Experimental study on the activation of coal gasification fly ash from industrial CFB gasifiers

Coal gasification fly ash(CGFA)is an industrial solid waste from the coal circulating fluidized bed(CFB)gasification process,and it needs to be effectively disposed to achieve sustainable development of the environment.To realize the application of CGFA as a precursor of porous carbon materials,the physicochemical properties of three kinds of CGFA from industrial CFB gasifiers are analyzed.Then,the activation potential of CGFA is acquired via steam activation experiments in a tube furnace reactor.Finally,the fluidization activation technology of CGFA is practiced in a bench-scale CFB test rig,and its advantages are highlighted.The results show that CGFA is characterized by a high carbon content in the range of 54.06%–74.09%,an ultrafine particle size(d50:16.3–26.1 μm),and a relatively developed pore structure(specific surface area SSA:139.29–551.97 m^(2)·g^(-1)).The proportion of micropores in CGFA increases gradually with the coal rank.Steam activation experiments show that the pore development of CGFA mainly includes three stages:initial pore development,dynamic equilibrium between micropores and mesopores and pore collapse.The SSA of lignite fly ash(LFA),subbituminous fly ash(SBFA)and anthracite fly ash(AFA)is maximally increased by 105%,13%and 72%after steam activation;the order of the largest carbon reaction rate and decomposition ratio of steam among the three kinds of CGFA is SBFA>LFA>AFA.As the ratio of oxygen to carbon during the fluidization activation of LFA is from 0.09 to 0.19,the carbon conversion ratio increases from 14.4%to 26.8%and the cold gas efficiency increases from 6.8%to 10.2%.The SSA of LFA increases by up to 53.9%during the fluidization activation process,which is mainly due to the mesoporous development.Relative to steam activation in a tube furnace reactor,fluidization activation takes an extremely short time(seconds)to achieve the same activation effect.It is expected to further improve the activation effect of LFA by regulating the carbon conversion ratio range of 27%–35%to create pores in the initial development stage.

Crustal structure in the Anyuan Coal Mine and its adjacent areas of Jiangxi Province by P-wave receiver functions

We collected high-quality teleseismic events recorded by 12 broadband seismographs deployed in the Anyuan Coal Mine and its adjacent areas in Pingxiang City,Jiangxi Province for nearly two years.The H-κ-c stacking method was employed to obtain the crustal thickness and Poisson's ratio distribution,then the characteristics of crustal structure below the stations were obtained by using the time-domain linear inversion method.The crustal thickness in the Anyuan Coal Mine and its adjacent areas ranges from approximately 32~35 km,with an average thickness of 33 km,which is consistent with the crustal thickness results in South China from previous studies using the receiver function method.The average Poisson's ratio of the crustal bulk composition in the study area varies between 0.22 and 0.25,which is lower than the global value with a 0.27 average,indicating a predominantly intermediate-acidic or felsic crustal composition.There is a weak negative correlation between Poisson's ratio and crustal thickness estimates in the Anyuan Coal Mine and its adjacent areas,suggesting that the absence of mafic-ultramafic materials in the lower crust is associated with the process of crustal delamination.The velocity inversion results indicate that the crustal structure including three velocity discontinuity interfaces,with the first at a depth of approximately 1.5 km,the second at about 10~15 km,and the third being the Moho.The study also indicates that the results obtained by the H-κ-c stacking method are significantly better than those obtained by the H-κmethod,effectively reducing the standard deviation and dispersion of crustal thickness and vP/vSratio.

Stress-strain-acoustic responses in failure process of coal rock with different height to diameter ratios under uniaxial compression

Residual coal pillars play an important role in mining the adjacent coal seam safely,managing the gobs and maintaining the stability of abandoned coal mines.The height to diameter ratio(H/D)affects the stability of residual coal pillars.In this study,uniaxial compressive tests of coal specimens with five H/D(2.0,1.5,1.0,0.8 and 0.6)were performed,and the stress,strain and acoustic emission(AE)were monitored.Results show that the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)and peak strain increase with H/D decreasing.An empirical equation is proposed to calculate the UCS based on the H/D.The AE activities during coal failure process can be separated into four periods.The span of quiet period and rapid decline period shorten with H/D decreasing.The smaller the H/D is,the more complicated the failure characteristics of coal will be.The failure form of coal with H/D of 2.0,1.5,and 1.0 is primarily shear failure,while splitting failure along the axial direction is the mainly mode when H/D is 0.8 or 0.6.The initiation,expansion,aggregation and connection of micro-cracks can be reflected by the real-time spatial evolution of AE event points.

Sliding Mode Predictive Control of Main Steam Pressure in Coal-fired Power Plant Boiler

Since the combustion system of coal-fired boiler in thermal power plant is characterized as time varying, strongly coupled, and nonlinear, it is hard to achieve a satisfactory performance by the conventional proportional integral derivative (PID) control scheme. For the characteristics of the main steam pressure in coal-fired power plant boiler, the sliding mode control system with Smith predictive structure is proposed to look for performance and robustness improvement. First, internal model control (IMC) and Smith predictor (SP) is used to deal with the time delay, and sliding mode controller (SMCr) is designed to overcome the model mismatch. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed controller compared with conventional ones.

Change of the mode of failure by interface friction and width-to-height ratio of coal specimens

Bumps in coal mines have been recognized as a major hazard for many years. These sudden and violent failures around mine openings have compromised safety, ventilation and access to mine workings.Previous studies showed that the violence of coal specimen failure depends on both the interface friction and width-to-height（W/H） ratio of coal specimen. The mode of failure for a uniaxially loaded coal specimen or a coal pillar is a combination of both shear failure along the interface and compressive failure in the coal. The shear failure along the interface triggered the compressive failure in coal. The compressive failure of a coal specimen or a coal pillar can be controlled by changing its W/H ratio. As the W/H ratio increases, the ultimate strength increases. Hence, with a proper combination of interface friction and the W/H ratio of pillar or coal specimen, the mode of failure will change from sudden violent failure which is brittle failure to non-violent failure which is ductile failure. The main objective of this paper is to determine at what W/H ratio and interface friction the mode of failure changes from violent to non-violent. In this research, coal specimens of W/H ratio ranging from 1 to 10 were uniaxially tested under two interface frictions of 0.1 and 0.25, and the results are presented and discussed.

Experimental Study on Chloride Ion Penetration Resistance of Coal Gangue Concrete under Multi-Factor Comprehensive Action

In order to investigate the chloride ion penetration resistance of coal gangue concrete under multi-factor comprehensive action, the non-steady-state accelerated chloride ion migration test was used to test the chloride diffusion law of coal gangue concrete specimens by crack width, curing temperature and water-cement ratio. Three groups of crack width (0 mm, 0.05 - 0.12 mm, 0.12 - 0.2 mm), three curing temperatures (high temperature 45, medium temperature 25, low temperature 10), three water cement ratios (0.3, 0.4, 0.5) were set in the experiment. The results show that when the curing temperature and water cement ratio are constant, the crack width less than 0.12 mm has little effect on the chloride content and chloride diffusion coefficient. When the crack width is larger than 0.12 mm, the chloride penetration depth increases with the crack width. The resistance to chloride ion penetration of gangue concrete is greatly influenced by the water cement ratio. The influ-ence degree of three factors on chloride ion migration coefficient of gangue concrete is as follows: water cement ratio > crack width > curing temperature.

Prediction on adsorption ratio of carbon dioxide to methane on coals with multiple linear regression

The multiple linear regression equations for adsorption ratio of CO2/CH4 and its coal quality indexes were built with SPSS software on basis of existing coal quality data and its adsorption amount of CO2 and OH4. The regression equations built were tested with data collected from some s, and the influences of coal quality indexes on adsorption ratio of CO2/CH4 were studied with investigation of regression equations. The study results show that the regression equation for adsorption ratio of CO2/CH4 and volatile matter, ash and moisture in coal can be obtained with multiple linear regression analysis, that the influence of same coal quality index with the degree of metamorphosis or influence of coal quality indexes for same coal rank on adsorption ratio is not consistent.

Steam Gasification of Different Brown Coals Catalysed by the Naturally Occurring Calcium Species

The effects of the constituents of mineral matter in brown coals from different deposits of Kansk-Achinsk, Lenaand from Yallourn Basins on the structural parameters and steam gasification reactivities of respective coal chars at moderate temperature and at low and high pressure were studied in this paper. The data on how the preliminary decationization with diluted hydrochloric, acetic and sulphuric acids affect char gasification reactivities are presented. The importance of surface area and crystallinity of chars and the presence of naturally occurring metals on gasification reactivity is considered. Quantitative correlations between the calcium contents and the extents of gasification are revealed. The gasification results obtained in a flow reactor with steam stream and in an autoclave reactor at high pressure of gaseous products are compared. The catalytic effect of dispersed calcium oxide-carbonate particles produced from the naturally occurring calcium containing carboxylates was shown to be a key factor for char gasification reactivity, the effect in the flow reactor being much larger as compared to that in the autoclave reactor. This was mainly related to different forms of catalytically active calcium species and to the composition of the gaseous reaction mixture.

Research on the sensitivity for the coal mine gas concentration detection by laser spectrum absorption

Because of the former gas chemistry examination method defects, tunable diode laser absorption spectrum technology （TDLAS） was used. It used an isolated absorption spectrum of the gas molecule to measure the gas absorption spectrum in order to distinguish the gas conveniently. The second harmonic （20 was measured in this system. Due to the fact which the harmonious signal is proportional to the concentration of the absorption gas, the gas concentration may be obtained through examining harmonious signal. The theoretical analysis and the experimental result indicate that under the same level of pressure, survey with the signal-to-noise ratio（SNR） of 2fsignal increases the accuracy by one order of magnitude and may reach 10 ^-3 and the sensitivity may reach the 10^-6 level compared to that of direct absorption. 5% methane density and a 30 cm absorption cell were used in the experiment. It has several advantages including high sensitivity, best resolution, and faster response and so on. The gas concentration monitoring of coal mine may be accomplished.

Evaluation of airlift pump performance for vertical conveying of coal particles

One of the crucial aspects of reducing air consumption when conveying particles with an airlift pump is to know the factors that affect the process of particle motion at an initial velocity of zero.To determine the influence of submer-gence ratio and physical properties of particles(such as size,shape,and mass)on the onset of vertical particle motion,the airlift pump was taken as the research object,and spherical glass together with irregular shaped coal were used as experimental test particles.The results show that unlike the water-solid environment,the start of particle motion in the water-air mixture does not always occur at a certain value of superficial water velocity and this value also increases with increasing submergence level.Among the parameters considered,the role of submergence ratio is much more effective than the dimensions and the shape of the particle,because by increasing submergence from 0.3 to 0.8,it is possible to reduce air consumption by up to 8 times.Based on this study the corresponding theoretical model derived by Fujimoto et al.is optimized,wherein the overall agreement between the modified theory and present experimental data is particularly good.Contrary to Fujimoto,the minimum superficial water velocity for lifting solids in the air-water mixture is not always smaller than water ambient which indicates on optimum submergence ratio higher than 0.7.Finally,a new criterion was introduced to describe the moment of onset of the particle motion as a function of the superficial fluid velocity ratio for each submergence value.

Optimum active and inert ratios for different metamorphic grade coals

In order to quantitatively describe the difference of optimum active and inert ratio of various metamorphic grade coking coals, the rule of coke micro-strength index （MSI）, determinated by adding different proportions of inert content to ten kinds of single coal, changing with active and inert ratio has been investigated. Three kinds of change rule of the MSI of ten kinds of single coal changing with active and inert ratio have been obtained in the research. It has been demonstrated that Gauss curve model is the optimal model to describe the optimum active and inert ratio of different metamorphic grade coals. On this basis, the optimum active and inert ratio of different metamorphic grade coals can be given.

Numerical and theoretical investigations of the effect of the gangue-coal density ratio on the drawing mechanism in longwall top-coal caving

Discrete element calculations of the top-coal drawing process for diferent gangue-coal density ratios were conducted to investigate the efect of the gangue-coal density ratio on the drawing mechanism in longwall top-coal caving.The efects were analyzed for the drawing body,the top-coal boundary,and the recovery of top coal.The results show that for increasing density ratio,the initial drawing body on the goaf side is farther away from the drawing support and its width and volume gradually increase.The upper part of the sickle-shaped drawing body extends near the initial drawing body with increasing density ratio in the normal cycling stage,and the distance from the drawing body to the initial drawing body is its maximum width.The larger the density ratio,the smaller the height of the top coal above the goaf at the end of the initial drawing process.The height of the top-coal boundary decreases with increasing density ratio,until it reaches a limit.In a normal cycle,due to hysteretic development,the top-coal boundary moves toward the goaf until the density ratio is approximately 2.0,which is consistent with the physical experiment results.Finally,increasing the advance length of the working face is benefcial for increasing the overall recovery of top coal.

Study on mathematical model of steam coal blending

It is necessary to set up a new mathematical model of steam coal blending instead of the old model. Indexes such as moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, sulfur content and heating value in the new mathematical model have linear relation. The new mathematical model can also predict ash-fusion temperature precisely by considering coal ash ratio in steam coal blending, therefore it is possible to obtain linear relation of ash-fusion temperature between single coal and steam coal blending. The new mathematical model can improve precision of steam coal blending and perfect the old mathematical model of steam coal blending.

不同应力路径下层理煤体力学特性试验研究

为探究不同应力路径下层理煤体力学特性和破坏特征,利用MTS816岩石力学试验系统对0°、30°、45°、60°和90°层理倾角煤样开展了常规三轴加载、增轴压卸围压和恒轴压卸围压应力路径下的力学试验,分析了应力路径和层理倾角对煤样强度、变形及破坏特征的影响规律。研究结果表明:(1)常规三轴加载条件下煤样在达到峰值强度前,应力-应变曲线呈近线性关系,达到峰值强度后,应力-应变曲线迅速跌落;增轴压卸围压条件下,随着卸荷比的增加,轴向应变增量比呈线性增加趋势,而环向应变增量比和体积应变增量比呈低速增长-急剧增长-平稳增长的三阶段变化特征;恒轴压卸围压条件下,轴向应变增量比、环向应变增量比和体积应变增量比均呈低速增长-急剧增长的两阶段变化特征。(2)随着层理倾角的增加,不同应力路径下煤样峰值强度和轴向峰值应变均呈先减小后增大的V型变化趋势,在0°时达到最大值,在60°时达到最小值。(3)随着卸荷比的增大,煤样变形模量先平缓后迅速劣化,泊松比先缓慢增加后呈指数形式增加,临界卸荷比随层理倾角的增大先增加后减小;当层理倾角相同时,增轴压卸围压条件下的临界卸荷比低于恒轴压卸围压。(4)常规三轴加载条件下煤样发生脆性剪切破坏,增轴压卸围压和恒轴压卸围压条件下煤样呈张拉-剪切混合破坏模式,当层理倾角为60°时,煤样主剪切破裂面角度与层理倾角几乎一致。

不同冲击气压下煤样动态剪切强度的长径比效应

采用Φ50mm分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验系统,开展了不同冲击气压下直径75mm,长径比分别为0.20,0.27,0.33,0.40和0.47的5组煤样的动态剪切试验,划分了煤动态剪应力时程曲线的阶段,探讨了冲击气压对煤样动态剪切强度的影响,分析了煤样动态剪切强度和加载率的长径比效应,并建立了长径比效应理论模型。研究结果表明:①煤样动态剪应力时程曲线可分为应力初始上升、应力线性增长、应力缓慢上升和应力下降4个阶段;②煤样动态剪切强度与冲击气压呈正线性相关,但不同长径比下增加幅度存在差异,具体表现为:相同冲击气压增量下,煤样长径比越小,动态剪切强度的增加幅度越大;③煤样动态剪切强度和加载率均与长径比有关,在0.25,0.35 MPa较低冲击气压与0.45,0.55 MPa较高冲击气压下分别呈现出正、负长径比效应,并通过方差分析确定了长径比对其影响最小的冲击气压为0.376MPa;④建立了不同冲击气压下煤样动态剪切强度长径比效应理论模型,通过加载率效应推导出加载率长径比效应理论模型,并验证了模型的合理性和准确性。

不定型煤基活性焦制备及预处理影响研究

我国煤炭燃烧排放大量的SO2和NOx等导致了严重的空气污染,需要寻找一种清洁高效的烟气联合脱硫脱硝技术.煤基活性焦因其脱除效率高,再生能力强等诸多优点备受关注,但目前的研究主要集中在柱状和粉末状活性焦上.为研究大粒径煤基活性焦的制备参数和预处理对活性焦理化特性的影响,对原煤颗粒进行高温空气预氧化处理,并通过炭化-水蒸气活化两步法制备活性焦.结果表明:低温长时间活化可使炭化料内部孔隙充分刻蚀,显著提高比表面积和孔容,以水蒸气作为活化剂有利于微孔和介孔协同发展,适合制备大粒径分级孔结构活性焦.700℃活化3 h制得的府谷煤活性焦比表面积为429.54 m^(2)/g,介孔占比27.80%;850℃活化3 h制得的大同煤活性焦比表面积为892.20 m^(2)/g,介孔占比21.46%.高温空气预氧化能够改变原煤内部结构,对府谷煤颗粒在200℃下预氧化15 h后,氧化煤内部成分和结构基本稳定,脂肪结构被消耗的同时生成了大量含氧官能团.预氧化处理对炭化过程的影响较为显著,氧化煤在炭化过程中热塑性特征显著降低,减少了焦油对孔隙的堵塞,此外,含氧官能团的交联作用也促进了煤中大分子的缩聚和孔隙的形成,从此促进初步孔隙的发展.虽然预氧化使得活性焦的比表面积和孔容都有所增大,但活化剂和样品之间的成孔路径未产生改变.

煤矸石机制砂C20混凝土力学性能研究

为探究煤矸石机制砂对低强度等级C20混凝土力学性能的影响,调控煤矸石机制砂掺量和水灰比浇筑混凝土试块,开展抗压和抗折强度试验。结果表明:相同水灰比下,随煤矸石机制砂掺量增加,混凝土的抗压强度先增强后降低;相同取代率下,混凝土的抗压和抗折强度随水灰比增大而降低。相较于煤矸石机制砂取代率,水灰比对混凝土抗折强度的影响更大。取代率不超过30%时,对混凝土的抗压和抗折强度均有利,水灰比为0.55、取代率为25%时,混凝土抗压和抗折强度提高最多。

宽高比对煤柱型冲击地压影响规律的实验研究

我国深部煤炭开采日趋复杂,区段煤柱在采动、构造或坚硬顶底板影响下极易诱发煤柱型冲击地压,煤柱型冲击地压的防治已成为煤矿安全高效开采的难题,研究不同宽高比条件下区段煤柱的力学性能及冲击破坏特性对煤柱型冲击地压防治具有积极意义。采用不同宽高比煤样的“岩-煤-岩”组合体进行了单轴压缩实验,通过分析煤岩组合体的冲击倾向性、动态破坏特征、分形维数和声发射特征参数等,研究了宽高比对煤柱冲击破坏的影响规律。结果发现:①煤柱的宽高比对煤岩组合体的冲击倾向性具有显著影响,宽高比不小于2∶1时,其冲击能量指数K_(E)为1.82~2.65,冲击倾向性无明显变化;小于2∶1时冲击倾向性呈先升高后降低的趋势,1∶1时K_(E)最大,达到了15.43。②随宽高比减小,煤岩组合体破坏特征依次表现为:拉压破坏—压剪破坏—拉剪破坏。煤柱宽高比为5∶1~3∶1时,煤岩组合体破坏较为缓慢;宽高比为2∶1时开始出现片状煤屑弹出,冲击破坏剧烈程度较低;宽高比为1∶1和0.75∶1时,具有明显的冲击破坏特性;宽高比为0.5∶1时,煤岩组合体整体稳定性下降,相对0.75∶1煤岩组合体煤柱破坏的剧烈程度降低。③峰后声发射能量释放率与分形维数D变化规律相似,均随宽高比减小呈先升高后降低的趋势。宽高比不小于2∶1时,煤岩组合体破坏过程中能量持续释放时间较长,煤柱破坏平缓;宽高比为1∶1时,能量释放率和D值明显增大,相较宽高比不小于2∶1煤岩组合体的能量释放率增大了约4倍,D值增大了0.18~0.23,煤柱冲击破坏最为剧烈;宽高比0.75∶1煤岩组合体能量释放率与D值分别降低了约10%和0.01,破坏剧烈程度与1∶1煤岩组合体相近;宽高比减小至0.5∶1时,相关参数的降低幅度约为0.75∶1煤岩组合体的6倍,破坏剧烈程度相对较小。研究表明:宽高比对煤柱的冲击破坏具有显著影响,整体上,煤柱冲击破坏剧烈程度随宽高比减小(5∶1~0.5∶1)呈先升高后逐渐降低的趋势;煤柱宽高比大于3∶1时,煤柱冲击危险性相对较小,煤柱宽高比为1∶1和0.75∶1时冲击危险性较大,0.5∶1次之。

智能放煤理论与技术研究进展

综放开采技术是厚及特厚煤层开采的有效方法,已成为我国在世界煤炭开采行业的标志性技术。综述了“四要素”放煤理论、顶煤采出率与含矸率关系、基于块度分布的采出率预测模型、煤流瞬时含矸率-累计含矸率关系等智能放煤理论研究进展。分析了智能放煤技术难点,指出含矸率是影响顶煤采出率和煤质的关键因素,放煤过程中含矸率的快速、准确计算是智能放煤技术突破的重点和关键。将智能放煤技术分为非图像识别智能放煤技术和图像识别智能放煤技术2类,对不同技术的研究进展、优缺点及使用条件进行了详细分析。非图像识别智能放煤技术包括记忆放煤技术、声音振动信号识别技术、γ射线探测技术、探地雷达技术、微波照射+红外探测技术、激光扫描放煤量监测技术等,图像识别智能放煤技术包括井下照度环境精准控制、放煤图像去尘算法、含矸率计算精度保障策略、煤岩红外图像识别等。

配置吸收式热泵的热电联产机组厂级智能运行优化

为提高配置吸收式热泵的热电联产机组的全厂运行经济性,基于案例电厂的运行历史数据,使用滑动窗口法进行数据预处理并提取稳态工况,建立配置吸收式热泵的热电联产机组煤耗预测数学模型。以全厂热电联产机组总煤耗最小为适应度函数,利用粒子群优化算法求解得出配置吸收式热泵的热电机组最佳背压和各台热电机组最佳抽汽量。基于以上研究设计了供热系统智能优化软件,实现供热系统在线监测与优化调节,对各供热单元分别提出优化指导,使机组运行经济性最佳,进而降低整体煤耗。计算结果表明:实行供热系统智能优化策略可为案例电厂供热系统平均每小时节省标准煤约1.81 t,节能效果显著。