Steam Flooding after Steam Soak in Heavy Oil Reservoirs through Extended-reach Horizontal Wells

This paper presents a new development scheme of simultaneous injection and production in a single horizontal well drilled for developing small block reservoirs or offshore reservoirs. It is possible to set special packers within the long completion horizontal interval to establish an injection zone and a production zone. This method can also be used in steam flooding after steam soak through a horizontal well. Simulation results showed that it was desirable to start steam flooding after six steam soaking cycles and at this time the oil/steam ratio was 0.25 and oil recovery efficiency was 23.48%. Steam flooding performance was affected by separation interval and steam injection rate. Reservoir numerical simulation indicated that maximum oil recovery would be achieved at a separation section of 40-50 m at steam injection rate of 100-180 t/d; and the larger the steam injection rate, the greater the water cut and pressure difference between injection zone and production zone. A steam injection rate of 120 t/d was suitable for steam flooding under practical injection-production conditions. All the results could be useful for the guidance of steam flooding projects.

Mechanism investigation of steam flooding heavy oil by comprehensive molecular characterization

Steam flooding is a widely used technique to enhance oil recovery of heavy oil.Thermal viscosity reduction and distillation effect are considered as two main displacement mechanisms in steam flooding process.However,the molecular composition understanding and contribution for oil production are still unclear.In this study,the composition analysis of the heavy oil was investigated in the core scale steam flooding process with the temperature from 120 to 280℃.The crude oil,produced oils and residual oils were characterized comprehensively by gas chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry.It is found that steam flooding preferentially extracts aromatics and remains more resins in the residual oil.Viscosity reduction is the dominant mechanism when steam is injected at a low temperature.Large molecular heteroatoms with high carbon number and high double bond equivalent(DBE)are eluted into the produced oil,while compounds with low carbon number and low DBE are remained in the residual oil.As the steam temperature rises,the increased distillation effect results in the extraction of light hydrocarbons from the residual oil to the produced oil.More small heteroatoms with low carbon number and low DBE enter into the produced oil,especially in the none water cut stage.The compositional difference of produced oils is characterized in DBE versus carbon number distribution of the N and O containing compound classes.This work uses a variety of composition analysis methods to clarify the steam flooding mechanism and provides a novel understanding of steam flooding mechanisms with various temperatures and production stages from the molecular perspective.

Experiments on the influences of well pattern on water flooding characteristics of dissolution vug-cave reservoir

Based on the similarity criterion, volcanic rock samples were taken from outcrops to make experimental models. Water flooding experiments of five-spot well pattern, nine-spot well pattern, five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, the relationship between relative well and fracture positions, and injection rate in dissolution vug-cave reservoirs with/without fractures were carried out to analyze variation regularities of development indexes, find out development characteristics of water flooding with different well patterns and sort out the optimal water flooding development mode. For dissolution vug-cave reservoirs without fractures, five-spot well pattern waterflooding has very small sweeping area, serious water channeling and low oil recovery. When the well pattern was adjusted from five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, oil recovery could be largely improved, but the corner well far from the injector is little affected. In dissolution vug-cave reservoirs with fractures, when the injector and producer are not connected by fractures, the fractures could effectively connect the poorly linked vugs to improve the development effect of water flooding. Whether there are fractures or not in dissolution vug-cave reservoirs, the development effect of nine-spot well-pattern is much better than that of five-spot well pattern and five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, this is more evident when there are fractures, and the edge well has better development indexes than corner well. At the high-water cut stage of water flooding with nine-spot well pattern, the oil recovery can be further improved with staggered line-drive pattern by converting the corner well into injection well. It is helpful to increase the oil production of corner well of nine-spot well pattern by increasing the injection rate, and improve ultimate oil recovery, but the water-free production period would be greatly shortened and water-free recovery would decrease.

Analyzing the effect of steam quality and injection temperature on the performance of steam flooding

The heavy oil reservoirs are currently mainly targeted by thermal enhanced oil recovery technologies,particularly,steam flooding.Steam flooding is carried out by introducing heat into the reservoir to unlock the recovery of heavy oil by reducing oil viscosity.Several investigations were carried out to improve oil recovery by steam flooding.Most recently,high steam flooding is reported as an effective approach to improve recovery in high pressure heavy oil reservoirs.The oil recovery from steam flooding is sub-stantially affected by the steam quality and injection temperature.In this study,an attempt was made to look into the integration of parameters,i.e.steam quality and injection temperature upon steam flooding on oil recovery by using a simulation approach via ECLIPSE.The results obtained indicated that high temperature along with the moderate value of steam quality gives the best result regarding oil recovery for steam flooding in an economical way.

CO2 assisted steam flooding in late steam flooding in heavy oil reservoirs

To improve the oil recovery and economic efficiency in heavy oil reservoirs in late steam flooding,taking J6 Block of Xinjiang Oilfield as the research object,3D physical modeling experiments of steam flooding,CO2-foam assisted steam flooding,and CO2 assisted steam flooding under different perforation conditions are conducted,and CO2-assisted steam flooding is proposed for reservoirs in the late stage of steam flooding.The experimental results show that after adjusting the perforation in late steam flooding,the CO2 assisted steam flooding formed a lateral expansion of the steam chamber in the middle and lower parts of the injection well and a development mode for the production of overriding gravity oil drainage in the top chamber of the production well;high temperature water,oil,and CO2 formed stable low-viscosity quasi-single-phase emulsified fluid;and CO2 acted as a thermal insulation in the steam chamber at the top,reduced the steam partial pressure inside the steam chamber,and effectively improved the heat efficiency of injected steam.Based on the three-dimensional physical experiments and the developed situation of the J6 block in Xinjiang Oilfield,the CO2 assisted steam flooding for the J6 block was designed.The application showed that the CO2 assisted steam flooding made the oil vapor ratio increase from 0.12 to 0.16 by 34.0%,the oil recovery increase from 16.1%to 21.5%,and the final oil recovery goes up to 66.5%compared to steam flooding after perforation adjustment.

Study of steam heat transfer enhanced by CO_(2) and chemical agents: In heavy oil production

Steam flooding with the assistance of carbon dioxide (CO_(2)) and chemicals is an effective approach for enhancing super heavy oil recovery. However, the promotion and application of CO_(2) and chemical agent-assisted steam flooding technology have been restricted by the current lack of research on the synergistic effect of CO_(2) and chemical agents on enhanced steam flooding heat transfer. The novel experiments on CO_(2)–chemicals cooperate affected steam condensation and seepage were conducted by adding CO_(2) and two chemicals (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the betaine temperature-salt resistant foaming agent ZK-05200).According to the experimental findings, a “film” formed on the heat-transfer medium surface following the co-injection of CO_(2) and the chemical to impede the steam heat transfer, reducing the heat transfer efficiency of steam, heat flux and condensation heat transfer coefficient. The steam seepage experiment revealed that the temperature at the back end of the sandpack model was dramatically raised by 3.5–12.8 °C by adding CO_(2) and chemical agents, achieving the goal of driving deep-formation heavy oil. The combined effect of CO_(2) and SDS was the most effective for improving steam heat transfer, the steam heat loss was reduced by 6.2%, the steam condensation cycle was prolonged by 1.3 times, the condensation heat transfer coefficient was decreased by 15.5%, and the heavy oil recovery was enhanced by 9.82%. Theoretical recommendations are offered in this study for improving the CO_(2)–chemical-assisted steam flooding technique.

The Response of Anomalous Vertically Integrated Moisture Flux Patterns Related to Drought and Flood in Southern China to Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly

With the extreme drought(flood)event in southern China from July to August in 2022(1999)as the research object,based on the comprehensive diagnosis and composite analysis on the anomalous drought and flood years from July to August in 1961-2022,it is found that there are significant differences in the characteristics of the vertically integrated moisture flux(VIMF)anomaly circulation pattern and the VIMF convergence(VIMFC)anomaly in southern China in drought and flood years,and the VIMFC,a physical quantity,can be regarded as an indicative physical factor for the"strong signal"of drought and flood in southern China.Specifically,in drought years,the VIMF anomaly in southern China is an anticyclonic circulation pattern and the divergence characteristics of the VIMFC are prominent,while those are opposite in flood years.Based on the SST anomaly in the typical draught year of 2022 in southern China and the SST deviation distribution characteristics of abnormal draught and flood years from 1961 to 2022,five SST high impact areas(i.e.,the North Pacific Ocean,Northwest Pacific Ocean,Southwest Pacific Ocean,Indian Ocean,and East Pacific Ocean)are selected via the correlation analysis of VIMFC and the global SST in the preceding months(May and June)and in the study period(July and August)in 1961-2022,and their contributions to drought and flood in southern China are quantified.Our study reveals not only the persistent anomalous variation of SST in the Pacific and the Indian Ocean but also its impact on the pattern of moisture transport.Furthermore,it can be discovered from the positive and negative phase fitting of SST that the SST composite flow field in high impact areas can exhibit two types of anomalous moisture transport structures that are opposite to each other,namely an anticyclonic(cyclonic)circulation pattern anomaly in southern China and the coastal areas of east China.These two types of opposite anomalous moisture transport structures can not only drive the formation of drought(flood)in southern China but also exert its influence on the persistent development of the extreme weather.

Quantitative description of steam channels after steam flooding

Steam channeling is one of the main barriers for EOR after steam flooding.In order to enhance the oil recovery in steam flooded reservoirs,steam channel volumes should be precisely known.In this paper,a set of methods has been established in order to study steam channeling quantitatively by using dynamic data.Firstly,steam channeling wells are identified through curves of watercut and temperature.Then,considering the hysteresis phenomenon,channeling relations are identified with the correlation coefficients between injection wells and production wells under different conditions.Lastly,an analytic model,in which steam condensation,pressure and temperature are considered,is established to calculate the steam channel volumes.A production well named L31615 in some block in Henan Oilfield in China is systematically analyzed by using the method established.The whole block is further analyzed,and the distribution map of steam channels and the steam channel volumes are obtained.The results show that steam channeling does not only occur inside a well group,but also sometimes occurs between wells in different well groups.The calculation of the steam channel volumes provides a theoretical basis for bringing a remedial action like plugging into operation.

典型大洪水下珠江磨刀门河口拦门沙演变模式研究

磨刀门是珠江八大口门中输水、输沙量最大的口门,也是珠江最重要的泄洪通道,在珠江三角洲水系中占有极其重要的地位,研究其拦门沙冲淤演变模式对磨刀门河口地貌演变趋势分析及未来治理开发工程规划具有指导意义。以2005年6月典型大洪水过程为例,建立二维波流耦合的泥沙数学模型,分析磨刀门河口拦门沙冲淤演变特征。结果显示,典型大洪水条件下,上游来水来沙丰富,波浪对泥沙的转运作用相对被弱化,能够在较短时间内促进浅滩等沙体发育,形成新的地貌单元,并促进两侧沙体以沙嘴的形态快速向前淤进,伴随发育河口次级分汊地貌单元。研究表明,影响河口冲淤演变特征的因素包括河道地形、流场、余流余沙场及水流挟沙力等,上游来水来沙量、潮汐、波浪等因素则主导河口拦门沙演变模式。

城市地区场次降雨时空展布方法研究

受气候变化和城市规模不断扩张等因素影响,城市地区降雨过程的时空动态性愈发明显,通常采用的点、面雨量等表达方式难以体现这种时空动态性。随着降雨观测技术的进步,大多城市积累了长序列降雨观测数据,其中蕴含了丰富的降雨时空过程信息,为预报降雨或设计降雨的时空展布提供了可能。设计了一套降雨时空展布方法,包括数据收集、标准化处理、降雨场次划分、时空模式提取、标准网格插值、时空展布等环节,并提出每个环节的处理步骤和关键问题。以北京市为例,对该技术方法进行了验证,选择了12 h、24 h、72 h 3个历时的场次降雨,提取的时空模式和展布结果表达出了场次降雨的时空动态性,并与历史的降雨过程表现出很好的匹配性。表明该方法可用于城市地区降雨典型模式提取,以及降雨过程的时空展布。该方法利用历史降雨数据提取降雨展布模板,输入场次降雨(或预报降雨)的总雨量,得到该场次降雨的时空分布过程,展布结果可为洪水预报提供更为准确的降雨输入条件。

稠油含油污泥凝固剂研制与性能评价

针对稠油开采过程中产生的含油污泥污染环境的问题,以烧黏土、硬石灰为主要原材料研制了含油污泥凝固剂,并以含油污泥凝固剂和含油污泥为主要成分,配制了可在油层凝结固化的含油污泥调剖堵水剂,以达到含油污泥无害化和资源化利用的目的。采用XRD检测和抗压强度测试等手段,对含油污泥调剖堵水剂封堵性能影响因素进行了分析和优化,并评价了其调剖堵水性能。研究表明:该调剖堵水剂具有较长的凝胶时间、良好的施工安全性、可泵注性和适当的结构强度等优点;当含油污泥凝固剂质量分数在17%以上时,岩心封堵率达到98%以上,突破压力在20 MPa以上,具有较高的封堵强度;同时该调剖堵水剂也是一种固体废弃物资源化利用新技术,符合循环经济、绿色发展要求。含油污泥凝固剂技术有效解决了含油污泥外排造成的环境污染问题,为油田综合治理、降低生产成本提供了一种新手段。

基于降雨时空变化的山洪预警临界雨量

为提高山洪灾害预警精度,以彭坊小流域为例,基于概率分布等控制条件生成随机雨型,探究不同前期影响雨量下随机雨型对山洪预警临界雨量的影响,进一步分析降雨空间分布对山洪预警临界雨量的影响。结果表明:在雨峰位置偏后、雨峰峰值较大的雨型集下,临界雨量波动较大,有较高的不确定性;雨型对临界雨量的影响小于前期影响雨量对临界雨量的影响,在前期土壤较干燥时,雨峰位置系数较小,临界雨量值相对较大,雨型峰值倍比较大时,临界雨量值相对较小,更容易致灾;在降雨空间分布上,当降雨集中在下游时,临界雨量值最小,越容易达到警戒流量,但降雨空间分布对临界雨量的影响小于前期影响雨量的影响,且这种影响会随前期影响雨量的增加而不断减小。

产流模式空间分布对城市雨洪过程模拟的影响

通过耦合网格产流计算模型(GRGM)和暴雨洪水管理模型(SWMM)汇流计算模块构建了GRGM-SWMM模型。以贾鲁河中牟水文站控制流域(包括郑州市中心城区)为研究区,基于18场实测暴雨洪水资料探究了产流模式空间分布对洪水过程模拟精度的影响。结果表明:研究区超渗产流模式空间分布面积占比高达72%,城市下垫面仍以超渗产流模式为主;相较于仅考虑超渗产流计算的SWMM,考虑超渗、蓄满和混合等不同产流模式空间分布的GRGM-SWMM模型场次洪水产流量、流量过程模拟精度明显提高,产流量模拟相对误差平均降低33.26%、决定系数平均提高0.089,流量过程模拟均方根误差平均降低5.13 m^(3)/s、纳什效率系数和决定系数分别平均提高0.227、0.207。

五里湾X1油藏如何提高采收率

靖安油田五里湾油藏以开发三叠系X1油藏为主,储层为湖成三角洲沉积,属于低渗透油藏,油藏平面、剖面非均质性较强。开发以注水为主,X1油藏目前综合含水率72.5%、采出程度25.4%,处于双高开发阶段,随着注入、采出程度的增大,油藏的平面单向突进、剖面上层内、层间矛盾日益突出,水驱油效率逐渐下降,从而影响着油田的稳产和开发效果,如何提高最终采收率是油藏开发永恒的主体。本文重点总结了X1油藏实施空泡驱、微球驱、注采井网调整、不稳定注水、精准堵水等措施后提高最终采收率,为后期整个X1油藏提高采收率提供方向。

下垫面变化及雨型对珠海机场片区内涝影响研究

在极端气候和城市化影响下,城市暴雨内涝问题日益严重。为有效解决弱水力梯度珠海机场片区的内涝问题,提高机场运行安全,研究基于InfoWorks ICM模型对机场片区下垫面变化及不同雨型暴雨下的管网排水能力、地表淹没情况及内涝风险等级进行分析,以期评估现有改造工程的内涝防治效果,并探究机场在不同重现期不同雨型暴雨条件下的适应能力,从而为未来的防治策略提供科学依据。研究结果显示,模型模拟水深与实测积水深度的偏差约为10%,验证了该模型在分析区域内涝特征上的可靠性。机场工程改造后,研究区域的内涝风险显著降低,不同风险等级的区域面积大幅减少,应对不同雨型的能力显著增强。特别是在百年一遇的降雨事件中,工程改造显著优化了管网性能,未满管段的比例增至58.08%,超负荷管段的比例从49%降至16.33%,从而使研究区内涝面积缩小88%、积水深度超50 cm的区域面积缩小85%。此外,当雨峰与潮位峰值同时出现时,随着降雨重现期的增加,尤其是5至50年一遇降雨事件,内涝风险随雨峰位置后移增大。机场工程改造提高了对中心型和延后型雨型的适应性,减少了有压管段的占比,显示出改造工程在提升机场抵御极端降雨事件能力方面的有效性。尽管如此,研究区内仍存在局部低洼地带和内涝风险,需持续关注并推进内涝点的整治工作。

江苏油田复杂小断块高含水油藏注采井网优化技术

江苏油田复杂小断块油藏经过长期的注水开发后,目前处于中高含水开发期。现阶段储层非均质性对注采井网的影响更加突出,局部存在低效无效注水循环问题,亟需优化调整注采井网。根据非均质油藏剩余油富集类型和影响因素,在原井网基础上,利用油藏数值模拟方法,开展相控条件下的注采井网优化技术政策研究。根据模拟结果,确立了抽稀井网和转注高含水油井两种注采井网优化技术的政策界限,指导陈2断块、韦2断块注采井网优化调整,取得了良好的应用效果,为改善高含水油藏水驱开发效果提供了技术支撑。

多层砂岩油田热采油藏管理提高采收率

概述了美国科恩河油田多层砂岩稠油油藏的特征和开发历史,重点讨论了强化热采油藏管理提高采收率的实践。科恩河油田为水动力圈闭的单斜油藏,蒸汽驱开采后期,碳氧比能谱测井、四维时移热采动态及注采井动态监测结果,孤立单河道砂体识别、追踪,全油田三维地质建模及数值模拟研究为识别剩余油和提高采收率提供了依据。人工智能、蒸汽泡沫驱、双油管完井分层注蒸汽等措施扩大了蒸汽驱波及体积。加密井、水平井钻井及浅部油藏侧钻水平井可大幅度增加可采储量,水平井产量达到相邻直井的3倍以上。为开采油藏下倾部位油水界面附近未动用的“冷油藏”,在下倾部位水层钻产水井泄压,使蒸汽驱得以有效波及到该部位剩余油。

CO_(2)对稠油油藏的物性调控及辅助蒸汽驱提高采收率

为提高稠油油藏蒸汽驱后期开发效率,聚焦“双碳”背景下CCUS-EOR(碳捕集利用和封存体系提高采收率)技术的应用,以克拉玛依油田J6区为研究对象,通过对CO_(2)作用前后的稠油四组分分析,测试饱和压力、膨胀系数、黏度和密度变化情况,探究CO_(2)对稠油物性的调控效果;通过并联岩心物理模拟实验研究CO_(2)辅助蒸汽驱提高采收率效果。研究结果表明:稠油黏度主要受胶质和沥青质含量影响,稠油随着CO_(2)溶解气量的增加,饱和压力由2.08 MPa上升至11.11 MPa,膨胀系数总体呈上升趋势,上升7.6%;同时,黏度降低30.5%,密度减小3.5%。表明CO_(2)在提高饱和压力的同时,通过优化膨胀系数、黏度和密度,有效改善了稠油物性。此外,采用CO_(2)辅助蒸汽驱后,在CO_(2)溶解降黏、破乳的作用下,稠油采收率从38.55%提高至46.46%,相比纯蒸汽驱提高了7.91%。为CO_(2)辅助蒸汽驱提高稠油采收率的应用提供了理论和实验基础,可为同类型稠油油藏提高采收率提供借鉴。

低渗透裂缝性油藏测井侧向剩余油挖潜措施研究——以长庆A油田为例

针对长庆A油田低渗透裂缝性油藏注水开发动态特点,通过深化精细基础地质研究,结合老区检查井取心、测井资料,开展了剩余油分布精细评价、不同水线距离的检查井水洗程度评价,以及裂缝对剩余油分布和开发效果的影响分析。结果表明,低渗透裂缝性油藏主向井水淹严重、侧向区剩余油富集,侧向剩余油挖潜设计方案可行;油藏井网加密调整后开发效果评价证实,侧向剩余油挖潜方案可减缓油藏递减、改善油藏的开发效果。可为同类油藏开发中后期实施井网调整、增储挖潜及油藏采收率提高提供有益借鉴。

马岭油田S区延10储层特征及水驱规律研究

马岭油田S区块已进入注水开发的中高含水期,研究其水驱规律对后续改善注水开发效果具有实际意义。以S区延10_(1)^(2-1)层段为研究对象,以区域构造背景及构造特征为基础,从岩心资料、测井数据着手,重点分析沉积微相与砂体平面展布特征,总结储层物性,分析储层非均质性特征。结合油田生产资料,从非均质性方面重点分析延10储层平面、纵向水驱规律。结果表明:受储层渗透率非均质的影响,纵向上的水驱呈现复合韵律的特点,高渗透率部位水洗程度高,剩余油含油饱和度较低;较低渗透率部位水洗程度较低,含油饱和度相对较高。油层在纵向上的产液量、产水量、含水率同样呈复合韵律特点。平面上的水驱呈现出沿砂体延伸方向推进较快,主流线方向上的油井见效快。位于负向构造部位的油井较早见水,进入水量多,油层水洗较为充分;位于正向构造部位的油井注入水进入较晚,进入水量较少,水洗程度相对较低。注入水优先沿高渗透带方向推进,该方向水推较快,吸水较多。