A Physical Core-Loss Model for Laminated Magnetic Sheet Steels

A full-frequency instant core-loss equation built from the induction physical model of magnetic materials, where the iron loss, eddy loss, and hysteresis loss no longer have an integral term, and this new equation provides high simulation accuracy and performs dynamic core loss analysis on non-sinusoidal or pulse magnetic fields. The simulation examples use a high-grade electrical steel sheet 65CS400 by Epstein experimental data covering magnetic field 0.1 - 1.8 T and frequency 50 - 5000 Hz, and the average error of the simulated core loss is less than 4%. Since the simulation is converged by magnetic physical parameters, so the physical relevance of the similar laminated materials can be compared with the coefficient results. .

Microstructure evolution of Mg-Zn-Zr magnesium alloy against soft steel core projectile

The study aimed to shed light on the post deformation and damage behavior of an extruded Mg-Zn-Zr alloy under a ballistic impact.The results revealed that the initial microstructure consisted of both{0001}basal and{1010}prismatic fiber texture.After impact,adiabatic shear bands,pronounce different twinning in big grains,,<c>,and<c+a>types of dislocations,and grain refinement through twinning induce recrystallization accommodated the strain,and absorbed∼65.7%of the energy during impact carried by a soft steel projectile.Interestingly,the deformation behavior at the top broad sides of the crater was entirely different.The weak basal texture was changed to a strong prismatic texture,which was further proved by typical sigmoidal compressive stress-strain curves.A revised model for the development of the ultra-fine grains adjacent to the crater has been proposed.The microhardness and yield strength was∼33%and∼40%higher and chiefly ascribed to strain hardening in ultra-fine grained near the surface of the perforation path.The exit of the perforation path was severely damaged and forms onion-shaped concentric rings which were comprised of melted zones,dimples,and cracks.Based on the all interesting findings,this study can be a clue for the development of the lightweight Mg alloy for military and aerospace applications.

Cold Cracking of Flux Cored Arc Welded Armour Grade High Strength Steel Weldments

In this investigation, an attempt has been made to study the influence of welding consumables on the factors that influence cold cracking of armour grade quenched and tempered （Q＆.T） steel welds. Flux cored arc welding （FCAW） process were used making welds using austenitic stainless steel （ASS） and low hydrogen ferritic steel （LHF） consumables. The diffusible hydrogen levels in the weld metal of the ASS and LHF consumables were determined by mercury method. Residual stresses were evaluated using X-ray stress analyzer and implant test was carried out to study the cold cracking of the welds. Results indicate that ASS welds offer a greater resistance to cold cracking of armour grade Q＆T steel welds.

STUDY ON REDUCING THE CORE LOSS OF GRAIN ORIENTED SILICON STEEL AND IMPROVING ITS AGING PROPERTY BY LASER NITRIDING TECHNIQUE IN ATMOSPHERIC AMBIENT

CW-CO2 laser nitriding technique was applied to improve the properties （such as aging property and the core loss） of grain oriented silicon steel. The samples were nitrided with regular space. Laser power density and scanning speed were chosen as 7.8×10^5W·cm^-2 and 100mm·min^-1. By some laser irradiation, Fe4N and Fe3N were formed in the nitrided zone. The nitrided samples were annealed at the temperatures ranged from 100 to 90℃. The core loss of some interested samples was tested. The results show that the core loss of the nitrided samples with different thickness of 0.23 and 0.30mm decreased by 14.9% and 9.4% respectively, and the aging property were improved up to 800℃. The mechanism of laser nitriding to improve the properties of grain oriented silicon steel is discussed.

Experimental Investigation on the Performance of Armour Grade Q&T Steel Joints Fabricated by Flux Cored Arc Welding with Low Hydrogen Ferritic Consumables

Quenched and Tempered （Q＆T） steels are widely used in the construction of military vehicles due to its high strength to weight ratio and high hardness. These steels are prone to hydrogen induced cracking （HIC） and softening in the heat affected zone （HAZ） after welding. The use of austenitic stainless steel （ASS） consumables to weld the above steel was the only available remedy to avoid HIC because of higher solubility for hydrogen in austenitic phase. Recent studies revealed that low hydrogen ferritic （LHF） steel consumables can also be used to weld Q＆T steels, which can give very low hydrogen levels in the weld deposits and required resistance against cold cracking. Hence, in this investigation an attempt has been made to study the performance of armour grade Q＆T steel joints fabricated by flux cored arc welding with LHF steel consumables. Two different consumables namely （i） austenitic stainless steel and （ii） low hydrogen ferritic steel have been used to fabricate the joints by flux cored arc welding （FCAW） process. The joints fabricated by LHF consumable exhibited superior transverse tensile properties due to the presence of ferrite microstructure in weld metal. The joints fabricated by ASS consumable showed higher impact toughness due to the presence of austenitic phase in weld metal microstructure. The HAZ softening in coarse grain heat affected zone （CGHAZ） is less in the joints fabricated using LHF consumable due to the lower heat input involved during fabrication compared to the joints fabricated using ASS consumables.

Erosion problem in tool steel using cold box core-making process

This paper presents the erosion results of the AISI H13 steel impinged by resin-bonded silica sand, using a testing rig that closely simulates the real blowing conditions during industrial core-making. Steel specimens were heat treated to obtain hardness of 294, 445 and 595 HV200 (29, 45 and 55 HRC). Erosion tests were carried out at impingement angles from 20° to 90° and air drag pressures of 1.38, 2.07 and 2.76 bar (20, 30 and 40 psi). The main results are summarized as follows:(i) The harder material, the lower erosion;(ii) the maximum erosion rate is at 30°;(iii) Little difference in erosion rate at impact angle of 60° and 90° for a constant pressure tested regardless of the hardness level;(iv) As the pressure increases, so does the erosion rate, being more sensitive for low impact angles. Finally, a differential form of the general erosion equation is applied on a practical core-making case to evaluate the erosion rate of the H13 steel at 30° and 90° impingement angles.

Study on arc characteristics and behavior of metal transfer in pulse current flux-cored arc welding of mild steel

The variation in arc characteristics and behavior of metal transfer with the change in pulse parameters has been studied by high speed video camera during pulse current flux-cored arc weld deposition.A comparative study of similar nature has also been carried out during flux-cored arc weld deposition in globular and spray transfer modes.The effect of pulse parameters has been studied by considering their mean current and arc voltage.The arc characteristics studied by its root diameter,projected diameter and length,and the behavior of metal transfer noted by the metal transfer model and the droplet diameter have been found to vary significantly with the pulse parameters.The observation may help in understanding the arc characteristics with respect to the variation in pulse parameters which may be beneficial in using pulse current FCAW to produce desired weld quality.

焊缝宽度对激光焊接Ⅰ-core全钢三明治板强度的影响

在自行设计的弯曲实验装置上,分别对焊缝宽度较窄和较宽的激光焊接Ⅰ-core全钢三明治板进行三点弯曲实验,并对其进行有限元模拟,分析焊缝宽度对三明治板强度的影响.结果表明:当载荷与挠度开始不再是线性关系时,接头上形成了第一个塑性铰,当载荷达到最大承载力时,接头发生开裂,三明治板完全失效.增加焊缝宽度,可提高Ⅰ-core三明治板的接头屈服载荷和最大承载力,同时失效形式也随之改变.在Ⅰ-core三明治板的强度设计和评价中考虑焊缝宽度是必要的.

考虑接头几何参数的I-core全钢三明治板的刚度分析

激光焊接I-core三明治板常用的刚度设计公式,没有考虑接头几何参数的影响,在实际应用中其准确性受到影响.通过外伸三点弯曲试验,对六种接头几何参数的I-core全钢三明治板的弯曲刚度和剪切刚度进行测量,并结合有限元计算,分析了接头几何参数对弯曲刚度和剪切刚度的影响.结果表明,增加焊缝宽度可显著提高弯曲刚度和剪切刚度,而焊缝宽度大于60%芯板厚度后,焊缝宽度对刚度的影响减小.间隙对刚度的影响可忽略.基于此结果,对三明治板设计时常用的刚度公式进行了修正.

激光焊接Web-core全钢三明治板的刚度分析

采用自行设计的满足简支条件的实验装置,对激光焊接Web-core全钢三明治板进行外伸三点弯曲试验,在弹性变形范围内测定左、右外伸端挠度、跨中挠度和载荷,并根据刚度分离法计算得到弯曲刚度和剪切刚度。试验测定的弯曲刚度为1.65×105N·m,剪切刚度为4.76×105 N·m。Web-core三明治板常用的3种刚度设计公式中都未考虑两芯板间面板的局部变形引起的挠度,从而计算的弯曲刚度比试验测定的值大,为试验值的5.2倍,剪切刚度比试验测定值小,为试验值的0.7倍。

通气孔对新型不锈钢芯管平压性能影响分析

不锈钢芯管作为不锈钢桥面芯板的重要传力构件,其平压力学性能与桥面板承载能力息息相关。因钎焊工艺要求,不锈钢芯管壁上开设有双通气圆孔。为研究双通气圆孔对不锈钢芯管平压性能的影响,开展2组不同厚度不锈钢芯管平压性能试验与有限元非线性屈曲分析。通过试验结果验证采用Riks弧长法进行不锈钢芯管非线性屈曲分析方法的正确性。并考虑圆孔直径d、偏心距e、芯管壁厚t等因素,建立不同规格不锈钢芯管模型,开展非线性屈曲分析,探究多参数协同作用下对不锈钢芯管平压性能的影响分析。研究结果表明:不锈钢芯管平压试验曲线表现出明显的非线性特征,分为弹性阶段、弹塑性阶段与塑性破坏阶段;通气孔、管端扳边处转角及管脚10 mm处易优先出现局部屈曲破坏;不锈钢芯管极限荷载Pu及其对应的压缩位移δ_(u)随孔径d、偏心距e的增加而减小,随壁厚t增加而增大;芯管极限荷载Pu受孔径d的影响大于受偏心距e的影响,增大孔径使芯管极限荷载Pu下降6.00%~15.51%,而增大偏心距使芯管极限荷载Pu下降0.64%~9.22%,芯管应规避在管身中部(e/H=0.5)开孔;当孔径比d/D≯0.04、偏心比e/H≯0.3时,通气孔对芯管极限承载力影响较小,对极限荷载下的压缩位移δ_(u)不产生影响,建议将其作为通气孔设计取值。研究中获得的临界值及变化规律可用于新型不锈钢桥面芯板结构设计与优化研究。

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-Cr Cast Iron Bars Reinforced Hadfield Steel Matrix Composites

To obtain the compatible material of high hardness and high toughness,Hadfield steel matrix composites,reinforced by high-Cr cast iron bars made of flux-cored welding wires,which were inserted into the Hadfield steel melt,were investigated.The mechanical properties of three materials,i e,composites for as-cast and quenching-water condition,as well as Hadfield steel,were compared.The results show that the alloy powder inside flux-cored welding wires can be melted by the heat capacity of Hadfield steel melt and solidify into high-Cr cast iron bars.The impact toughness of the composite for quenching-water condition is higher than that of the composite for as-cast condition and is lower than that of the Hadfield steel,but it can still meet the requirements of hardness and toughness in industrial application.Regardless of load variation,composite for quenching-water condition shows better wear resistance than those of the composite for as-cast condition and Hadfield steel.The modified fracture toughness and wear resistance of composites are attributed to not only the combining actions of Hadfield steel matrix and high-Cr cast iron bars,but also the effect of heat treatment.

带PBL剪力键的钢芯板混凝土组合剪力墙低周往复加载试验研究

为研究带PBL剪力键的钢芯板混凝土组合剪力墙的抗震性能,对1个型钢混凝土组合剪力墙和4个钢芯板混凝土组合剪力墙进行了循环往复加载试验;观察带PBL剪力键的钢芯板混凝土组合剪力墙在水平循环荷载下的破坏全过程,并分析该类剪力墙的滞回特征、变形能力、承载能力、耗能性能、刚度和强度退化能力。结果表明:钢芯板混凝土组合剪力墙的破坏模式主要为弯曲型破坏,滞回曲线较为饱满;配置钢芯板的剪力墙承载力、延性性能和耗能能力较优;PBL剪力键的构造方式可保证钢芯板与混凝土之间的黏结性能完好,PBL剪力键平放会导致剪力墙出现沿PBL剪力键的水平通缝,影响剪力墙承载能力的发挥,建议采用PBL剪力键竖放的构造形式。

Creep testing and viscous behavior research on carbon constructional quality steel under high temperature

Creep tests under at a certain temperature and different stress levels were performed on two carbon constructional quality steels at a certain stress level and different temperatures,and their creep curves at high temperature were obtained based on analyzing the testing data.Taking 45 steel at a certain temperature and stress as the example,the integral creep constitutive equation and the differential stress-strain constitutive relationship were established based on the relevant rheological model,and the integral core function was also obtained.Simultaneously,the viscous coefficients denoting the viscous behavior in visco-plastic constitutive equation were determined by taking use of the creep testing data.Then the viscous coefficients of three carbon steels(20 steel,35 steel and 45 steel) were compared and analyzed.The results show that the viscosity is different due to different materials at the same temperature and stress.

轻量化整体液压顶升式钢平台在宁波曼哈顿大厦项目中的应用

宁波曼哈顿大厦标准层核心筒采用自主研发的轻量化整体液压顶升式钢平台,其以刚性桁架结构为主体,顶部整体钢平台可安装集成布料机,并悬挂核心筒墙体模板及4~5层操作平台,通过全作业面防护保障了多作业面穿插作业。介绍了该钢平台安装、运行、拆除施工流程及重难点管理。实践表明,采用该钢平台施工,缩短了主要工序时间,从而有效缩短了核心筒标准层工期。

Metallurgical characteristics of armour steel welded joints used for combat vehicle construction

Austenitic stainless steel(ASS) and High nickel steel(HNS) welding consumables are being used for welding Q&T steels, as they have higher solubility for hydrogen in austenitic phase, to avoid hydrogen induced cracking(HIC) but they are very expensive. In recent years, the developments of low hydrogen ferritic steel(LHF) consumables that contain no hygroscopic compounds are utilized for welding Q&T steels. Heat affected zone(HAZ) softening is another critical issue during welding of armour grade Q&T steels and it depends on the welding process employed and the weld thermal cycle. In this investigation an attempt has been made to study the influence of welding consumables and welding processes on metallurgical characteristics of armour grade Q&T steel joints by various metallurgical characterization procedures. Shielded metal arc welding(SMAW) and flux cored arc welding(FCAW) processes were used for making welds using ASS, LHF and HNS welding consumables. The joints fabricated by using LHF consumables offered lower degree of HAZ softening and there is no evidence of HIC in the joints fabricated using LHF consumables.

基于漏磁检测的钢绳芯输送带励磁结构优化设计

为提高钢绳芯输送带无损检测装置的励磁效果,提出了一种将轴向励磁和径向励磁相结合的励磁装置结构,基于理论模型和有限元分析对新励磁结构关键参数做了优化设计。仿真结果显示,优化设计后,新励磁结构相较于传统结构增加了钢绳芯内部磁感线密度,钢绳芯输送带最大磁化强度提高约4.18%,饱和励磁长度提高约21.28%,励磁效果优于传统励磁结构。

Effect of welding processes and consumables on fatigue crack growth behaviour of armour grade quenched and tempered steel joints

Quenched and Tempered(Q&T) steels are widely used in the construction of military vehicles due to its high strength to weight ratio and high hardness. These steels are prone to hydrogen induced cracking(HIC) in the heat affected zone(HAZ) after welding. The use of austenitic stainless steel(ASS) consumables to weld the above steel was the only available remedy because of higher solubility for hydrogen in austenitic phase. The use of stainless steel consumables for a non-stainless steel base metal is not economical. Hence, alternate consumables for welding Q&T steels and their vulnerability to HIC need to be explored. Recent studies proved that low hydrogen ferritic steel(LHF) consumables can be used to weld Q&T steels, which can give very low hydrogen levels in the weld deposits. The use of ASS and LHF consumables will lead to distinct microstructures in their respective welds. This microstructural heterogeneity will have a drastic influence in the fatigue crack growth resistance of armour grade Q&T steel welds. Hence, in this investigation an attempt has been made to study the influence of welding consumables and welding processes on fatigue crack growth behaviour of armour grade Q&T Steel joints. Shielded metal arc welding(SMAW) and Flux cored arc welding(FCAW) were used for fabrication of joints using ASS and LHF consumables. The joints fabricated by SMAW process using LHF consumable exhibited superior fatigue crack growth resistance than all other joints.

钢丝绳芯传送带损伤的漏磁检测

钢丝绳芯传送带是用于输送物料的高强度传送带,广泛应用于采矿、建筑、冶金等领域,其在长时间运行后,内部钢丝绳会出现断丝、磨损等缺陷,影响生产安全。基于漏磁检测技术开展了钢丝绳芯传送带的损伤检测,首先建立了含有不同类型和不同截面积损伤的传送带漏磁检测有限元模型,分析了缺陷漏磁场空间分布特性和变化规律,然后在实验室条件下开展传送带漏磁检测试验,采用滑动平均降噪与小波降噪相结合的方法对检测信号进行降噪处理,降噪后的信号能够清晰地显示出缺陷损伤严重程度。仿真和试验结果表明,漏磁检测技术能够检测出钢丝绳芯传送带中不同类型和不同截面积的损伤,能够为传送带使用和维护提供决策依据。

乌兹别克斯坦9度区某超高层建筑结构设计与优化

对于9度设防地区的超高层建筑,其结构设计基本由地震作用控制,因此抗震设计尤为重要。建筑消能减震技术可在提高结构地震安全储备的同时,降低整体工程造价,是结构优化设计的有效措施。对位于9度区的超高层建筑进行了结构方案选型对比、结构方案优化、减震设计方案比选、剪力墙内嵌钢板优化。结果显示,钢骨混凝土框架⁃核心筒方案相对于钢框架⁃支撑方案具备更高的成本优势;框架⁃核心筒方案可通过精细化设计作进一步优化;在此基础上,对钢骨混凝土框架⁃核心筒方案采用两种消能减震方案进行比选,结果表明,采用黏滞阻尼器方案的结构抗震性能明显优于采用黏滞阻尼墙方案;最后通过增大剪力墙竖向分布钢筋配筋率,对低区核心筒墙肢中的内嵌钢板进行了优化。