Grouping response method for equivalent static wind loads based on a modified LRC method

Wind loading is one of the most important loads for controlling the design of large-span roof structures. Equivalent static wind loads, which can generally aim at determining a specific response, are widely used by structural designers. A method for equivalent static wind loads applicable to multi-responses is proposed in this paper. A modified load- response-correlation （LRC） method corresponding to a particular peak response is presented, and the similarity algorithm implemented for the group response is described. The main idea of the algorithm is that two responses can be put into one group if the value of one response is close to that of the other response, when the structure is subjected to equivalent static wind loads aiming at the other response. Based on the modified LRC, the grouping response method is put forward to construct equivalent static wind loading. This technique can simultaneously reproduce peak responses for some grouped responses. To verify its computational accuracy, the method is applied to an actual large-span roof structure. Calculation results show that when the similarity of responses in the same group is high, equivalent static wind loads with high accuracy and reasonable magnitude of equivalent static wind distribution can be achieved.

General Expression of LRC Method in Estimation of Bridge’s Equivalent Static Wind Load

According to the relationship between load and response, the equivalent static wind load(ESWL) of a structure can be estimated by load-response correlation(LRC) method, which can be accurately used to estimate the background ESWL of a structure. The derivation of the classical expression of LRC formula is based on a specific command response at a critical position, and the ESWL distribution has only one form in this case. In this paper, a general expression of LRC formula is derived based on a specific command response at all positions. For the general expression, ESWLs can be expressed by load-response correlation coefficients, response-response correlation coefficients, RMS values of the fluctuating wind loads, and peak factor in the form of matrices. By comparing the expressions of LRC method, it was found that the classical expression was only one form of the general one. The general expression which introduces the response-response correlation coefficients provided more options for structural engineers to estimate ESWLs and offered further insights into the LRC method. Finally, a cable-stayed bridge, a rigid three span continuous girder bridge, and a suspension bridge were used to verify the correctness of the general expression of LRC method.

Collapse and Reinforcement of Pipe-Framed Greenhouse under Static Wind Loading

The present paper investigates the collapse process of a pipe-framed greenhouse under static wind loading based on a non-linear finite element analysis.The purpose is to establish a more reasonable wind resistant design method for such structures.The structures are so flexible that the fluid-structure interaction(FSI)is considered in the analysis.In practice,iterative analyses of the structure’s response and the wind pressure distribution on the deformed structure are made.The wind direction is normal to the ridge.Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)analysis with a RANS turbulence model is used for evaluating the time-averaged wind pressure coefficient distribution on the structure.Both the geometric and the material non-linearity are considered in the structural analysis.The collapse behavior obtained is consistent with the practical one often observed in damage investigations.Based on the results,discussion is made of the validity of the current design guideline commonly used in Japan.The same analysis is carried out for various reinforced models.The effect of each reinforcement method on the improvement of wind resistance of the structure is investigated on the basis of the allowable stress and deformation limits specified in the current design guideline.

Distribution of background equivalent static wind load on high-rise buildings

In this paper,the along-wind and cross-wind fluctuating load distributions along the height of high-rise buildings and their correlations are obtained through simultaneous pressure measurements in a wind tunnel.Some typical methods proposed in some relative litera-tures,i.e.,load-response correlation(LRC),and quasi-mean load(QML)and gust load envelope(GLE)methods,are verified in terms of their accuracy in describing the background equivalent static wind load distribution on high-rise buildings.Based on the results,formulae of the distribution of background equivalent static load on high-rise buildings with typical shapes are put forward.It is shown that these formulae are of high accuracy and practical use.

Calculation and analysis of unbalanced magnetic pulls of different stator winding setups in static eccentric induction motor

In large-scale electric machines, unbalanced magnetic pull （UMP） caused by eccentricity usually results in stator-rotor rub, so it is necessary to investigate the amplitude and the influencing factors. This paper takes the squirrel-cage induction motor as an example. A magnetic loop model of an induction motor is established by an analytical method. The impact of stator winding setup （parallel branch and pole pairs） on each magnetomotive force （MMF） and unbalanced magnetic pull is analyzed. Using the finite element simulation method, the spatial and time distribution of flux density of the rotor outer circle under static eccentricity is obtained, and the unbalanced magnetic pull calculation caused by static eccentricity is completed. The conclusion of the influence of stator winding on the size of unbalanced magnetic pull provides reliable gist for motor noise and vibration analysis, and especially provides an important reference for large induction motor design.

A new framework for evaluating along-wind responses of a transmission tower

In this paper, an analytical framework to evaluate the along-wind-induced dynamic responses of a transmission tower is presented. Two analytical models and a new method are developed： （1） a higher mode generalized force spectrum （GFS） model of the transmission tower is deduced; （2） an analytical model that includes the contributions of the higher modes is further derived as a rational algebraic formula to estimate the structural displacement response; and （3） a new approach, applying load with displacement （ALD） instead of force, to solve the internal force of transmission tower is given. Unlike conventional methods, the ALD method can avoid calculating equivalent static wind loads （ESWLs）. Finally, a transmission tower structure is used as a numerical example to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the ALD method.

Multivariate stationary non-Gaussian process simulation for wind pressure fields

Stochastic simulation is an important means of acquiring fluctuating wind pressures for wind induced response analyses in structural engineering. The wind pressure acting on a large-span space structure can be characterized as a stationary non-Gaussian field. This paper reviews several simulation algorithms related to the Spectral Representation Method （SRM） and the Static Transformation Method （STM）. Polynomial and Exponential transformation functions （PSTM and ESTM） are discussed. Deficiencies in current algorithms, with respect to accuracy, stability and efficiency, are analyzed, and the algorithms are improved for better practical application. In order to verify the improved algorithm, wind pressure fields on a large-span roof are simulated and compared with wind tunnel data. The simulation results fit well with the wind tunnel data, and the algorithm accuracy, stability and efficiency are shown to be better than those of current algorithms.

基于深度学习的钝体断面外形气动性能高效预测方法

对于气动性能,钝体断面的气动外形非常重要,采用传统风洞试验及CFD模拟计算得到钝体断面气动性能需消耗大量时间,大大影响钝体断面气动外形的气动性能评估效率。通过卷积神经网络深度学习技术实现对气动性能的快速预测,深度学习模型训练完成后,输入形状信息和与形状相关的流场信息,即可输出不同几何形状下的阻力系数,进而得到钝体断面的气动性能。为寻找性能最优的深度学习模型,通过综合判定误差和参数量大小对卷积神经网络结构的深度和宽度进行优化。对深度学习模型输出阻力系数与CFD计算结果进行对比发现,误差符合预期要求,并且相较于传统方法,基于深度学习网络的预测所需时间达到数量级的提升,未来可作为钝体断面气动外形优化的关键方法。

静风荷载下大跨斜拉桥上无缝线路受力与变形

大跨度斜拉桥在自然风场中易因自身柔度特性发生位移变形。为研究静风荷载作用下大跨斜拉桥上CRTS(China Railway Track System)双块式无砟轨道无缝线路桥梁及轨道结构在空间三向的力学性能分布规律,参照某一四线预应力混凝土斜拉桥工程实例,基于有限元法建立了大跨斜拉桥上无缝线路精细化空间耦合模型,分析了横桥向静风荷载作用下桥梁体系及桥上轨道结构的力学性能。分析结果表明:桥梁及桥上轨道结构三向(应)力最大值基本分布在斜拉桥跨中及边墩附近;各结构三向(应)力中,底座板、桥梁结构纵向应力峰值最大,约为横向应力峰值的8倍,约为竖向应力峰值的7倍、15倍,轨道板结构表现为横向应力峰值最大,且与其余两向应力峰值之间差距较小;各结构三向位移中,横向、竖向位移均在跨中及附近达到最大值,纵向位移在斜拉桥边墩附近达到最大值,其中,横向位移峰值是其余两向位移峰值的20余倍;桥梁两侧构件竖向、纵向位移方向相反,即桥梁表现为静风作用下的倾覆、弯曲倾向。研究成果可为风环境中大跨斜拉桥上线路设计、维护检修以及健康监测提供理论依据。

含静止无功发生器的直驱风电并网系统稳定性分析及振荡抑制策略

风电并网系统稳定性分析及振荡抑制策略大多集中于风电场本身,针对含静止无功发生器(SVG)的直驱风电并网系统研究较少。基于特征值灵敏度筛选出对含SVG的直驱风电并网系统稳定性较显著的控制通道,然后基于独立通道分析设计理论将并网系统由多输入多输出耦合系统等效拆分为多个单输入单输出控制通道,在定性分析并网系统稳定性的同时定量评估不同控制通道间的交互作用程度。为抑制控制通道间的交互作用,提出了基于H∞鲁棒控制的次同步振荡抑制策略。通过电磁暂态仿真,验证了基于独立通道分析设计理论分析并网系统稳定性的正确性以及基于H∞鲁棒控制的次同步振荡抑制策略的有效性。

超高桥塔的气弹模型风洞试验及其等效静力风荷载

为研究超高桥塔的气弹模型风洞试验方法及其等效静力风荷载,根据某实际工程中的超高桥塔建立了有限元模型,进行了动力特性计算,进而设计了相应的气弹模型,并开展了风洞试验。在此基础上,开展了超高桥塔风致振动的非线性时程计算,并基于阵风荷载因子法,对比了以位移、内力和应力为单一目标的超高桥塔的等效静力风荷载。结果表明:斜风作用下的桥塔风致振动比较显著,其影响随着风速的增大而愈加明显;当风向角为75°~90°时,超高桥塔将在风速为35~50 m·s^(-1)的区间发生顺桥向的侧弯涡振,但幅值较小;基于应力的阵风荷载因子比基于位移或内力的阵风荷载因子更加稳定,这使得基于应力的等效静力风荷载要优于基于位移或内力的等效静力风荷载,比较适合于超高桥塔。

矩形钢管混凝土束风机塔筒风振特性研究

随着风电资源优势区开发逐渐饱和,风电开发的重心开始向风资源条件相对恶劣的低风速地区转移,分布式、大功率、高塔筒和长叶片已经成为风电行业发展趋势。基于此提出了一种新型的矩形钢管混凝土束风机塔筒,该塔筒由矩形钢管混凝土束拼接而成,具有强度高、刚度大和耗能能力强的优点。为研究该塔筒结构的风振响应特性,选用Kaimal脉动风速功率谱,采用谐波合成法模拟风荷载时程曲线,对其进行了动力时程分析,并计算了风振系数及等效静力风荷载。结果表明:该新型塔筒在额定风速下位移塔顶位移最大值为911.84 mm,对应的水平位移角为1/154,符合规范要求。塔筒各构件的强度较好,且具有较大的安全富余度。基于位移等效的阵风荷载因子法计算得到的风振系数值较低;在惯性风荷载法计算得到的等效静力风荷载作用下,结构位移、基底剪力与结构随机振动分析得到的基本一致。

A Steady State Voltage Stability Analysis of Wind Power Centralized System

It is significant to research the voltage stability of the wind power centralized system (WPCS) for the effective development of the large scale clustering wind energy resources. A steady state voltage stability analysis of the WPCS by employing the PV curve and model analysis is proposed to reveal the voltage stability influence from different aspects. The PV curve is utilized to trace and indicate the voltage collapse point of the WPCS when the small disturbance of wind power is increased gradually. Then the steady state voltage instability modes of the WPCS are analyzed by calculating the bus participation factors of the minimum eigenvalue model at the collapse point. The simulation results of an actual WPCS in North China show that the static state voltage instability mode of the WPCS is closely related to the operating features and control strategies of different reactive power sources. In addition, the implementation of the doubly-fed induction generator wind turbine generator voltage control is beneficial to improve the WPCS voltage stability.

气隙静偏心故障对永磁风力发电机定子绕组振动的影响

端部绕组振动是导致绝缘磨损和退化的关键因素之一,综合分析永磁风力发电机气隙静偏心故障前后定子端部绕组的振动特性。首先,推导正常情况和气隙静偏心故障下的气隙磁通密度,得到端部绕组的电磁力表达式;然后,基于电磁-结构耦合模型,得出绕组电磁力、应力应变等力学响应特性;最后,实测3 kW故障模拟发电机在正常和气隙静偏心故障情况下的定子绕组振动响应。实验结果与理论分析、有限元计算结果基本吻合。结果表明:气隙磁通密度随偏心程度的增加而增大(气隙减小处),随偏心故障加剧端部绕组电磁力/振动增大,绕组电磁力/振动以偶倍频为主。另外,直线段绕组和端部绕组的连接处为振动磨损危险位置。

考虑二维等效静力风荷载的导线风偏刚性直棒法

刚性直棒法作为一种简单高效的输电导线风偏响应估算方法,在输电工程领域得到了广泛的应用,然而其适用对象仅限于水平风作用下的未覆冰导线,对于线路常遇的覆冰以及二维风荷载情况未能涉及。该文采用阵风荷载包络线法(GLE法)推导了二维等效静力风荷载的表达式,获得了考虑二维风荷载作用的导线风荷载调整系数,通过引入二维等效静力风荷载改进了现有刚性直棒法,改进后的刚性直棒法综合考虑了线路是否覆冰、二维风荷载、上升气流以及风的脉动效应。建立了某真型输电线路的精细化有限元仿真模型,采用覆冰导线气动力风洞试验结果和非线性数值仿真验证了改进后刚性直棒法的准确性。基于改进后的方法分析了竖向平均风速和导线覆冰厚度对风偏响应的影响。研究表明:考虑二维等效静力风荷载的导线风偏刚性直棒法是一种准确度明显提高的通用方法,能适用于常规的、覆冰的、有上升气流的多种工况下的导线风偏位移计算。

双层索系柔性光伏支架结构受力性能研究

目的研究双层索系柔性光伏支架结构在风荷载作用下的静力性能与动力响应。方法采用ABAQUS有限元软件开展双层索系柔性光伏支架结构的静力性能、动力特性、动力响应和风振系数分析,探究了跨度、横向连接系间距以及挠度限值等影响因素对支架结构受力性能的影响。结果结构的风振响应随着跨度的增加而增大;结构跨中挠度及上层索索力随横向连接系间距的增大而增大;增大上层索预应力可以减小结构的动力响应,而下层索预应力过大会导致结构的风振响应增大。结论通过研究给出了双层索系柔性光伏支架结构的风振系数取值范围以及上、下层索的初始预拉力设置建议,可以为其结构抗风设计提供参考。

强台风作用下海洋平台井架抗风性能

为研究在强台风作用下海洋平台井架的抗风性能,提出静力分析与瞬态动力学分析相结合的方法,综合考虑背向风、侧向风和45°向风等3种风向,利用Davenport功率谱,采取谐波叠加法和快速傅里叶技术模拟脉动风风场,用MATLAB编程得到相应的风速时程曲线,转化为风载加载到模型上,得出节点最大位移、轴向应力和弯矩的时程曲线。研究发现,45°向风为井架较不利风向,井架底部和根部受载较严重,并且在动力学分析中45°向风的位移和应力等结果都为静力分析的近3倍,因此在未来的生产实践中推荐使用瞬态分析方法。

风电叶片多点分级静力加载无模型自适应控制及实现

兆瓦级风电叶片静力加载试验目前一般采用多点同步逐级加载的方法实现。为解决静力加载试验多点同步协调控制及各加载点力耦合的问题,提出了一种不基于加载对象数学模型的静力加载自适应控制算法,并通过伺服绞车+力传感器+三坐标测量仪+控制采集装置搭建了试验系统,通过PLC根据算法调整伺服电机的转速以实时调整加载载荷的变化率,从而实现各加载点载荷同步、匀速、稳定变化。加载系统采用竖向加载方式,在满足试验要求的基础上大大节约了占地面积,经现场试验,加载时间控制在3 min以内,加载同步性控制在1%以内,最大载荷可达300 kN,对各种叶片适应性良好,具有一定的通用性。

Three-dimensional Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Offshore Wind Turbine Structure Under Environmental and 5-MW Turbine Loads

A concrete gravity base structure may not be suitable for offshore weak soil because of its heavy weight. Therefore, a conceptual model for a concrete offshore wind turbine structure suitable for weak soils is proposed. The proposed model is composed of a prestressed concrete(PSC) supported by a pile foundation. For a three-dimensional analysis of the large concrete structure, wave pressures based on the diffraction wave theory are developed using a three-dimensional solid finite element method. Static and dynamic analyses were performed to achieve the conceptual model of a PSC structure subjected to ocean environmental loads and a 5-MW turbine load on southwest coast in Korea. From the analysis, the maximum displacement and stresses of the proposed model did not exceed the allowable values from design standard, and the first mode of natural frequency of the structure was in a safe range to avoid resonance. The proposed model has enough structural stability to withstand external loads, and it is expected to be used in locations suitable for concrete gravity structures.

桥梁气动外形改变对大跨桁梁桥抗风性能影响研究

随着交通业及旅游业的发展,近年来不断出现桥梁在满足其交通运输功能的前提下同时开发诸如旅游等方面的其他可利用功能,导致结构气动外形及透风率发生显著变化。该文以某主跨1088 m的双塔单跨钢桁架悬索桥为背景,通过全桥气弹模型风洞试验对其抗风性能进行重新评估,在研究结构抗风稳定性的前提下评估行人舒适度问题。结果表明:基于景区开发的桥梁气动外形改变前后结构动力特性几乎不变,且均未发生涡激振动及颤振等空气动力失稳;气动外形改变后结构横向及竖向的静风位移响应明显增大,在扭转方向二者存在一定差异但没有显著的规律性;基于景区开发的桥梁气动外形改变导致结构竖向抖振响应减小,但横向及扭转抖振响应均显著增大,经计算,结构舒适度满足设计要求。