Modeling random telegraph signal noise in CMOS image sensor under low light based on binomial distribution

The random telegraph signal noise in the pixel source follower MOSFET is the principle component of the noise in the CMOS image sensor under low light. In this paper, the physical and statistical model of the random telegraph signal noise in the pixel source follower based on the binomial distribution is set up. The number of electrons captured or released by the oxide traps in the unit time is described as the random variables which obey the binomial distribution. As a result,the output states and the corresponding probabilities of the first and the second samples of the correlated double sampling circuit are acquired. The standard deviation of the output states after the correlated double sampling circuit can be obtained accordingly. In the simulation section, one hundred thousand samples of the source follower MOSFET have been simulated,and the simulation results show that the proposed model has the similar statistical characteristics with the existing models under the effect of the channel length and the density of the oxide trap. Moreover, the noise histogram of the proposed model has been evaluated at different environmental temperatures.

Adsorption of rare earth elements onto diatomite M45:Experimental investigations and modeling with statistical physics theory

The separation of rare earth elements using diatomite M45 from aqueous solutions was studied.The experimental isotherms for the adsorption of trivalent lanthanum,cerium,and neodymium cations on this adsorbent were quantified under strongly acidic conditions(pH 2)at 298-328 K.The adsorption equilibria of these earth elements were analyzed using two statistical physics models(homogeneous and heterogeneous monolayer models).The results show that the adsorption of these ions implies a multiionic mechanism,which is exothermic.Si-containing functional groups are responsible for the adsorption of these rare-earth elements on the diatomite surface.A heterogeneous statistical physics model confirms that two Si-based functional groups participate in the separation of these cations.The calculated adsorption capacities at saturation follow the order:neodymium>cerium>lanthanum.Calculated interaction energies range from 28600 to 40100 J/mol,indicating physical adsorption on diatomite M45.This study demonstrates that diatomite M45 is a promising separation medium that can be used for the recovery of REEs dissolved in aqueous solutions via adsorption.