Simulation Analysis of New Energy Vehicle Engine Cooling System Based on K-E Turbulent Flow Mathematical Model

New energy vehicles have better clean and environmental protection characteristics than traditional fuel vehicles.The new energy engine cooling technology is critical in the design of new energy vehicles.This paper used oneand three-way joint simulation methods to simulate the refrigeration system of new energy vehicles.Firstly,a k-εturbulent flow model for the cooling pump flow field is established based on the principle of computational fluid dynamics.Then,the CFD commercial fluid analysis software FLUENT is used to simulate the flow field of the cooling pump under different inlet flow conditions.This paper proposes an optimization scheme for new energy vehicle engines’“boiling”phenomenon under high temperatures and long-time climbing conditions.The simulation results show that changing the radiator’s structure and adjusting the thermostat’s parameters can solve the problem of a“boiling pot.”The optimized new energy vehicle engine can maintain a better operating temperature range.The algorithm model can reference each cryogenic system component hardware selection and control strategy in the new energy vehicle’s engine.

Model for seawater fouling and effects of temperature,flow velocity and surface free energy on seawater fouling

A kinetic model was proposed to predict the seawater fouling process in the seawater heat exchangers.The new model adopted an expression combining depositional and removal behaviors for seawater fouling based on the Kern–Seaton model.The present model parameters include the integrated kinetic rate of deposition(k d)and the integrated kinetic rate of removal(k r),which have clear physical signi ficance.A seawater-fouling monitoring device was established to validate the model.The experimental data were well fitted to the model,and the parameters were obtained in different conditions.SEM and EDX analyses were performed after the experiments,and the results show that the main components of seawater fouling are magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide.The effects of surface temperature,flow velocity and surface free energy were assessed by the model and the experimental data.The results indicate that the seawater fouling becomes aggravated as the surface temperature increased in a certain range,and the seawater fouling resistance reduced as the flow velocity of seawater increased.Furthermore,the effect of the surface free energy of metals was analyzed,showing that the lower surface free energy mitigates the seawater fouling accumulation.

Ecosystem Productivity and Energy Flow of Three-Hardwood Forest

The main characteristics of energy environment, energy products, primary productivity and basic process ofenergy flow for three-hardwood forest(Juglans mandshurica, Fraxinus mandshurica, and Phellodendron amurense) werestudied. The research was mainly hased on the thcory and method of community energetics, dealing with fixed position,quantitative test and expcrimental analysis. The time-space dynamics of sun-radiation in three-hardwood forest were measured and the energy compartment model was set up. his rescarch work provided a scientitic basis for the exploitation, utilization and management of three-hardtwood forest.

Groundwater Flow Modeling for Qushtapa Plain Unconfined Aquifer in Southern Erbil Basin, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Increasing population growth and water demand for various purposes such as irrigation, domestic and industrial production in many parts of the Kurdistan Region is causing deficit in fresh water and rising groundwater dependence. Drilling many deep wells in the area unsystematically and continuously increased pumping water from groundwater reservoirs results in lowering of water table. Therefore, it is essential to assess the management of water resources. The study focuses on the groundwater modeling for the Qushtapa District plain area in particular under steady state flow conditions. The aquifer was simulated under unconfined condition and is represented by a single layer of 100 m thickness. MODPATH was used to measure contamination track lines and travel times. This approach involved the introduction of particles at sources of contaminants in the wells and the recharge area, then the identification of the path lines and the determination of the special distribution of contaminants through steady state flow conditions. The simulation of the groundwater head shows that the groundwater head starts from the northeastern part of the plain and decreases towards Lesser Zab River in the south of the plain from 420 m to 140 m above sea level. The modeled layer was calibrated under steady state conditions using hydraulic parameters obtained from observation and pumping wells. The calibrated model is effective in producing steady-state groundwater head distribution and good compliance with observed data. The standard error was estimated as 4.88 m, the normalized root mean square error is 8.3% and the residual mean is 15.79 m. The results of the forward tracking show the source of potential pollutants from the recharge area after different travel time, the particles released at the northern boundary travels to the center and the western part toward the pollution sources. The results of the backward tracking show that the particles located in the extraction wells moved toward the recharge area in the north and northeastern part of the study area.

Applications and verification of a computational energy dynamics model for mine climate simulations

A complete thermodynamic model is described for temperature and heat flow distribution simulation for ventilation networks in underground mines.The method is called the Computational Energy Dynamics(CED)model of the heat,mass,and energy transport.The Thermal and Humidity(TH)transport elements of the full model are described for advection,convection,and accumulation,encompassing heat capacity,radiation,latent heat for evaporation,and condensation in the airways,as well as variable heat conduction and accumulation in the rock strata.The thermal flywheel effect for time-dependent temperature field applications is included in the model solution.A CED model validation exercise is described,directly evaluating the iterated,minimized energy balance errors for the mechanical and thermal energy components for each network branch after a converged solution is determined.A simulation example relevant to mine safety and health is shown with the CED-TH model,demonstrating its capabilities in efficiency and accuracy in comparison with measurement results.

Fast Calculation Method of Energy Flow for Combined Electro-Thermal System and Its Application

In recent years, Combined electro-thermal system has developed rapidly. In order to provide the initial data for the analysis of the combined electro-thermal system, a practical energy flow calculation method for the combined electro-thermal system is proposed in this paper. Based on the detailed analysis of the topology structure of the heating network and its hydraulic and thermodynamic model, the forward-backward sweep method for the heat flow of the heating network is established, which is more suitable for the actual radial heating network. The electric and thermal coupling model for heating source, such as thermoelectric unit and electric boiler is established, and the heat flow of heating network and the power flow of power grid are calculated orderly, thus a fast calculation method for the combined electro-thermal system is formed. What’s more, a combined electro-thermal system with two-stage peak-shaving electric boiler is used as the example system. This paper validates the effectiveness and rapidity of this method through the example system, and analyzes the influence for the energy flow of combined electro-thermal system caused by the operating parameters such as the installation location of electric boiler, the outlet water temperature of heat source and the outlet flow rate, etc.

Multi-scale analysis of subgrid stress and energy dissipation in turbulent channel flow

In present study, the subgrid scale （SGS） stress and dissipation for multiscale formulation of large eddy simulation are analyzed using the data of turbulent channel flow at Ret = 180 obtained by direct numerical simulation. It is found that the small scale SGS stress is much smaller than the large scale SGS stress for all the stress components. The dominant contributor to large scale SGS stress is the cross stress between small scale and subgrid scale motions, while the cross stress between large scale and subgrid scale motions make major contributions to small scale SGS stress. The energy transfer from resolved large scales to subgrid scales is mainly caused by SGS Reynolds stress, while that between resolved small scales and subgrid scales are mainly due to the cross stress. The multiscale formulation of SGS models are evaluated a priori, and it is found that the small- small model is superior to other variants in terms of SGS dissipation.

Numerical simulation of dense particle-gas two-phase flow using the minimal potential energy principle

A simulation method of dense particle-gas two-phase flow has been developed. The binding force is introduced to present the impact of particle clustering and its expression is deduced according to the principle of minimal potential energy. The cluster collision, break-up and coalescence models are proposed based on the assumption that the particle cluster are treated as one discrete phase. These models are used to numerically study the two-phase flow field in a circulating fluidized bed （CFB）. Detailed results of the cluster structure, cluster size, particle volume fraction, gas velocity, and particle velocity are obtained. The correlation between the simulation results and experimental data justifies that these models and algorithm are reasonable, and can be used to efficiently study the dense particle-gas two-phase flow.

A novel car-following model by sharing cooperative information transmission delayed effect under V2X environment and its additional energy consumption

A novel car-following model is offered based on the cooperative information transmission delayed effect involving headway and velocity under V2 X environment.The stability conditions and m Kd V equation of the new model are obtained via the linear and nonlinear analysis.Through numerical simulation,the variation trend of headway and hysteresis phenomenon are studied.In addition,we investigate the additional energy consumption of the vehicle during acceleration.In brief,theoretical analysis and simulation results confirm that the new car-following model based on the cooperative information transmission delayed effect can improve traffic stability and reduce additional energy consumption.

A new dynamic subgrid-scale model using artificial neural network for compressible flow

The subgrid-scale(SGS)kinetic energy has been used to predict the SGS stress in compressible flow and it was resolved through the SGS kinetic energy transport equation in past studies.In this paper,a new SGS eddy-viscosity model is proposed using artificial neural network to obtain the SGS kinetic energy precisely,instead of using the SGS kinetic energy equation.Using the infinite series expansion and reserving the first term of the expanded term,we obtain an approximated SGS kinetic energy,which has a high correlation with the real SGS kinetic energy.Then,the coefficient of the modelled SGS kinetic energy is resolved by the artificial neural network and the modelled SGS kinetic energy is more accurate through this method compared to the SGS kinetic energy obtained from the SGS kinetic energy equation.The coefficients of the SGS stress and SGS heat flux terms are determined by the dynamic procedure.The new model is tested in the compressible turbulent channel flow.From the a posterior tests,we know that the new model can precisely predict the mean velocity,the Reynolds stress,the mean temperature and turbulence intensities,etc.

Relative importance of different physical processes on upper crustal specific heat flow in the Eifel-Maas region, Central Europe and ramifications for the production of geothermal energy

We study the recent upper crustal heat flow variations caused by long-term physical processes such as paleoclimate, erosion, sedimentation and mantle plume upwelling. As specific heat flow is a common lower boundary condition in many models of heat en fluid flow in the Earth’s crust we quantify its long-term transient variation caused by paleoclimate, erosion or sedimentation, mantle plume upwelling and deep groundwater flow. The studied area extends between the Eifel mountains and the Maas river inCentral Europe. The total variation due to these processes in our study area amounts to tectonic events manifested in the studied area 20 mW/m2, about 30% of the present day specific heat flow in the region.

Flow characteristics simulation of spiral coil reactor used in the thermochemical energy storage system

According to environmental and energy issues,renewable energy has been vigorously promoted.Now solar power is widely used in many areas but it is limited by the weather conditions and cannot work continuously.Heat storage is a considerable solution for this problem and thermochemical energy storage is the most promising way because of its great energy density and stability.However,this technology is not mature enough to be applied to the industry.The reactor is an important component in the thermochemical energy storage system where the charging and discharging process happens.In this paper,a spiral coil is proposed and used as a reactor in the thermochemical energy storage system.The advantages of the spiral coil include simple structure,small volume,and so on.To investigate the flow characteristics,the simulation was carried out based on energy-minimization multi-scale model(EMMS)and Eulerian two-phase model.CaCO_(3) particles were chosen as the reactants.Particle distribution was shown in the results.The gas initial velocity was set to 2 m·s^(-1),3 m·s^(-1),and 4 m·s^(-1).When the particles flowed in the coil,gravity,centrifugal force and drag force influenced their flow.With the Reynold numbers increasing,centrifugal and drag force got larger.Accumulation phenomenon existed in the coil and results showed with the gas velocity increasing,accumulation moved from the bottom to the outer wall of the coil.Besides,the accumulation phenomenon was stabilized whenφ>720°.Also due to the centrifugal force,a secondary flow formed,which means solid particles moved from the inside wall to the outside wall.This secondary flow could promote turbulence and mixing of particles and gas.In addition,when the particle volume fraction is reduced from 0.2 to 0.1,the accumulation at the bottom of the coil decreases,and the unevenness of the velocity distribution becomes larger.

Modeling of Unsteady Flow through Junction in Rectangular Channels: Impact of Model Junction in the Downstream Channel Hydrograph

Open channel junctions are encountered in urban water treatment plants, irrigation and drainage canals, and natural river systems. Junctions are very important in municipal sewerage systems and river engineering. Adequate theoretical description of flow through an open channel junction is difficult because numerous variables are to be considered. Equations of junction models are based on mass and momentum or mass and energy conservation. The objective of this study is to compare two junction models for subcritical flows. In channel branches, we solve numerically the Saint-Venant hyperbolic system by combining Preissmann scheme and double sweep method. We validate our results with HEC-RAS using Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency. In junction models, equality of water stage and complete energy conservation equation from HEC-RAS are compared. Outcome of the research clearly indicates that the complete conservation energy model is more suitable in flow through junction than equality of water stage model in serious situations.

基于Ecopath模型的长山列岛邻近海域褐牙鲆增殖生态容量研究

为确定长山列岛邻近海域褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)增殖放流的合理容量,本文基于2016-2017年长山列岛邻近海域渔业资源与生态环境季度调查数据,构建了包括29个功能组的长山列岛邻近海域生态系统Ecopath模型,分析了该海域生态系统的能量流动特征,评估了放流种褐牙鲆的生态容量。研究表明:长山列岛邻近海域生态系统的营养级范围为1~4.57,总能量转换效率为6.23%,总初级生产量/总呼吸(TPP/TR)为1.47,总初级生产量/总生物量(TPP/TB)为26.87,循环指数(FCI)为6.91%,连接指数(CI)为0.24。长山列岛邻近海域褐牙鲆增殖生态容量为0.0143 t·km^(-2),约为该海域褐牙鲆当前生物量的1.55倍。褐牙鲆生物量达到生态容量时,长山列岛邻近海域生态系统的能量转换效率略有增加,总消耗量、总输出量等其他参数基本不受影响。

基于FLOW-3D软件的旋流起旋室水力特性数值模拟

文章采用FLOW-3D软件,通过RNGk-ε模型和volume of fluid(VOF)方法相结合,实现了竖井水平旋流泄洪洞水力特性的三维水流流场数值模拟;对开敞式进水口轴线与旋流洞轴线交角不同时起旋室的压强分布、旋流角和紊动能等水力特性进行了对比分析研究,数值模拟能够客观地反映起旋室旋流的流场特性,成果可为旋流溢洪道的研究应用提供参考.

综合能源系统建模与能流计算方法研究综述

围绕综合能源系统的能流计算问题,从网络模型及求解、不确定性能流分析方法2个层面综述了各类能流计算方法。首先,在综合能源系统网络特性建模方面,讨论了偏微分方程模型、动态特性模型和稳态特性模型及其求解方法。其次,归纳了应对系统外部输入不确定性的概率和区间2类传统能流分析方法,以及概率-区间混合不确定性能流分析方法。最后,从工程应用角度分析当前综合能源系统能流计算的难点与热点,进而对其发展方向进行展望。

基于电力公用信息模型的配电网储能优化配置

新型电力系统储能建设是提升分布式新能源消纳、改善电能质量的有效手段,现有储能规划研究未能充分利用实际配电自动化系统的可用信息,配置结果难以应用于实际电网。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于电力公用信息模型(CIM/e)的储能优化配置方法。首先,提出CIM/XML的数据解析方法,实现实际配电网的拓扑识别和潮流模型重构;其次,建立计及经济性与电能质量指标、内嵌潮流约束的储能优化配置模型,实现系统运行和规划的一体化设计,给出新增储能布点和容量的优化配置结果;最后,在中国南方地区两个不同电压等级的实际配电系统进行仿真实验,验证了所提方法的有效性。

泄洪消力池消力墩消能特性数值模拟研究

消力墩是常用的泄洪消力池消能结构物之一,对其消能效果与结构优化研究在枢纽结构设计中具有重要作用。为此,基于描述非恒定流运动的雷诺平均(RANS)方程和描述紊流运动的Realizableκ-ε湍流模型,采用VOF自由表面追踪方法,建立了模拟大自由表面变形流体运动的数值计算模型,对坝面泄洪引起的跌坎型消力池内复杂流体运动及消力墩的消能特性进行研究。首先,对不同坝面泄洪条件下消力池内水流运动进行模拟,通过将自由液面、水流流态及底板压强分布等的模拟结果与室内实测数据进行对比,验证了模型的模拟精度和可靠性;在此基础上,模拟分析了矩形、直角梯形和T形三种典型消力墩对消力池内水流流速、液面形态及湍动能分布的影响,探讨了长、宽、高相同、几何形状不同的消力墩的消能效果。结果表明,对水流能量的耗散作用,矩形消力墩优于直角梯形消力墩、直角梯形消力墩优于T形消力墩。

垃圾发电余热锅炉烟道仿真研究

工程实际中,焚烧余热锅炉烟道管束常因受烟气冲刷而磨损严重,专家往往采用在管束添加鳍片的方法来保护管束。但是,所添加鳍片的选择多凭经验,缺少理论上的支持和验证。本文利用流体仿真计算研究了管束加入鳍片设计对烟气流动的影响,并根据仿真结果对鳍片的设计方案进行了优化。仿真结果表明,在管束上添加鳍片对烟气具有导流作用,能提升烟气在管道内的流动均匀性,同时通过对鳍片的宽度和高度进行精细设计,能进一步提高烟气流动均匀性,提高烟气与管束间的换热效率。

北坍泵站流道优化及泵装置模型试验分析

流道对于泵装置的高效稳定运行具有至关重要的影响。为减小流道的水力损失并保证北坍泵站机组运行的安全稳定性,采用数值模拟技术对北坍泵站的肘形进水流道和低驼峰出水流道进行几何尺寸优化。通过对不同尺寸方案的流道水力性能进行分析比较,确定流道的优化方案并对最终优化方案组合的泵装置进行物理模型试验。结果表明:优化后肘形进水流道出口面的轴向流速均匀度提高0.10%,低驼峰出水流道水力损失降低23.91%。在不同叶片安放角(-4°、-2°、0°、+2°和+4°),模型泵装置的最高效率均超过72.00%;叶片安放角为+2°时,泵装置的最高效率为74.97%。在灌溉设计净扬程和排涝设计净扬程条件下,泵装置均保持高效率运行。优化后的泵装置水力效率和运行稳定性较高,可为同类型泵站的流道优化提供借鉴。