The Impacts of Lower Population Growth on the Quality of Life and Economic Development：China＇s Experience

China is the most populous country in the world.The total Population on the mainland of China has in-creased from 540 million in 1949 to 1.18 billion by the end of 1993.China adopted a population policy by namc of"controlling population growth and im-proving the quality of the human resources',which has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the Chinese pcoplc.The overw helming majority of the Chinese people have recognized the necessity for implementing the family planning programme not only for the sustained devel-opment of the country,but also for the benefits of their own familie cs.

Research on the Impact of Innovation Drivers on the Quality of Economic Growth in China

The quality of economic growth is a prominent issue in the process of economic growth worldwide.This paper builds relevant econometric models and uses the provincial panel data from 2003 to 2015 to analyze the impact of innovation drivers on China’s economic growth.The empirical results show that technological innovation and institutional innovation have a significant role in promoting the quality of China’s economic growth,and the effect of institutional innovation is stronger than that of technological innovation.In terms of regions,the innovation driver has the greatest contribution to the quality of economic growth in the eastern region of China,with the western and central parts ranking second and third.However,the role of institutional innovation in the eastern region is prominent,and the role of technological innovation is weak.Only institutional innovation in the central region has a significant role in promoting the quality of economic growth.Only technological innovation in the western region has a positive effect on the quality of economic growth,and the impact is weak.The regional differences in the impact of innovation-driven economic growth are obvious.

Effect of Biofertilizer on Growth, Productivity, Quality and Economics of Rainfed Organic Ginger （Zingiber officinale Rosc.） Bhaisey cv. in North-Eastern Region of India

Ginger yields in the NorthEastern region of India are low because the extremely poor farmers of the region can not afford to apply any chemical fertilizers and hence apply only the locally-available farmyard manures to ginger fields. Biofertilizers may be a cheap source of fertilizers for ginger cultivation as they can increase nutrient availability and improve rhizome quality and are required in small quantity. An investigation was thus undertaken to study the effect of different biofenilizers on growth, productivity, quality and economics of organic ginger grown under rainfed condition in NorthEastern region of India. Seed treatment with biofertilizers enhanced growth, increased rhizome yield by 19.0% and resulted in 32.4% higher net profit over control. Among the seed treatments, Azotobacter 5.0 kg ha＂l, Azospirillum 3.75 kg hal and Phosphotica 3.75 kg ha-1 were found optimum in improving most of the growth attributes, increasing yield components and yield of rhizome by 5.6%-13.5%. They also improved rhizome quality by increasing specific gravity, oleoresin and dry matter content and by decreasing crude fibre in rhizome. They resulted in higher net return by 4.0%-12.0% as compared to their other levels. Combined use of Azotobacter 5.0 kg hal along with Phosphotica 3.75 kg ha＂l was found to be the best treatment combination which greatly improved growth and yield attributes of ginger and ultimately recorded markedly higher productivity （2.0%-23.5%） over other combinations. This treatment combination improved the quality of the produce and resulted in the highest gross return （$4,905 hal）, net return （$3,525 hal） and return per dollar （3.55） invested in ginger cultivation. It appears that growing organic ginger by treating the seed rhizome with Azotobacter 5.0 kg ha-~ along with Phosphotica 3.75 kg ha-1 can result in good growth and high productivity of improved quality rhizome and ultimately result in maximum net profit and thus can be recommended for the NorthEastern region of India.

Double dividend of carbon intensity:environmental-quality improvement and sustainable economic growth

This paper established an equilibrium model including representative household,government,and eight industries,and two different environmental policy tools such as carbon intensity and carbon cap were added into the model.The paper points out that the carbon intensity policy imposed on major high-emission industries achieved double dividend of environmentalquality improvement and sustainable economic growth under the condition of proper constraint target.This result supports the environmental Porter hypothesis.This paper finds out that the double dividend is due to the fact that environmental governance policy leads to the rising price of resources and demand of labors,resulting in an effective redistribution of production factors among industries and sustainable economic growth.Furthermore,this paper estimates the marginal effect of economic structure on carbon emission and carbon intensity and provides targeted suggestions.

Measuring Quality of Economic Growth Incorporating Environment and Social Welfare:a Total Productivity Approach with an Application on China

By extending the traditional productivity theory,a new concept total productivity( TP) is introduced. Using a directional distance function approach,the concept is applied to measuring economic growth of 8 economic regions of China covering an 18 years period( 1997—2014) and test its convergence. Results showed that TP grew at an average rate of 6. 6% per year led mainly by technical change( 6. 5%). When environmental undesirable outputs are included,the Middle Yellow River,Northwest and Southwest regions of China witnessed higher productivity changes. Results of the convergence analysis revealed that China had made progress in reducing regional imbalance in growth. Inclusion of undesirable output showed that the energy-saving emission reduction policies had speed up the convergence rate of TP and environment oriented productivity. However,China's welfare oriented productivity is still very low.

Effects of Stocking Density on Water Quality,Growth and Economic Benefits of Chinese Softshelled Turtle Pelodiscus sinensis in Ponds

The Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis is a high-valued freshwater species cultured in China.This study investigated the effects of stocking density on water quality,growth performance and economic return of Pelodiscus sinensis cultured in ponds.P.sinensis were stocked at densities of 1 ind./m^2(LD:low stocking density) and 2 ind./m^2(HD:high stocking density) in 3 000-m^2 ponds,with three replicate ponds for each density.P.sinensis juveniles were fed with a commercial dry pellet feed of 46% crude protein and minced fillet of silver carp ans cultured for 122 days.The results showed that the levels of total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorous(TP),Chlorophyll-a(Chl.a) and turbidity in LD treatment were significantly lower than those in HD treatment(P<0.05).The mean TN and TP concentration in LD treatment was 29.3% and 35.7% lower compared to the HD treatment at the end of the experiment,respectively.Mean survival rates,final weight,average growth rates and PER were significantly higher in LD treatment compared with the HD treatment(P<0.05),respectively.Production was significantly affected by stocking density,which was higher in HD treatment,but the net income was higher in LD treatment.The results suggest that turtles with mean weight 55.6 g rearing at a low stocking density(1 ind./m^2) in ponds had a positive effect on overall economic return and was effective at improving turtle growth performance and water quality.

Statistical Analytical Study of the Impact of Consumer Awareness Among the Students of the Faculty of Business Administration at the University of Kuwait in Consumer Protection and Its Relationship to Some Economic and Social Characteristics

Kuwaiti youth is an importam element in the field of development in the Kuwaiti society, especially in the field of self- consciousness and social consciousness incident. As always said, that young Gulf inherently consumerist element of first degree because of abundant liquidity and reasonable level of income compared to others of non - Gulf societies. Therefore, this research aims to study and analyze the impact of consumer awareness among the students of the Faculty of Business Administration in consumer protection in terms of the current role and hoped to guide consumption and its relationship to some economic and social characteristics of the consumers. In particular it has been studying the impact of some of the qualifications for heads of Kuwaiti families, their total monthly income and their place of residency inhabited by the expressive factors of consumer awareness in college students as well as their impact on the degree of preference for quality of consumer goods in being a low-price, median-price or expensive-price. In addition, it has been studying the relationship of these social variables noted with the role of government and consumer protection associations through what they are doing to develop laws and policies directed to develop and educate consumers. To achieve these goals, a special questionnaire has been prepared especially for this purpose has been met from a random sample of students from the University of Kuwait. I have been using the appropriate statistical analysis to study these goals. Thus, some of the appropriate suggestions and recommendations are obtained to achieve the objectives of this research.

The Effect of Three Culture Methods on Intensive Culture System of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Different culture methods may affect the intensive culture system of Pacific white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei) regarding water quality and growth and economic performance.This study evaluated the potential effects of three culture methods through cultivation of juvenile shrimps under consistent tank management conditions for 84 d.The three methods involved shrimp cultivation in different tanks,i.e.,outdoor tanks with cement bottom(mode-C),greenhouse tanks with cement bottom(mode-G) and outdoor tanks with mud-substrate(mode-M).Results showed that water temperature was significantly higher in mode-G than that in mode-C(P < 0.05).In contrast to the other two treatments,mode-M had stable pH after 50 d cultivation of shrimps.In the mid-late period,the average concentrations of TAN,NO2-N,DIP and COD were significantly lower in mode-M and mode-G compared with those in mode-C(P < 0.05).Despite lack of differences in the final shrimp weight among different treatments(P > 0.05),mode-M had significantly higher shrimp yield,survival rate and feed conversion rate(P < 0.05) than other modes.There were significant differences in revenue and net return among different treatments(P < 0.05).These demonstrated that the treatments of mode-G and mode-M were conductive to the intensive culture system of L.vannamei.

Present situation and countermeasure research of economic structure of Shaanxi Province

Economic structure is a significant factor impacting economic growth and economic growth quality. In this paper, the present status of economic structure of Shaanxi Province is analyzed, and available primal problem is indicated. There have been a lot of problems in economic structure of Shaanxi Province, mainly including slow tertiary industry development, comparatively grave unbalance of light and heavy industries proportion, lagged development in high and new technology industries, high industry convergence degree, low scale effect, slow agriculture expanding and so on. Meanwhile, homologous countermeasure is given in this text： we should develop tertiary industry with tourism as the leading role energetically to promote industrial hierarchy, impulse structural rationalization of foreign trade through international cooperation and competition, accelerate the industrialization, promote industrial structure upgrade, develop the high and new technology industries quickly, accelerate the promotion of industry scale effect and expedite expansion of industry colony. We should also develop superior industry, reduce industry convergence degree, and develop the agriculture energetically to promote the industrialization and modernization of agriculture. These points are given in the interest of supplying gist and reference to government in industrial structure adjusting and policy making.

Memory-Type Control Charts Through the Lens of Cost Parameters

A memory-type control chart utilizes previous information for chart construction.An example of a memory-type chart is an exponentially-weighted moving average(EWMA)control chart.The EWMA control chart is well-known and widely employed by practitioners for monitoring small and moderate process mean shifts.Meanwhile,the EWMA median chart is robust against outliers.In light of this,the economic model of the EWMA and EWMA median control charts are commonly considered.This study aims to investigate the effect of cost parameters on the out-of-control average run lengthðARL_(1)Þin implementing EWMA and EWMA median control charts.The economic model was used to compute the ARL_(1) parameter.The 14 input parameters were identified and the analysis was carried out based on the one-parameter-at-a-time basis.When the input parameters change based on a predetermined percentage,the ARL_(1) is affected.According to the results of the EWMA chart,nine input parameters had an effect andfive input parameters had no effect on the ARL_(1) parameter.Further,only seven of the 14 input parameters had an effect on the ARL_(1) of the EWMA median chart.However,the effect of each input parameter on the ARL_(1) was different.Moreover,the ARL_(1) for the EWMA median chart was smaller than the EWMA chart.This analysis is crucial to observe and determine the input parameters that have a significant impact on the ARL_(1) of the EMWA and EWMA median control charts.Hence,practitioners can obtain an overview of the influence of the input parameters on the ARL_(1) when implementing the EWMA and EWMA median control charts.

Correlation Analysis between Economic Growth and Environmental Quality

With the rapid development of the economy,China’s environment has been damaged severely,which has attracted much attention from scholars and the local government.The concept of green development has been an underlying trend since 2012,and it is of great significance to explore the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality.Huzhou is a prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of Zhejiang Province,and it is one of the 27 cities in the central area of the Yangtze River Delta.In recent years,this city develops well not only in economic development but also in maintaining a green environment.In the paper,the back propagation neural network is used to evaluate the local environmental quality.Meanwhile,the panel model is exploited to analyze the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality.All the data presented in the paper range from the year 2008 to 2018.Theoretical analysis indicates that the evaluation value of environmental quality,the emissions of industrial SO2,and waste water exhibit an inverted U-shaped relationship with economic growth.As for the regression results,the inflection point of income in the environmental Kuznets curve of the model which takes the evaluation value of the environmental quality as a dependent variable is higher than that of the model which takes the SO2 emission as an independent variable.The research result would help the local government to take appropriate countermeasures to improve the environment and economy.

Institutional Quality,Foreign Aid and Economic Growth in Recipient Countries

Foreign aid is an important aspect of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)for enhancing two-way cooperation with BRI countries. Based on the panel data of China’sforeign aid over the period 2000-2014, this paper employs the Worldwide GovernanceIndicators (WGI) to conduct an empirical study on the economic growth effects of China’sforeign aid and recipient countries’ institutional quality with the endogeneity of aid takeninto account. Results of our empirical study suggest that (i) China’s foreign aid, especiallyinfrastructure aid, can effectively promote economic growth in recipient countries;(ii)sound institutional development offers an important assurance for economic growth inrecipient countries;(iii) sample-specific regression reveals that the institutional quality ofrecipient countries can significantly influence the economic growth effects of China’s foreignaid, especially economic infrastructure aid for recipient countries in Asia and Europe.To improve aid effectiveness and quality, China needs to improve aid structure, superviseaid program implementation, and mitigate the impact of institutional risks in recipientcountries.

Governance Quality,Public Expenditure Efficiency,and Economic Growth

In this paper,we first examine the impact of governance quality on public expenditure efficiency.Then,we try to determine the effect of these expenditures on economic growth.Our starting point is the idea that public expenditure efficiency of a government program is significantly affected by the country’s governance quality.In other words,changes in government expenditure and the returns they generate on a government program depend on governance quality.Our sample consists of 36 countries observed over the 1996 to 2020 period.This period is known by a significant transition of political regimes.Our research model links government expenditure with the returns generated in a country in a given sector.In this model,we introduce the governance variable to examine the impact of government expenditure on returns on a government program in terms of schooling rates and life expectancy.The results indicate that governance quality affects expenditure structure and that efficiency of this expenditure positively correlates with a better governance quality as measured by corruption control and government efficiency.We also found that efficient expenditure has a positive impact on economic growth.

FDI和OFDI的互动机制与经济增长质量提升——基于狭义技术进步效应和资源配置效应的分析

"引进来"和"走出去"的良性互动是形成国内国际双循环相互促进新发展格局的重要途径,通过促进技术进步和改善资源配置推动经济高质量增长:东道国引进FDI产生技术溢出促进技术进步,一方面为本地企业进行OFDI扩张提供了能力,促进本地企业能力提高,另一方面通过促进本地产业升级促使以OFDI为载体的边际产业转移,提高要素配置效率;东道国本地企业能力提高和边际产业转移则吸引高质量的FDI进入,促进技术升级和产业结构优化,如此循环往复。二者形成良性互动机制产生技术进步效应和促进产业结构优化的资源配置效应,提升了经济增长质量。利用2004—2017年中国30个省份的面板数据对理论分析进行实证研究发现:FDI和OFDI的交互作用促进经济增长质量提高,在考虑内生性以及进行各种稳健性检验后结论依然成立。进一步检验发现:FDI和OFDI的交互作用通过促进产业结构优化提高经济增长质量;分解宏观TFP增长率发现:FDI和OFDI的交互作用没有促进资本要素配置效率的提高,甚至产生抑制作用,二者的交互作用主要通过促进技术进步及劳动要素配置效率的提升促进中国经济高质量增长。

The Slowdown of China's Economic Growth in Terms of Statistics

The paper discusses the falling back of economic growth from four aspects. From the aspect of production, the traditional industry has the greatest impact on the falling back of economic growth. From the perspective of demand, the consumption demand, investment demand, and export demand have jointly caused the falling back of the economic growth, in which the pulling function of investment demand is more obvious. From the standpoint of cardinality, the growth rate of the economy is restrained by the increase of economic scale. From the perspective of production factors, changes in the supply of labor force affect the falling back of economic growth rate.

FDI＇s Spillover Effects on China＇s Growth Quality

Using panel data of 29 regions in China from 1999 to 2007, this paper presents a systematic evaluation of how FDI＇s spillover effects impact the quality of China＇s indigenous econotnic growth, Research outcomes suggest that technology transfers and diffusion have a positive effect on indigenous growth quality. Spitlover effects （mainly competition effect） have primarily negatively affected indigenous growth quality. The effect on indigenous growth quality is positive only in sub-samples with high foreign capital concentration and ,,hen the spillover effect is similar to the technology transfer and diffusion effect brought about by localization. It is also found that technology gaps, foreign capital concentration and value added ratio gaps are important factors affecting the impact of technology transfer and diffusion on indigenous economic growth.

The role of disaggregated renewable energy consumption on income and load capacity factor:A novel inclusive sustainable growth approach

Stimulating renewable energy consumption is a major focus of the Sustainable Development Goals in combating climate change and global warming.The International Energy Agency estimates that renewable energy consumption should be doubled to achieve the COP21 targets.In this context,the question is whether renewable energy types promote the improvement of ecological quality and economic growth.Most studies have investigated the influence of renewable energy on ecological pollution using carbon dioxide emissions or ecological footprint indicators,which only represent the pollution caused by human consumption patterns,and these indicators neglect the supply side.Motivated by this point,this study uses the LCF(Load Capacity Factor)as an environmental indicator and examines the causality relationship among different types of renewable energy,income,and environmental quality in the USA,while also incorporating employment and capital stock into the analysis.Through using the Fourier causality test with the wavelet-decomposed series,the study explores for the validity of the renewable energy-based growth hypothesis and answers to the question of whether there is a causal effect of renewable energy types on environmental quality.The results demonstrate that there is a bidirectional causality between total renewable energy,wood,biomass,and economic growth as well as between these renewable energy types and the LCF.

中国OFDI点亮“一带一路”经济发展:基于制度质量研究视角

本文基于2003~2014年＂一带一路＂沿线国家经济增长数据,改进经济增长基本模型,用以研究制度及FDI流入对＂一带一路＂沿线国家经济增长的影响问题。回归结果表明,制度是经济增长的内生新动力,并在FDI流入的经济增长效应中发挥着积极的作用,但不同类型的国家制度质量的作用不尽相同,相对于发达国家和发展中国家,转型国家的制度对经济增长的贡献率较高且稳定,制度在FDI流入的经济增长效应中呈现先减少后增加的趋势。此外,根据理论与实证检验结果,本文提出适用于＂一带一路＂经济发展的制度安排及中国OFDI的进入路径。

A Measurement Study of Economic Growth Transition Based on Quality Index: A Case of Economic Growth in Shenzhen

How to realize the transition of China’s economic growth from"speed type"to"quality type"is a problem full of exploratory contents;scholars give it wide attention from different theoretical perspectives.And it is an indispensable part of the theoretical research to design an index to measure the transition process from speed to quality from the quantitative angle,so as to visually reflect the degree of transition of economic growth.By drawing on the economic principles and design ideas of the market index,this paper designs the quality index as the quantitative indicator to measure the transition of economic growth model,and quantitatively measures the degree of realization from"Shenzhen speed"to"Shenzhen quality".The results of the empirical evaluation indicate that"Shenzhen speed"has begun to transit to"Shenzhen quality",but the improvement of people’s living standards falls behind substantially the level of economic development of Shenzhen.Regarding this as an opportunity,this paper provides an analytical idea for a quantitative measurement of the economic growth transition in China.

地方品质、人力资本积累与城市经济增长

人力资本是促进经济增长的关键因素,是我国经济高质量发展的核心动力。城市通过提升地方品质来增加人力资本积累,对于促进城市经济增长至关重要。本文基于新空间经济学理论,利用全国284个城市2010—2019年的面板数据,从人力资本的需求视角出发,分析地方品质对城市经济增长的影响及作用机制。研究发现,地方品质对城市经济增长存在明显的促进作用,在使用系统GMM和工具变量缓解内生性及多种稳健性检验后,这一结论依然成立。机制分析表明,地方品质能够吸引劳动力流入,特别是高技能劳动力的流入,提高本地区创新型人才的集聚水平,促进城市人力资本积累。异质性分析表明,在城市特征方面,地方品质对大城市或者中心城市经济增长的影响效应更显著;在空间特征方面,地方品质对西部地区城市和国家级城市群内城市经济增长的影响效应更显著。本文从地方品质的视角切入来解释城市经济增长问题,为探讨中国城市高质量发展的新路径提供了经验启示。