Improving mechanical properties and high-temperature oxidation of press hardened steel by adding Cr and Si

This work investigated the effect of Cr and Si on the mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of press hardened steel.Results indicated that the microstructure of the Cr-Si micro-alloyed press hardened steel consisted of lath martensite,M_(23)C_(6)carbides,and retained austenite.The retained austenite and carbides are responsible for the increase in elongation of the micro-alloyed steel.In addition,after oxidation at 930℃for 5 min,the thickness of the oxide scales on the Cr-Si micro-alloyed press hardened steel is less than 5μm,much thinner than 45.50μm-thick oxide scales on 22MnB5.The oxide scales of the Cr-Si micro-alloyed steel are composed of Fe_(2)O_(3),Fe_(3)O_(4),mixed spinel oxide(FeCr_(2)O_(4)and Fe_(2)SiO_(4)),and amorphous SiO_(2).Adding Cr and Si significantly reduces the thickness of the oxide scales and prevents the generation of the FeO phase.Due to the increase of spinel FeCr_(2)O_(4)and Fe_(2)SiO_(4)phase in the inner oxide scale and the amorphous SiO_(2)close to the substrate,the oxidation resistance of the Cr-Si micro-alloyed press hardened steel is improved.

Instrumented oscillographic study on impact toughness of an axle steel DZ2 with different tempering temperatures

Compared with the conventional Charpy impact test method,the oscillographic impact test can help in the behavioral analysis of materials during the fracture process.In this study,the trade-off relationship between the strength and toughness of a DZ2 axle steel at various tempering temperatures and the cause of the improvement in impact toughness was evaluated.The tempering process dramatically influenced carbide precipitation behavior,which resulted in different aspect ratios of carbides.Impact toughness improved along with the rise in tempering temperature mainly due to the increase in energy required in impact crack propagation.The characteristics of the impact crack propagation process were studied through a comprehensive analysis of stress distribution,oscilloscopic impact statistics,fracture morphology,and carbide morphology.The poor impact toughness of low-tempering-temperature specimens was attributed to the increased number of stress concentration points caused by carbide morphology in the small plastic zone during the propagation process,which resulted in a mixed distribution of brittle and ductile fractures on the fracture surface.

Effect of B_(2)O_(3) enrichment on microstructural inhomogeneity of high strength steel weldments

The present work attributes the role of boron on the high strength steel submerged arc weld using an undermatching filler wire.Mild steel filler wire was used for welding in constant machine parameters setting to evaluate the joint strength due to the enrichment of boron.To change the chemical composition of the weld metal,boron trioxide powder was blended with virgin flux in various proportions(2.5%−12.5%),which led to an increase in boron weight percentage in the range of 0−0.0065.The results show that weld metals(WM)optical micrographs depict the various types of ferrites,pearlites and secondary phases like martensite-austenite(M-A).Acicular ferrite content was influenced by the boron trioxide addition.Heat affected zone(HAZ)micrographs were not showing appreciable changes with oxide enrichment.Hardness and toughness of weld metals showed the mixed trend with B_(2)O_(3) enrichment whereas,small reduction in ultimate tensile strength(UTS)and yield strength(YS)was observed.

油田采出水中80S钢和N80钢的H_(2)S/CO_(2)电化学腐蚀行为研究

运用腐蚀失重和电化学测试技术研究80S钢和N80钢在含H 2S/CO_(2)的油田采出水中的电化学腐蚀行为。结果表明:在模拟CO_(2)/H_(2)S的腐蚀环境中,温度是影响腐蚀速率的一大因素,80S钢和N80钢的腐蚀速率随着温度的升高而增大。两种材料表面均发生均匀腐蚀,但N80钢表面的腐蚀程度更严重,主要是由于Cr元素可以显著提高腐蚀产物膜对金属的保护;两种材料的腐蚀电位均随着温度的升高而负移,腐蚀电流密度增大,在不同试验条件下80S钢的腐蚀电流密度均小于N80钢,表明80S钢比N80钢具有更好的抗腐蚀能力。两种材料在25℃时具有中高频区的容抗弧和低频区的感抗弧,在50℃和75℃时具有中高频区的容抗弧和低频区的Warburg阻抗,且Warburg阻抗随温度的升高表现出更明显的扩散特征。随着温度的升高,两种材料的电荷传递电阻R_(t)不断减小,Warburg阻抗的Z_(w)也减小,温度越高生成的腐蚀产物膜对金属表面的保护性能越好,80S钢比N80钢生成腐蚀产物膜的致密性更好。

回火温度对LM_2钢B/M复相组织性能的影响

研究了回火温度对新型冷模具钢-LM_2钢复相处理后的显微组织结构和性能的影响.结果表明,在一定等温淬火工艺下,回火对性能有明显影响,其中200℃回火后强韧性配合较好,示波单冲缺口冲击功大,疲劳裂纹扩展速率较低和疲劳门槛值较高.该工艺用于LM_2钢重载冷挤压模具可使寿命提高3～5倍以上.

S30432和FCN奥氏体钢在混合熔融盐中的热腐蚀行为研究

研究了Super304H(S30432)钢及对S30432钢成分优化熔炼的一种新型Fe-Cr-Ni(FCN)钢在650℃和700℃下于15%(质量分数,下同)KCl+15%K_(2)SO_(4)+70%Na_(2)SO_(4)混合熔融盐中的热腐蚀行为。将样品置于混合熔融盐中进行腐蚀,每隔一段时间取出样品称重,获取腐蚀动力学曲线;采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及能谱仪(EDS)对腐蚀产物的物相组成、形貌和成分进行分析。在650℃下,S30432和FCN钢均表现为增重,且S30432增重较FCN多约一倍;在700℃下,S30432钢遭到严重腐蚀,腐蚀产物大量剥落,FCN钢表现为“失重-增重-失重”的变化趋势,腐蚀程度较S30432钢轻。S30432钢的腐蚀产物主要为Fe_(3)O_(4)、Fe_(2)O_(3)、FeCr_(2)O_(4),FCN钢的腐蚀产物主要为Fe_(3)O_(4)、Fe_(2)O_(3)、FeCr_(2)O_(4)、Cr_(2)O_(3)及少量的FeS,S30432较FCN钢晶间腐蚀严重。在混合熔融盐中,FCN钢和S30432钢均发生内氧化和内硫化,FCN钢内氧化程度轻,耐蚀性优于S30432钢。从热力学角度计算了发生硫化反应占据优势所需的硫分压。Cr_(2)O_(3)易溶解于氯盐中生成挥发性CrO_(2)Cl_(2),加速了腐蚀。

TiO_2/Steel/Cu复合转盘液膜反应器对染料活性艳红X-3B的脱色研究

在TiO_2/Ti-Cu双转盘液膜反应器基础上进行改进,研究制备了以不锈钢为基底的TiO_2/Steel/Cu复合转盘液膜反应器(CRPC-Steel),用于对染料活性艳红X-3B的脱色研究,并对脱色条件进行了优化。结果表明:CRPC-Steel在酸性条件下处理50 mg/L活性艳红X-3B 30 min,脱色率可达86.9%,较TiO_2/Steel单转盘提高了64.4%,也优于TiO_2/Ti-Cu双转盘液膜反应器。最佳脱色条件为:初始浓度为20 mg/L,pH=2.5,Na_2SO_4为2.0 g/L,转速为60 rpm。改进的CRPC-Steel降低了反应器成本、简化了实验装置、初步克服了不锈钢基底不耐酸的缺点,为该技术的工程应用奠定了进一步的研究基础。

二氧化碳输送用X65钢级直缝埋弧焊管开发

为了开发超临界二氧化碳输送用大厚壁直缝埋弧焊管,对管材成分进行了设计,采用JCO工艺试制了适用超临界二氧化碳输送用X65M钢级Φ610 mm×38 mm直缝埋弧焊钢管,并对试制焊管的理化性能进行了检测。结果显示,制管后母材的屈服强度和抗拉强度均有所提升;在-30℃和-60℃时,母材、焊缝和热影响区的夏比冲击性能及硬度均满足技术要求;在模拟腐蚀环境下,试制的钢管母材及焊缝的腐蚀速率均小于0.05 mm/a,具有较好的耐二氧化碳腐蚀能力。理化试验数据分析表明,开发的X65M钢级Φ610 mm×38 mm直缝埋弧焊管能够满足超临界二氧化碳输送要求。

Effect of Ca^(2+) on CO_2 corrosion properties of X65 pipeline steel

The effect of Ca^2＋ on CO2 corrosion to X65 pipeline steel was investigated in the simulated stratum water of an oil field containing different concentrations of Ca^2＋. It is found that Ca^2＋ can enhance the corrosion rate, especially in the Ca^2＋ concentration from 256 to 512 mg/L, which can be attributed to the growing grain size and loosing structure of corrosion scales with increasing Ca^2＋ concentration. X-ray diffraction （XRD） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） investigations reveal that a complex carbonate （Fe, Ca）CO3 forms at high Ca^2＋ concentration due to the gradual replacement of Fe^2＋ in FeCO3 by Ca^2＋.

Effects of Rare Earths on Toughness of 31Mn2SiRE Wear- Resistance Cast Steel

The toughness of 31Mn2SiRE wear-resistance cast steel were increased by means of RE compound modification and high temperature austenitizing. The results show that the microstructures can be refined, needle and network ferrite are eliminated, the dislocation density and the quantity of dislocated martensite are increased remarkably, and the shape and distribution of inclusions are improved by the addition of RE. Therefore, the mechanical properties of the modified steel can be greatly increased, especially the toughness (αK) by 44%, yield strength (σs) by 10%, and elongation (δ5) by 42%.

INFLUENCE OF NaCl DEPOSITION ON ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION OF A3 STEEL IN THE PRESENCE OF SO_2

The regularities of atmospheric corrosion of A3 steel deposited with different amount of NaCl exposed to the air containing 1ppm SO2 at 80%RH and 25℃ were studied in laboratory. NaCl can accelerate the corrosion of A3 steel obviously under such condition. The relationship between the weight loss of A3 steel and the amount of NaCl deposition can be well described by using a quadratic function. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersion X-ray analysis (SEM/EDAX) were used to characterize the corrosion products. In the absence of NaCl, FeSO4 · xH2O is the dominant corrosion products, while Fe3O4, FeSO4·H2O, β-FeOOH and γ-FeOOH dominate in the presence of NaCl.

Effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on CO2 Corrosion Behavior of Tube Steel

Effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the CO2 corrosion behaviors of tube steel were studied in simulated oil-field environment.The influence of Ca2+and Mg2+ on the corrosion rate and morphologies of corrosion product layer was determined by scanning electron microscope and measuring mass loss.Potentiodynamic polarization and impedance spectroscopy were used to investigate the change of electrochemical characteristic parameters of corrosion product layer and corrosion dynamic process.The results show that with Ca2+ and Mg2+ in electrolyte,the morphologies and microstructures of corrosion product layer changed obviously,thus affecting the corrosion process.

Influence of Cerium on Solidification Microstructure of M2 High Speed Steel

The influence of Ce on the solidification microstructures of M2 high speed steel was studied. The results show that Ce has the effect of alleviating the segregation of alloying elements such as W and Mo in high speed steel. With the addition of Ce, the amount of eutectic carbides is decreased and the flakes of the carbides are refined. Ce mainly segregates onto the interface between the eutectic carbide and austenite, and a Dart of Ce enters M2C carbide. Ce can also enhance the breaking and spheroidizing of the network eutectic carbides during high temperature heat treatment.

CO_2 laser-micro plasma arc hybrid welding for galvanized steel sheets

A laser lap welding process for zinc-coated steel has a well-known unsolved problem-porosity formation. The boiling temperature of coated zinc is lower than the melting temperature of the base metal, which is steel. In the autogenous laser welding, the zinc vapor generates from the lapped surfaces expels the molten pool and the expulsion causes numerous weld defects, such as spatters and blow holes on the weld surface and porosity inside the welds. The laser-arc hybrid welding was suggested as an alternative method for the laser lap welding because the arc can preheat or post-beat the weldment according to the arrangement of the laser beam and the arc. CO2 laser-micro plasma hybrid welding was applied to the lap welding of zinc-coated steel with zero-gap. The relationships among the weld quality and process parameters of the laser-arc arrangement, and the laser-arc interspacing distance and arc current were investigated using a full-factorial experimental design. The effect of laser-arc arrangement is dominant because the leading plasma arc partially melts the upper steel sheets and vaporizes or oxidizes the coated zinc on the lapped surfaces. Compared with the result from the laser-TIG hybrid welding, the heat input from arc can be reduced by 40%.

Corrosion Behavior about Tubing Steel in Environment with High H_2S and CO_2 Content

The corrosion behavior of C100 steel in simulated environments with high H2S and CO2 content was studied through high-temperature and high-pressure autoclave, and the HaS stress corrosion cracking （SSC） resistance of C100 steel was evaluated by SSC tests. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscope （TEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD） technique were employed to characterize the corrosion products and the metal matrix. The results indicate that all of the corrosion products in this investigation are mainly composed of different types of iron sulfide such as Fe0.95S, FeS0.9, F0.985S, Fe7S8 and FeS, and the absence of iron carbonate in the corrosion scales suggests that the corrosion process is governed by H2S corrosion. The corrosion rate decreases in the initial stage and then increases with the enhancement of the temperature. There exists a minimum corrosion rate at about 110 ℃. Under the partial pressure of H2S lower than 9 MPa, the corrosion rate decreases with the increase of P112S While over 9 MPa, a higher P112S will result in a faster corrosion process. When the applied stress is 72%, 80% and 85% of actual yield strength （AYS）, all tested specimens show no crack, which reveals a superior SSC resistance.

Effect of Rare Earth Elements on Austenite Growth Dynamics of Steel 9Cr2Mo

The growth dynamics of austenite grain was investigated in steel 9Cr2 Mo with different rare earth(RE)element addition.The results show that austenite grains of steel 9Cr2 Mo can be refined and their growth can be restrained by adding a certain amount of RE.According to the results,the n and Q were calculated and the mechanism of the refinement of austenite grains was discussed.

Preparation and Characterization of Nano-Structured SiO_(2) Thin Films on Carbon Steel

Nano-structured SiO2 thin films were prepared on the surface of carbon steel for the first time by LPD. The compositions of the films were analyzed by XPS, and the surface morphology of the thin films were observed by AFM. The thin films were constituted by compact particles of SiO2, and there was no Fe in the films. In the process of film forming, the SiO2 colloid particles were deposited or absorbed directly onto the surface of carbon steel substrates that were activated by acid solution containing inhibitor, and corrosion of the substrates was avoided. The nano-structured SiO2 thin films that were prepared had excellent protective efficiency to the carbon steel.

THERMAL NUCLEATION AND GROWTH OF He BUBBLES IN He IMPLANTED STAINLESS STEELS

Nucleation and growth of He bubbles at different annealing temperatures T≤1023 K in stain- less steels HR-2 and SS321,implanted with He^+(40-70 keV.1×10^(16)-6× 10^(17) He^+/cm^2),were ohserved under TEM.T=0.45T_m seems to be a transition temperature.The He bubbles continue mainly their nucleation at 0.3T_m< T<0.45T_m,and grow predominantly at T≥0.45T_m,due probably to migration and coalescence by surface diffusion of metal atoms around the bubbles.The apparent activation energies for the growth are found to he 0.41 and 0.31 eV for HR-2 and SS321 respectively.The bubble density in HR-2 is greater than that in SS321 within whole measuring temperature range,and the onset temperature of rapid swelling is also higher.It is believed that the resistance of HR-2 to He is superior to that fo SS321.

Observation and Analysis of the Microstructure in CarburizedSurface Layer of Steel 20Cr2Ni4A Treated with ConventionalAnd Rare Earth Carburizing Processes

Observation and analysis with TEM show that the fine granular dispersed carbides in hypereutectoid zone of steel 20Cr2Ni4A are distributed in the matrix of large number of lath martensite after rare earth carburizing. But while treating by conventional carburization and double quench hardening the retained carbides are finer and more dispersive, and its matrix is perfectly twin martersite. The different micrcotructures of matrix around carbide are formed with different kinds of carburization processes.

Manifestations in Corrosion Prophase of Ultra-high Strength Steel 30CrMnSiNi2 A in Sodium Chloride Solutions

The corrosion behaviors of ultra-high strength steel 30CrMnSiNi2A in sodium chloride solution were studied by weight loss and electrochemical methods. The morphology of corrosion products was observed using scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and the composition was analyzed using an energy dispersive spectroscopy（EDS） and X-Ray diffraction （XRD）. The experimental results showed that the corrosion came from pitting corrosion and the rust layer was composed of outer rust layer γ-FeOOH and inner rust layer Fe_2O_3 with a little β-FeOOH. The correlation between corrosion rate and test time accorded with exponential rule. The corrosion current measured by polarization methods was higher than that calculated by weight loss method after a long-time immersion, the main reason was that,β-FeOOH and γ-Fe_2O_3 transformed by γ-FeOOH led to overestimating corrosion rate. The processes of corrosion prophase were obtained from XRD and EIS results. The corrosion product, Fe（OH）_2 formed at the initial stage stayed at a non-steady state and then consequently transferred to γ-FeOOH, γ-Fe_2O_3 or β-FeOOH.