Static aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge with forced ventilation:Using matured compost as bulking conditioner

Static aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge with forced ventilation or air ventilation using matured compost as bulking conditioner was investigated. Physical and chemical parame ,eters, e.g., temperature, moisture content, VSS, CODcr, pH, and germination index （GI）, were analyzed to characterize the composting process. Fermentation starts quickly in both forced and air ventilation compost heaps and reaches high-temperature stage after 2 d, owing to the bulking function of matured compost. Compared to air ventilation, however, forced ventilation enables the high-temperature stage to last longer for approximately 7 d. The moisture content of both compost bodies decreases from 62% to about 50% as a result of evaporation, and it decreases slightly faster in forced ventilation compost heap after 13 d due to the higher temperature and better ventilation condition. Although no obvious differences of VSS and pH are observed between both compost heaps, the soluble CODcr and GI show differences during the second half period of fermentation. In forced ventilation compost, the soluble CODcr has a small rebound after 13 d, and GI decreases from 46% to 35% but then increases. These results show that in general, the matured compost is a good conditioner and force ventilation with a proper air supply strategy can be more efficient than air ventilation.

Reaction Forces on a Fixed Ladder in Static Equilibrium: Analysis and Definitive Experimental Test of the Ladder Problem

The development of a theoretical model to predict the four equilibrium forces of reaction on a simple ladder of non-adjustable length leaning against a wall has long remained an unresolved matter. The difficulty is that the problem is statically indeterminate and therefore requires complementary information to obtain a unique solution. This paper reports 1) a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the three fundamental models based on treating the ladder as a single Euler-Bernoulli beam, and 2) a detailed experimental investigation of the forces of reaction as a function of applied load and location of load. In contrast to previous untested proposals that the solution to the ladder problem lay in the axial constraint on compression or the transverse constraint on flexure, the experimental outcome of the present work showed unambiguously that 1) the ladder could be modeled the best by a pinned support at the base (on the ground) and a roller support at the top (at the wall), and 2) the only complementary relation needed to resolve the static indeterminacy is the force of friction at the wall. Measurements were also made on the impact loading of a ladder by rapid ascent and descent of a climber. The results obtained were consistent with a simple dynamical model of the ladder as a linear elastic medium subject to a pulse perturbation. The solution to the ladder problem herein presented provides a basis for theoretical extension to other types of ladders. Of particular importance, given that accidents involving ladders in the workplace comprise a significant fraction of all industrial accidents, the theoretical relations reported here can help determine whether a collapsed structure, against which a ladder was applied, met regulatory safety limits or not.

Internal Force Analysis Due to the Supporting Translation in Statically (Indeterminate) Structures for Different Elastic Modulus

For statically indeterminate structure, the internal force will be changed with the translation of the supports, because the internal force is related to the absolute value of the stiffness EI. When the tension is different with the compression modulus, EI is the function of internal force and is not constant any more that is different from classic mechanics. In the other words, it is a nonlinear problem to calculate the internal force. The expression for neutral axis of the statically indeterminate structure was derived in the paper. The iterative program for nonlinear internal force was compiled. One case study was presented to illustrate the difference between the results using the different modulus theory and the single modulus theory as in classical mechanics. Finally, some reasonable suggestions were made for the different modulus structures.

Multi-Channel Force Control System for Static Loading

An eight-channel force loading system is presented, which adopts position control system and force control system switching model, small flow servo valve controlled capacious cylinder system scheme, intelligent PID algorithm and distributed load approach. Through the analyses of the equivalent model of valve controlled cylinder force subsystem, a controller based on intelligent PID algorithm is designed, which is not sensitive to the variation of parameters such as environmental stiffness. According to the coupling of multiple load channels, a distributed load approach is employed in the superior monitor computer. Experimental results show that the system designed has high precision and robustness.

Static Force-Based Modeling and Parameter Estimation for a Deformable Link Composed of Passive Spherical Joints With Preload Forces

To balance the contradiction between higher flexibility and heavier load bearing capacity,we present a novel deformable manipulator which is composed of active rigid joints and deformable links.The deformable link is composed of passive spherical joints with preload forces between socket-ball surfaces.To estimate the load bearing capacity of a deformable link,we present a static force-based model of spherical joint with preload force and analyze the static force propagation in the deformable link.This yields an important result that the load bearing capacity of a spherical joint only depends on its radius,preload force,and static friction coefficient.We further develop a parameter estimation method to estimate the product of preload force and static friction coefficient.The experimental results validate our model.80.4%of percentage errors on the maximum payload mass prediction are below 15%.

A Geometrical Theorem about the Static Equilibrium of a Common-point-force System and its Application

A geometrical theorem for the static equilibrium of a common-point-force system has been proven by means of virtual-work principle: The equilibrium point of a common-point force system has a minimal weighted distance summation to every fixed point arbitrarily given on each force line with a weighing factor proportional to corresponding force value. Especially the mechanical simulating technique for its inverse problem has been realized by means of pulley block. The conclusions for the inverse problem derived from mechanic method are in accordance with that given by the pure mathematical method, and the self-consistence of the theorem and its inverse problem has been demonstrated. Some application examples in engineering, economy and mathematics have been discussed, especially the possible application in the research of molecular structure, has also been predicted.

A study of jacking force for a curved pipejacking

For a pipejacking, the jacking force is critical to balance the resistance force and to move the pipe string forwards. The driving mechanism of a curved pipejacking is more complicated than a straight-line pipejacking, and its jacking force is also more difficult to be determined. The paper theoretically studies the jacking force of a curved pipejacking by considering the static equilibrium of earth pressure, resistance at cutting face, friction at pipe surface, and the driving force behind the pipe string. The derived theoretical formula can be used to estimate the driving forces of a straight-line or a curved pipejacking. Case study was performed by applying the theoretical and empirical formulae. After calibration, the corrected formula is more accurate and more applicable.

Mooring Model Experiment and Mooring Line Force Calculation

Mooring model experiment and mooring line tension determination are of significance to the design of mooring systems and berthing structures. This paper mainly involves: (a) description and analysis of a mooring model experiment; (b) derivation of static equilibrium equations for a moored ship subjected to wind, current and waves; (c) solution of mooring equations with the Monte Carlo method; (d) qualitative analysis of effects of pier piles on mooring line forces. Special emphasis is placed on the derivation of static equilibrium equations, solution method and the mooring model experiment.

Optimal design and experiment research of an orthogonal-parallel six-axis force/torque sensor

A novel orthogonal-parallel six-axis force/torque sensor is studied based on a modified Stewart platform architecture,and the optimal design and experiment research of the sensor are discussed.Firstly,the model of orthogonal parallel six-axis force/torque sensor based on improved Stewart platform architecture and its static mathematical model are proposed.Secondly,according to the actual working condition of the sensor,the sensor is optimized and the optimal solution is obtained.Then,the experimental prototype and calibration system is developed.Finally,the superiority of the sensor structure and the effectiveness of the optimization method are verified by calibration experiments.The results of the proposed method are useful for the further research and application of the orthogonal-parallel six-axis force/torque sensor.

基于深度学习的钝体断面外形气动性能高效预测方法

对于气动性能,钝体断面的气动外形非常重要,采用传统风洞试验及CFD模拟计算得到钝体断面气动性能需消耗大量时间,大大影响钝体断面气动外形的气动性能评估效率。通过卷积神经网络深度学习技术实现对气动性能的快速预测,深度学习模型训练完成后,输入形状信息和与形状相关的流场信息,即可输出不同几何形状下的阻力系数,进而得到钝体断面的气动性能。为寻找性能最优的深度学习模型,通过综合判定误差和参数量大小对卷积神经网络结构的深度和宽度进行优化。对深度学习模型输出阻力系数与CFD计算结果进行对比发现,误差符合预期要求,并且相较于传统方法,基于深度学习网络的预测所需时间达到数量级的提升,未来可作为钝体断面气动外形优化的关键方法。

气隙静偏心故障对永磁风力发电机定子绕组振动的影响

端部绕组振动是导致绝缘磨损和退化的关键因素之一,综合分析永磁风力发电机气隙静偏心故障前后定子端部绕组的振动特性。首先,推导正常情况和气隙静偏心故障下的气隙磁通密度,得到端部绕组的电磁力表达式;然后,基于电磁-结构耦合模型,得出绕组电磁力、应力应变等力学响应特性;最后,实测3 kW故障模拟发电机在正常和气隙静偏心故障情况下的定子绕组振动响应。实验结果与理论分析、有限元计算结果基本吻合。结果表明:气隙磁通密度随偏心程度的增加而增大(气隙减小处),随偏心故障加剧端部绕组电磁力/振动增大,绕组电磁力/振动以偶倍频为主。另外,直线段绕组和端部绕组的连接处为振动磨损危险位置。

间隔织物双剑杆织机平行打纬机构箱体的振动分析

针对双剑杆织机共轭凸轮与四连杆组合的平行打纬机构箱体随着织机转速的提高产生强烈振动,影响打纬精度和可靠性的问题,采用理论分析与虚拟仿真结合的方法对打纬机构及箱体进行动应力和振动特性研究。建立了平行打纬机构的动态静力分析方程,运用ADAMS软件对机构进行多体动力学仿真,求解箱体所受的支反力;构建箱体—弹簧阻尼—柔性基础的系统模型,分析箱体在竖直方向的受迫振动,并在仿真过程中探索减小箱体振动的方法。研究结果表明:摆臂轴孔处箱体所受支反力峰值最大,打纬推程阶段箱体的受力最为集中;当凸轮轴转速为260 r/min时齿轮啮合频率与箱体一阶固有频率相等,会产生共振,应避免使用这一转速工作;箱体在竖直方向上产生周期性振动,增加螺栓个数和附加动力减震器有助于改善箱体的振动特性,振幅分别减少38%和23%。

光滑环形液体密封流态演变规律及静态稳定性研究

光滑环形密封静态刚度系数直接影响转子系统稳定性。为探究影响光滑环形液体密封的静态失稳机制及影响因素,应用计算流体力学方法建立光滑环形液体密封模型,研究密封在不同流动状态(层流、过渡流和湍流)、偏心率、进出口压力和转速下流动特性。结果表明:黏性效应是导致层流到过渡流状态下直接静态刚度先减后增主要原因;在过渡流和湍流中,黏性和惯性效应会使高偏心率下密封产生的气流力和刚度系数均为负值;随雷诺数增加,密封静态稳定性降低。

论约束重构在虚位移原理求解系统内力中的应用

系统内力即作用力与反作用力是成对出现的,涉及两个物体.用虚位移原理求解静力学系统内力时作用力与反作用力一般都有虚功,要分别确定虚位移,分别计算虚功,过程比较复杂.本文提出重新构建系统外部约束,把系统内力涉及的两个物体中的一个固定下来,于是作用力与反作用力中的一个力虚位移为零、虚功为零,从而简化内力虚功计算过程.拆除系统原有约束时要保留相应约束力,重新构建约束时不能使系统成为超静定问题.

拟静力法在基坑抗震中的应用探讨

基坑工程作为项目建设的重要环节,其稳定性关系城市安全。随着地下枢纽、立体交通等理念的提出,部分基坑呈现规模大、周期长、周边环境复杂等特点。此时,不能简单将其视为一种临时结构,需要考虑地震等偶发灾害的影响。为了计算地震工况下的安全性,将拟静力法引入到基坑的稳定性分析中。汇总归纳了现有规范中的拟静力法,基于各规范的特点讨论了折减系数和放大系数取值原则。通过时程分析法,从剪力、弯矩和位移等方面进行验证。结果表明:在应用拟静力法时,应该考虑基坑工程的特点。区别于边坡工程,基坑工程加速度小于或接近地表设计地震。因此,加速度放大系数可取为1。折减系数取0.25时,拟静力法计算结果略大于时程分析法,可以达到包络设计的目的。

书夹型钢-混组合结构在桥梁加宽中的应用研究

为避免桥梁加宽时下部结构拓宽,减少新旧桥面纵向裂缝及铺装层损伤,提出一种以钢结构立柱及护栏、书夹式钢板、高强度螺栓为主要构件,超高性能混凝土(UHPC)为铺装层的书夹型钢-混组合结构进行桥梁加宽。为评估该组合结构在运营条件下的安全性,以厦门官浔溪大桥加宽工程为背景,通过实桥现场静载试验研究水平荷载作用下书夹型钢-混组合结构的力学性能,并与数值仿真结果进行对比,验证试验结果的可靠性。结果表明:实测结果与数值仿真结果吻合良好;书夹型钢-混组合结构关键部位荷载~位移曲线、荷载~应力曲线呈线性变化,钢结构最大拉应力约为材料屈服强度的75%,整体结构处于弹性工作阶段;螺栓预紧力有效减少了高强度螺栓的直剪作用,降低了剪切疲劳破坏风险;采用书夹型钢-混组合结构进行桥梁加宽可有效避免下部结构拓宽,改善新旧桥面纵向裂缝及铺装层损伤,具有较好的加宽效果。

海上试桩不同桩型承载力特性研究

天津南港某高桩码头拟建场地有深厚密实砂层,通过试桩测定设计桩型对砂层的穿透及贯入能力,研究不同基桩承载力特性。试验结果表明:混凝土预制桩及钢管桩均有较好的穿透及贯入能力;基桩轴向极限承载力高应变检测结果小于静载试验,误差均在5%以内;混凝土预制桩桩端承载力占总承载力不小于44.6%,钢管桩桩端承载力占总承载力不小于21.9%;相同荷载作用下,混凝土预制方桩静载与动载沉降量之比为1.40,钢管桩为0.90,两者差异明显;基桩承载力达到极值时桩侧摩阻力要明显大于规范极限侧摩阻力,规范取值偏保守。

大直径嵌岩灌注桩竖向承载特性试验研究

为了探讨泥岩地基大直径灌注桩竖向承载性能,依托青岛某机场桩基工程,对嵌入泥岩的9根大直径灌注桩进行了竖向抗压静载试验和桩身应力监测,分析大直径嵌岩灌注桩的竖向抗压性能,明确大直径灌注桩的荷载传递规律。结果表明,试桩桩身完整性较好,桩身质量可靠;试桩荷载沉降(Q-s)曲线均为缓变型,加载初期存在明显的压密段,桩顶沉降量为10.31 mm,最低回弹率大于50%;最大荷载作用下,各试桩的竖向抗压极限承载力特征值均不小于6480 kN,试桩竖向抗压承载能力仍有较大潜力;试桩均表现出端承摩擦桩的特性,轴力自桩顶到桩端逐渐衰减,桩侧摩阻力峰值发生在中风化泥岩段,桩端阻力占桩顶荷载的10.55%~34.48%。

基于L型铁钴的三维力触觉传感器设计及输出特性

该文提出了一种基于L型铁钴丝的三维力触觉传感器,利用磁致伸缩材料铁钴合金设计制作了三维力触觉传感单元,并测试了该结构的输出特性。基于电磁原理、逆磁致伸缩效应和欧拉伯努利动力学原理,推导了输出电压方程。搭建触觉传感单元实验平台,对传感器进行法向和切向标定,设计的传感器法向测力范围为0~13 N,切向测力范围为0~6 N,输出特性具有良好的线性关系。其中,0~8 N法向力范围内灵敏度约为23.997 mV/N,9~13 N法向力范围内灵敏度约为17.537 mV/N;0~4 N切向力范围内灵敏度约为11.599 mV/N,5~6 N切向力范围内灵敏度约为6.281mV/N。在4Hz频率、2N法向力条件下,该传感器动态响应的输出电压幅值变化范围为46.5~49.8mV,与静态力输出电压幅值的相对误差低于5%,响应时间和恢复时间分别为25 ms和29ms,表明该传感器具有良好的动态特性。分别采用广义逆矩阵和BP神经网络对传感器测得的三维力进行解耦,其中,BP神经网络解耦方法平均误差仅有2.90%,可有效提高测量精度。该传感器体积小、输出线性度好,可同时实现静态力和动态力的测量,在智能机器人等领域具有良好的应用前景。

基于试验设计方法的液相孔型-迷宫密封几何参数敏感性分析

为了评估新型液相孔型-迷宫密封在转子偏心下的泄漏特性,提高其运行稳定性,提出了中心组合设计的试验设计方法。对新型液相密封中影响泄漏特性和静态转子动力特性的关键几何参数(迷宫腔室深度、宽度、孔深和孔径)进行敏感性分析;采用基于动网格技术和稳态RANS方程的数值计算方法求解25种几何参数组合的新型液相密封在2种偏心率(0.1、0.2)下的泄漏量、静态气流激振力和静态刚度系数;分别以泄漏量、静态气流激振力和静态刚度系数为响应,以4个几何参数为变量获得主效应图。结果表明:偏心率对泄漏量的大小以及其几何参数敏感性影响很小,当腔室深度、宽度、孔深和孔径分别在40%、24%、56%、44%水平时,泄漏量最小;在转子偏心下,切向力随着迷宫腔室深度与宽度的增加而单调递减,随着孔深与孔径的增加先增加后减小;径向力随着腔室深度的增加而增加,随着腔室宽度的增加先减小后增加;当偏心率增加到0.2时能找到使静态直接刚度最大的几何参数组合,此时腔室深度、宽度、孔深和孔径分别在24%、48%、40%和64%水平。在转子偏心与不偏心工况下,腔室深度与宽度的增加均会造成静态交叉刚度的单调递减;转子偏心时静态交叉刚度随着孔深与孔径的增加先增加后减小。该研究结果可为液相孔型-迷宫密封的性能分析和结构设计提供参考。