A new coupled map car-following model considering drivers' steady desired speed

Based on the pioneering work of Konishi et al., in consideration of the influence of drivers＇ steady desired speed ef/ect on the traffic flow, we develop a new coupled map car-following model in the real world. By use of the control theory, the stability condition of our model is derived. The validity of the present theoretical scheme is verified via numerical simulation, confirming the correctness of our theoretical analysis.

A novel kind of multiple steady states characteristics in the dividing wall column

In this article, one kind of multiple steady states(MSS) phenomenon was investigated for a dividing wall column(DWC). The four-section model constructed in Aspen Plus was employed to simulate two DWC cases: mixture of n-hexane, n-heptane and n-octane;system of methanol, ethanol and n-propanol. It can be seen that there is a range of vapor split ratio in which multiple solutions of reflux ratio exist for fixed DWC configuration with the same feed and product streams. The width and the curve shapes of the MSS region, and the number of solutions change with the liquid split ratio. This MSS phenomenon was further explained using the component recovery around the prefractionator and the component recycling flow inside the DWC. This MSS phenomenon is helpful for DWC design by knowing the probable existence of multiple solutions in advance.

POSITIVE STEADY STATES AND DYNAMICS FOR A DIFFUSIVE PREDATOR-PREY SYSTEM WITH A DEGENERACY

In this article, we consider positive steady state solutions and dynamics for a spatially heterogeneous predator-prey system with modified Leslie-Gower and Holling-Type II schemes. The heterogeneity here is created by the degeneracy of the intra-specific pressures for the prey. By the bifurcation method, the degree theory, and a priori estimates, we discuss the existence and multiplicity of positive steady states. Moreover, by the comparison argument, we also discuss the dynamical behavior for the diffusive predator-prey system.

Existence for positive steady states of an eco-epidemiological model

An eco-epidemiological model with an epidemic in the predator and with a Holling type Ⅱ function is considered.A system with diffusion under the homogeneous Neumann boundary condition is studied.The existence for a positive solution of the corresponding steady state problem is mainly discussed.First,a prior estimates（positive upper and lower bounds） of the positive steady states of the reaction-diffusion system is given by the maximum principle and the Harnack inequation.Then,the non-existence of non-constant positive steady states by using the energy method is given.Finally,the existence of non-constant positive steady states is obtained by using the topological degree.

A Fixed-Point Fast Sweeping WENO Method with Inverse Lax-Wendroff Boundary Treatment for Steady State of Hyperbolic Conservation Laws

Fixed-point fast sweeping WENO methods are a class of efficient high-order numerical methods to solve steady-state solutions of hyperbolic partial differential equations(PDEs).The Gauss-Seidel iterations and alternating sweeping strategy are used to cover characteristics of hyperbolic PDEs in each sweeping order to achieve fast convergence rate to steady-state solutions.A nice property of fixed-point fast sweeping WENO methods which distinguishes them from other fast sweeping methods is that they are explicit and do not require inverse operation of nonlinear local systems.Hence,they are easy to be applied to a general hyperbolic system.To deal with the difficulties associated with numerical boundary treatment when high-order finite difference methods on a Cartesian mesh are used to solve hyperbolic PDEs on complex domains,inverse Lax-Wendroff(ILW)procedures were developed as a very effective approach in the literature.In this paper,we combine a fifthorder fixed-point fast sweeping WENO method with an ILW procedure to solve steadystate solution of hyperbolic conservation laws on complex computing regions.Numerical experiments are performed to test the method in solving various problems including the cases with the physical boundary not aligned with the grids.Numerical results show highorder accuracy and good performance of the method.Furthermore,the method is compared with the popular third-order total variation diminishing Runge-Kutta(TVD-RK3)time-marching method for steady-state computations.Numerical examples show that for most of examples,the fixed-point fast sweeping method saves more than half CPU time costs than TVD-RK3 to converge to steady-state solutions.

High-Intensity Interval Training v/s Steady-State Cardio in Rehabilitation of Neurological Patients

Neuropathy is nerve damage that can cause chronic neuropathic pain, which is challenging to cure and has a significant financial burden. Exercise therapies, including High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and steady-state cardio, are being explored as potential treatments for neuropathic pain. This systematic review compares the effectiveness of HIIT and steady-state cardio for improving function in neurological patients. This article provides an overview of the systematic review conducted on the effects of exercise on neuropathic patients, with a focus on high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and steady-state cardio. The authors conducted a comprehensive search of various databases, identified relevant studies based on predetermined inclusion criteria, and used the EPPI automation application to process the data. The final selection of studies was based on validity and relevance, with redundant articles removed. The article reviews four studies that compare high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on various health outcomes. The studies found that HIIT can improve aerobic fitness, cerebral blood flow, and brain function in stroke patients;lower diastolic blood pressure more than MICT and improve insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle mitochondrial content in obese individuals, potentially helping with the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. In people with multiple sclerosis, acute exercise can decrease the plasma neurofilament light chain while increasing the flow of the kynurenine pathway. The available clinical and preclinical data suggest that further study on high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and its potential to alleviate neuropathic pain is justified. Randomized controlled trials are needed to investigate the type, intensity, frequency, and duration of exercise, which could lead to consensus and specific HIIT-based advice for patients with neuropathies.

Sawtooth-like oscillations and steady states caused by the m/n=2/1 double tearing mode

The sawtooth-like oscillations resulting from the m/n=2/1 double tearing mode(DTM)are numerically investigated through the three-dimensional,toroidal,nonlinear resistive-MHD code(CLT).We find that the nonlinear evolution of the m/n=2/1 DTM can lead to sawtooth-like oscillations,which are similar to those driven by the kink mode.The perpendicular thermal conductivity and the external heating rate can significantly alter the behaviors of the DTM driven sawtooth-like oscillations.With a high perpendicular thermal conductivity,the system quickly evolves into a steady state with m/n=2/1 magnetic islands and helical flow.However,with a low perpendicular thermal conductivity,the system tends to exhibit sawtooth-like oscillations.With a sufficiently high or low heating rate,the system exhibits sawtooth-like oscillations,while with an intermediate heating rate,the system quickly evolves into a steady state.At the steady state,there exist the non-axisymmetric magnetic field and strong radial flow,and both are with helicity of m/n=2/1.Like the steady state with m/n=1/1 radial flow,which is beneficial for preventing the helium ash accumulation in the core,the steady state with m/n=2/1 radial flow might also be a good candidate for the advanced steady state operations in future fusion reactors.We also find that the behaviors of the sawtooth-like oscillations are almost independent of tokamak geometry,which implies that the steady state with saturated m/n=2/1 islands might exist in different tokamaks.

A NOTE ON THE UNIQUENESSTHEOREM FOR STEADY-STATESEMICONDUCTOR EQUATIONS

In this note we investigate one-dimensional steady-state semicon-ductor devices. We proved the uniqueness of the solution to the unipolar de-vice problem with non-constant mobility.

Simulation of Multi-Steady States in Low Temperature Gas Discharge

This article presents hydrodynamics simulation of multi-steady states and modetransition by DC-beam-injected gas discharge, and provides a model approach to hysteresis anddistinct forms of multi-steady states. The critical transition conditions of the three discharge modes(temperature limited mode, Langmuir mode, and space charge limited mode) are estimated to bedependent on the gas pressure and the filament temperature. Various forms of the multi-steadystates in gas discharge can be uniformly explained by the displacement of the mutant positions.The simulation results are in a good agreement with those of the experiments.

Twin Bifurcation Phenomena and Isolas of Multiple-Steady-States Transition in Nonideal Chemical Reaction-Diffusion Systems

The present paper narrates the influence of nonideality of externally controlled components on multiple-steady-state transitions studied by using the regular solution model. Under certain conditions the splitting of the original cusp causes 'twin' bifurcation points accompanied by isolas which could shrink to an elliptic singular point or a cusp, or even collapse to a hyperbolic singular point in the different cases.

Rheological behavior of semi-solid 7075 aluminum alloy at steady state

The further application of semi-solid processing lies in the in-depth fundamental study like rheological behavior. In this research, the apparent viscosity of the semi-solid slurry of 7075 alloy was measured using a Couette type viscometer. The effects of solid fraction and shearing rate on the apparent viscosity of this alloy were investigated under different processing conditions. It can be seen that the apparent viscosity increases with an increase in the solid fraction from 10% to 50% （temperature 620 ℃ to 630 ℃） at steady state. When the solid fraction was fixed, the apparent viscosity can be decreased by altering the shearing rate from 61.235 s-1 to 489.88 s-1 at steady state. An empirical equation that shows the effects of solid fraction and shearing rate on the apparent viscosity is fitted： ηα = [0.871 - 0.00849. γ0.74924]. exp（3.7311, fs） . The microstructure of quenched samples was examined to understand the alloy＇s rheological behavior.

Experimental and Finite Element Study of Steady State Micro-cutting Characteristics of Aluminum Alloy (2A12)

This paper studies the micro-cutting characteristics of aluminum alloy (2A12) based on a series of orthogonal experiments and finite element method (FEM) simulations. An energy-based ductile failure law was proposed in the FEM simulation. The simulated cutting forces and chip morphology were compared with experimental results. The simulation result indicates that there is a close relationship between the cutting force and cutting heat. The micro-cutting force decreases as the heat flux vector increases. Both the cutting heat and the micro-cutting force need a finite time to achieve a steady state. It is observed that with the cutting speed of 169.95 m/min and uncut chip thickness of 6 μm, the heat flux vector in the workpiece increases to a stable value after 0.06 ms; meanwhile, the principal cutting force decreases to a steady state correspondingly, i.e., the micro-cutting process achieves the steady state. It is concluded that the steady state micro-cutting simulation can reflect the cutting process accurately.

Predicting of Power Quality Steady State Index Based on Chaotic Theory Using Least Squares Support Vector Machine

An effective power quality prediction for regional power grid can provide valuable references and contribute to the discovering and solving of power quality problems. So a predicting model for power quality steady state index based on chaotic theory and least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) is proposed in this paper. At first, the phase space reconstruction of original power quality data is performed to form a new data space containing the attractor. The new data space is used as training samples for the LSSVM. Then in order to predict power quality steady state index accurately, the particle swarm algorithm is adopted to optimize parameters of the LSSVM model. According to the simulation results based on power quality data measured in a certain distribution network, the model applies to several indexes with higher forecasting accuracy and strong practicability.

40 Hz Auditory Steady State Response to Linguistic Features of Stimuli during Auditory Hallucinations

The auditory steady state response （ASSR） may reflect activity from different regions of the brain, depending on the modulation frequency used. In general, responses induced by low rates （_〈40 Hz） emanate mostly from central structures of the brain, and responses from high rates （〉80 Hz） emanate mostly from the peripheral auditory nerve or brainstem structures. Besides, it was reported that the gamma band ASSR （30-90 Hz） played an important role in working memory, speech understanding and recognition. This paper investigated the 40 Hz ASSR evoked by modulated speech and reversed speech. The speech was Chinese phrase voice, and the noise-like reversed speech was obtained by temporally reversing the speech. Both auditory stimuli were modulated with a frequency of 40 Hz. Ten healthy subjects and 5 patients with hallucination symptom participated in the experiment. Results showed re- duction in left auditory cortex response when healthy subjects listened to the reversed speech compared with the speech. In contrast, when the patients who experienced auditory hallucinations listened to the reversed speech, the auditory cortex of left hemispheric responded more actively. The ASSR results were consistent with the behavior results of patients. Therefore, the gamma band ASSR is expected to be helpful for rapid and objective diagnosis of hallucination in clinic.

Realization of minute-long steady-state H-mode discharges on EAST

In the 2016 EAST experimental campaign,a steady-state long-pulse H-mode discharge with an ITER-like tungsten divertor lasting longer than one minute has been obtained using only RF heating and current drive,through an integrated control of the wall conditioning,plasma configuration,divertor heat flux,particle exhaust,impurity management,and effective coupling of multiple RF heating and current drive sources at high injected power.The plasma current（Ip - 0.45 MA） was fully-noninductively driven（Vloop 〈 0.0 V） by a combination of-2.5 MW LHW,-0.4 MW ECH and -0.8 MW ICRF.This result demonstrates the progress of physics and technology studies on EAST,and will benefit the physics basis for steady state operation of ITER and CFETR.

Observing the steady-state visual evoked potentials with a compact quad-channel spin exchange relaxation-free magnetometer

We observed the steady-state visually evoked potential(SSVEP) from a healthy subject using a compact quad-channel potassium spin exchange relaxation-free(SERF) optically pumped magnetometer(OPM). To this end, 30 s of data were collected, and SSVEP-related magnetic responses with signal intensity ranging from 150 fT to 300 f T were observed for all four channels. The corresponding signal to noise ratio(SNR) was in the range of 3.5–5.5. We then used different channels to operate the sensor as a gradiometer. In the specific case of detecting SSVEP, we noticed that the short channel separation distance led to a strongly diminished gradiometer signal. Although not optimal for the case of SSVEP detection, this set-up can prove to be highly useful for other magnetoencephalography(MEG) paradigms that require good noise cancellation.Considering its compactness, low cost, and good performance, the K-SERF sensor has great potential for biomagnetic field measurements and brain-computer interfaces(BCI).

Steady-state responses of a belt-drive dynamical system under dual excitations

The stable steady-state periodic responses of a belt-drive system with a one-way clutch are studied. For the first time, the dynamical system is investigated under dual excitations. The system is simultaneously excited by the firing pulsations of the engine and the harmonic motion of the foundation. Nonlinear discrete-continuous equations are derived for coupling the transverse vibration of the belt spans and the rotations of the driving and driven pulleys and the accessory pulley. The nonlinear dynamics is studied under equal and multiple relations between the frequency of the fir- ing pulsations and the frequency of the foundation motion. Furthermore, translating belt spans are modeled as axially moving strings. A set of nonlinear piecewise ordinary differ- ential equations is achieved by using the Galerkin truncation. Under various relations between the excitation frequencies, the time histories of the dynamical system are numerically simulated based on the time discretization method. Further- more, the stable steady-state periodic response curves are calculated based on the frequency sweep. Moreover, the convergence of the Galerkin truncation is examined. Numer- ical results demonstrate that the one-way clutch reduces the resonance amplitude of the rotations of the driven pul- ley and the accessory pulley. On the other hand, numerical examples prove that the resonance areas of the belt spans are decreased by eliminating the torque-transmitting in the opposite direction. With the increasing amplitude of the foun- dation excitation, the damping effect of the one-way clutch will be reduced. Furthermore, as the amplitude of the firing pulsations of the engine increases, the jumping phenomena in steady-state response curves of the belt-drive system with or without a one-way clutch both occur.

Impact of Typical Steady-state Conditions and Transient Conditions on Flow Ripple and Its Test Accuracy for Axial Piston Pump

The current research about the flow ripple of axial piston pump mainly focuses on the effect of the structure of parts on the flow ripple. Therein, the structure of parts are usually designed and optimized at rated working conditions. However, the pump usually has to work in large-scale and time-variant working conditions. Therefore, the flow ripple characteristics of pump and analysis for its test accuracy with respect to variant steady-state conditions and transient conditions in a wide range of operating parameters are focused in this paper. First, a simulation model has been constructed, which takes the kinematics of oil film within friction pairs into account for higher accuracy. Afterwards, a test bed which adopts Secondary Source Method is built to verify the model. The simulation and tests results show that the angular position of the piston, corresponding to the position where the peak flow ripple is produced, varies with the different pressure. The pulsating amplitude and pulsation rate of flow ripple increase with the rise of pressure and the variation rate of pressure. For the pump working at a constant speed, the flow pulsation rate decreases dramatically with the increasing speed when the speed is less than 27.78% of the maximum speed, subsequently presents a small decrease tendency with the speed further increasing. With the rise of the variation rate of speed, the pulsating amplitude and pulsation rate of flow ripple increase. As the swash plate angle augments, the pulsating amplitude of flow ripple increases, nevertheless the flow pulsation rate decreases. In contrast with the effect of the variation of pressure, the test accuracy of flow ripple is more sensitive to the variation of speed. It makes the test accuracy above 96.20% available for the pulsating amplitude of pressure deviating within a range of ~6% from the mean pressure. However, with a variation of speed deviating within a range of ±2% from the mean speed, the attainable test accuracy of flow ripple is above 93.07%. The model constructed in this research proposes a method to determine the flow ripple characteristics of pump and its attainable test accuracy under the large-scale and time-variant working conditions. Meanwhile, a discussion about the variation of flow ripple and its obtainable test accuracy with the conditions of the pump working in wide operating ranges is given as well.

A NEW APPROACH TO THE EQUATIONS FOR THE STEADY STATE CURRENTS AT MICROELECTRODES:EC'PROCESSES(SECOND ORDER REACTION)

With a new approach,the general current expressions of two typical second order catalytic reactions at microelectrodes are obtained.This allows the study of fast chemical reactions and systems where the reactants are present in similar concentrations.

STEADY-STATE AND IDLE OPTIMIZA-TION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

A novel steady-state optimization （SSO） of internal combustion engine （ICE） strategy is proposed to maximize the efficiency of the overall powertrain for hybrid electric vehicles, in which the ICE efficiency, the efficiencies of the electric motor （EM） and the energy storage device are all explicitly taken into account. In addition, a novel idle optimization of ICE strategy is implemented to obtain the optimal idle operating point of the ICE and corresponding optimal parking generation power of the EM using the view of the novel SSO of ICE strategy. Simulations results show that potential fuel economy improvement is achieved relative to the conventional one which only optimized the ICE efficiency by the novel SSO of ICE strategy, and fuel consumption per voltage increment decreases a lot during the parking charge by the novel idle optimization of ICE strategy.