformation and the change of spring stiffness, defined as the deformation sensitive coefficient(DSC), was derived mathematically, from which principle of the TSMM for spring fault diagnosis is clarified. In the end, an experiment was carried out and results show that the TSMM is applicable for diagnosing the fault of single spring in a LVS.

Transfer Characteristics in Mechanically Stirred Airlift Loop Reactors with or without Static Mixers

The mechanically stirred internal loop airlift reactors equipped with or without static mixers are devised for intensification of gas-liquid mass transfer rate. The influences of superficial gas velocity, agitation or static mixers on gas hold-up, mixing time, liquid circulating velocity and volumetric mass transfer coefficient have been investigated with tap water and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) aqueous solution. The experimental results indicate that mechanical agitation is more efficacious than static mixer in highly viscous media for improving mass transfer in airlift reactors. The empirical correlation of volumetric mass transfer coefficient with apparent viscosity, and energy consumption for mechanical agitation and aeration is developed.

Sensitivity analysis for a type of statically stable sailcrafts

Two types of sensitivities are proposed for stat- ically stable sailcrafts. One type is the sensitivities of solar-radiation-pressure force with respect to position of the center of mass, and the other type is the sensitivities of solar-radiation-pressure force with respect to attitude. The two types of sensitivities represent how the solar-radiation- pressure force changes with the position of mass center and the attitude. Sailcrafts with larger sensitivities undergo larger error of the solar-radiation-pressure force, leading to larger orbit error, as demonstrated by simulation. Then as a case study, detailed formulas are derived to calculate the sensi- tivities for sailcrafts with four triangular sails. According to these formulas, in order to reduce both types of sensitivities, the angle between opposed sails should not be too large, and the center of mass should be as close to the axis of symmetry of the four sails as possible and as far away from the center of pressure of the sailcraft as possible.

Failure behavior of highly stressed rocks under quasi-static and intensive unloading conditions

Unloading failure of rocks,especially highly stressed rocks,is one of the key issues in construction of underground structures.Based on this,analytical models for rocks under quasi-static and intensive unloading conditions are established to study the failure behavior of highly stressed rocks.In case of rock failure under quasi-static unloading,the rock mass ahead of working face is regarded as an elasto-brittle material,and the stress-displacement curves are used to characterize the tensile fracture of peak-stress area.It is observed that,when intensive unloading happens,there is an elastic unloading wave（perturbation wave） propagating in the rock mass.If the initial stress exceeds the critical stress,there will be a fracture wave,following the elastic unloading wave.To study the propagation feature of fracture wave,the conservation laws of mass,momentum and energy are employed.Results show that the post-peak deformation,strength and energy dissipation are essential to the failure process of highly stressed rocks.

Comparative Phenomenological Description of Even-Even Isotopes at Mass Region A ≈ 70

In the present work the nuclear structure properties and the backbending phenomena of even-even isotopes at A ≈ 70 mass region are analyzed using two simultaneous theoretical models based on a simple modified version of the collective model predictions besides an improved version of exponential model with the inclusion of pairing correlation. In general, both models successfully describe the backbending phenomena in that region. From the comparison between the predictions of the two proposed models a firm conclusion is obtained concerning the superiority of the simple improved version of the exponential model in describing the forward and down-bending region of the φ-ω2 plots.

列车作用下大跨径悬索桥纵向运动响应分析方法对比研究

随着我国铁路事业的发展,近年来设计和建造了一些大跨径铁路悬索桥。悬索桥属于典型的柔性结构,加之列车荷载大、运行速度快,列车过桥时加劲梁纵向运动问题突出。准确地计算出列车过桥时梁端纵向运动响应是进行悬索桥结构设计和梁端位移控制的前提。该文通过有限元仿真,采用4种不同的分析方法,对运行列车作用下大跨径铁路悬索桥纵向运动响应特征进行对比研究。首先,分别介绍移动静载法、移动荷载法、移动质量法、车-桥动力相互作用法的计算理论及其有限元实现方法;随后,以某主跨1060m铁路悬索桥为例,分别采用4种方法进行纵向运动响应计算;最后,对4种分析方法的计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明:大跨径铁路悬索桥纵向运动分析应考虑动力效应;通过移动荷载法、移动质量法及车-桥动力相互作用法分析得到的纵向运动响应接近;采用移动荷载法进行大跨径铁路悬索桥纵向运动响应分析可以简化计算且满足计算精度要求。

用于夹层梁静动力及屈曲分析的新型组合结构单元

推导出新型组合结构单元,用于考虑界面滑移的3层部分作用夹层组合梁的静动力及屈曲特性分析.基于铁木辛柯梁理论,建立考虑夹层梁部分作用效应的能量原理.针对其受力特性,在节点位移、横截面转角和界面滑移插值时均采用含内部自由度的高阶插值函数,以解决含界面有限元数值分析中常遇到的“滑移锁定”现象.通过变分原理得到夹层梁的刚度矩阵、质量矩阵以及几何刚度矩阵的显示表达式.基于MATLAB编译相应夹层结构的有限元程序并验证其准确性.对不同截面3层夹层组合梁进行不同荷载条件和边界条件下的静动力及屈曲特性分析,并探讨不同夹层组合梁跨高比和不同界面抗剪连接刚度下的计算结果及其误差的变化规律.所推导的显示表达式新型组合结构单元计算效率高,并便于推广应用于其他有限元程序或商业软件子程序中.

范伏元教授从“络脉不和”论治肺结节经验

范伏元教授基于络脉沟通内外、渗灌气血、联系脏腑的生理特点,从肺痹、肺积认识肺结节,以络脉不和为肺结节根本病机,从伏邪凝痰痹络、胃络不和痰瘀结为窠囊进行阐发,以“通络开痹,和荣散结”“和胃逐瘀,安神化浊”为核心治法,分别以疏风宣肺汤、加味温胆汤处方辨治,将宏观脏腑辨证调和诸脏与微观络脉辨证调和络脉营卫气血津液沟通渗灌相结合,临床疗效确切。

聚烯烃颗粒在气力输送中静电起电特性研究

为了探究不同聚烯烃粉体颗粒在气力输送过程中起电特性,采用一套自制气力输送实验系统,探究了气力输送过程中不同气固浓度参数对PETG、PP、ABS这3种聚烯烃颗粒静电起电特性的影响规律。结果表明:气力输送过程中PETG与PP颗粒带负电荷,ABS颗粒带正电荷,质量流量和输送空气速度对PETG、PP颗粒的荷质比变化呈类似的变化规律,而ABS颗粒的规律则有所不同。随着颗粒质量流量增大,PETG和PP分别表现为总负电荷量减小;而相同质量流量条件下ABS颗粒则表现为总正电荷量增加。随着输送空气速度增加,3种聚烯烃颗粒所带电荷也会增加,但PETG和PP颗粒电荷极性则会出现极大值。

A Multiscale Model of Mass-Functionally Graded Beam-Fluid System Under Bending and Vibration Responses

In this paper,a multiscale model is developed for the mass functionally graded(FG)beam-fluid system to investigate its static and dynamic responses based on 3D printed porous beam free vibration tests,which are determined by two aspects.At the microstructural level,the gradient variation is realized by arbitrary distribution of matrix pores,and the effective moduli under specific distribution are obtained using the micromechanics homogenization theory.In the meantime,at the structural level,the mechanical responses of FG porous beams subjected to mass loading are considered in a static fluid environment.Then,the explicit expressions of local finite-element(FE)expressions corresponding to the static and dynamic responses are given in the appendices.The present results are validated against numerical and experimental results from the literature and mechanical tests of 3D printed structures,with good agreement generally obtained,giving credence to the present model.On this basis,a comprehensive parametric study is carried out,with a particular focus on the effects of boundary conditions,fluid density,and slenderness ratio on the bending and vibration of FG beams with several different gradations.

探究缝编工艺参数对玻纤复合材料性能的影响

通过设计并制备6种不同编织工艺参数的单轴向玻纤经编织物,探究涤纶丝缝编针距、缝编线粗细旦数、缝编线针脚长度以及缝编方式和纬线的交叉与平行铺纬方式对玻纤复合材料的厚度、纤维质量分数和静态力学性能的影响。研究结果表明:不同编织工艺参数对玻纤复合材料的厚度与纤维质量分数的影响主要取决于单轴向玻纤经编织物中涤纶丝体积分数高低,涤纶丝体积分数高者其玻纤复合材料厚度偏厚,反之偏小,但是对玻纤复合材料静态力学性能影响微乎其微。

BMI和性别对中老年人静动态平衡能力的研究

目的:探讨BMI和性别对中老年人静动态平衡能力的影响.方法:根据BMI和性别选取160名中老年人,其中,体重偏瘦、正常、超重、肥胖的人数均为40人,且男女比例均为1∶1.使用平衡仪测试受试者的静动态平衡能力,采用4×2双因素方差分析检验BMI和性别对平衡能力的影响效果.结果:在静态平衡方面,睁眼单足站立时平衡在组别间的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).在动态平衡方面,睁眼双足站立时的平衡在组别和性别间的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:随着BMI等级的升高,中老年人的静动态平衡能力逐渐变差,超重、肥胖中老年人的静动态平衡能力更差.对同一BMI类型的中老年人,男性的静态平衡能力与女性相当;但是,男性的动态平衡能力却略优于女性,尤其是BMI偏小时.

基于静态气体质谱仪的Xe稳定同位素高精度分析

为解决氙(Xe)的九种稳定同位素质量差异大(约9.6%),质谱探测器接收难的问题,利用Helix MC Plus静态气体质谱仪,建立一种测量Xe全部稳定同位素丰度比的高精度质谱分析方法,快速、准确获得Xe的全部稳定同位素丰度。首先对混合气体样品中的Xe进行提取分离与纯化等条件实验,减小其他惰性气体及活性组分对Xe同位素分析测量的影响,再使用跳峰和多接收两种方式相结合的测量方法,实现在进样量极小时,基于Helix MC Plus型静态气体质谱仪的Xe全部稳定同位素的高精度测量,并利用天然丰度Xe标准气体对配制的混合气体样品测量结果进行线性校正。结果表明,在进样量约1.12×10^(-12)mol条件下,法拉第杯测量129 Xe/^(132)Xe、^(130)Xe/^(132)Xe、^(131)Xe/^(132)Xe、^(134)Xe/^(132)Xe、^(136)Xe/^(132)Xe丰度比的相对标准偏差≤0.24%,对于使用计数法测量124 Xe/^(132)Xe、126 Xe/^(132)Xe丰度比的相对标准偏差分别为0.22%和0.39%。本方法稳定性好、精度高,可以实现痕量Xe稳定同位素的丰度比质谱分析测试。

较破碎岩石地基中嵌岩桩竖向承载力分析

嵌岩桩的分析基于桩端置于完整岩体中的研究较多,而本文更偏向于较破碎岩体中的桩的竖向承载力分析。结合武汉某高层项目现场静载荷试验,对较破碎岩体中的嵌岩桩承载力进行分析,研讨此类岩体中桩基的承载性状。结果表明:较破碎岩石中嵌岩桩的Q-s曲线呈陡降型,桩顶沉降主要由桩身压缩引起,达到了90%以上;在有效桩长范围内,桩身轴力随埋深增加呈递减趋势;侧摩阻力分布曲线呈“上小下大”,其发挥具有异步性;极限荷载下,试桩端阻比平均值为30.59%,呈端承摩擦型桩特性。此外,通过对嵌岩段承载力进行修正,提出了较破碎岩体中嵌岩桩的承载力计算方法,并通过实例验证的结果与实测值相差较小。试验成果可为较破碎岩体中桩基设计提供借鉴。

静态顶空-气相色谱-质谱法分析不同产地大红袍花椒中挥发性成分

3个省份9个产地的大红袍花椒样品经筛选、自然晾干后过孔径为0.425 mm筛网。分取1.0 g置于20 mL顶空瓶中,用卷边器封口,在加热箱温度100℃、定量环温度110℃条件下平衡30 min。所得挥发性成分进入气相色谱仪,在DB-17MS毛细管色谱柱上进行程序升温分离,并用附电子轰击离子源的质谱仪检测,以保留时间和定性离子定性,以峰面积归一法半定量,以主成分分析法寻找区分不同产地的差异性物质。结果显示:在9个产地样品中共检出120种挥发性成分,烯烃、芳香烃、烷烃、醇、醛、酚、酮、酯类化合物分别有56,2,10,24,7,1,12,8种;共有成分12种,其中柠檬烯相对含量较高(9.646%~48.985%);2-甲基-5-(1-甲基乙烯基)-2-环己烯-1-醇和乙酸松油酯可作为区分不同产地样品的差异性物质,对甲-α-甲基苯乙烯、石竹烯可作为辅助差异性物质。

球团焙烧过程工艺模拟研究及应用——料层热质传输模型

为了进一步探明球团焙烧过程中料层内部的热质传输特征以及反应进程,本文基于质量与热量传输定律,建立包括静止料层和滚动料层的热质传输模型,并对料层中发生的水分蒸发、磁铁矿与硫的氧化、结晶水及碳酸盐的分解、固定碳燃烧等物理化学现象分别建立动力学模型。结果表明:利用嵌入了反应动力学模型的静料层热质传输模型可以较好地模拟链箅机、环冷机和带式焙烧机等静料层的焙烧过程,利用嵌入了反应动力学模型、物料运动和燃烧模型的回转窑一维传热模型可以较真实地模拟回转窑内滚动料层的传热过程。