Multi-population particle swarm optimization algorithm for automatic design of steel frames

Steel structures are widely used;however,their traditional design method is a trial-and-error procedure which is neither efficient nor cost effective.Therefore,a multi-population particle swarm optimization(MPPSO)algorithm is developed to optimize the weight of steel frames according to standard design codes.Modifications are made to improve the algorithm performances including the constraint-based strategy,piecewise mean learning strategy and multi-population cooperative strategy.The proposed method is tested against the representative frame taken from American standards and against other steel frames matching Chinese design codes.The related parameter influences on optimization results are discussed.For the representative frame,MPPSO can achieve greater efficiency through reduction of the number of analyses by more than 65% and can obtain frame with the weight for at least 2.4%lighter.A similar trend can also be observed in cases subjected to Chinese design codes.In addition,a migration interval of 1 and the number of populations as 5 are recommended to obtain better MPPSO results.The purpose of the study is to propose a method with high efficiency and robustness that is not confined to structural scales and design codes.It aims to provide a reference for automatic structural optimization design problems even with dimensional complexity.The proposed method can be easily generalized to the optimization problem of other structural systems.

Peak displacement patterns for the performance-based seismic design of steel eccentrically braced frames

Performance-based seismic design(PBSD) aims to assess structures at different damage states. Since damage can be directly associated to displacements, seismic design with consideration of displacement seems to be logical. In this study, simple formulae to estimate the peak floor displacement patterns of eccentrically braced frames(EBFs) at different performance levels subjected to earthquake ground motions are proposed. These formulae are applicable in a PBSD and especially in direct displacement-based design(DDBD). Parametric study is conducted on a group of 30 EBFs under a set of 15 far field and near field accelerograms which they scaled to different amplitudes to adapt various performance levels. The results of thousands of nonlinear dynamic analyses of EBFs have been post-processed by nonlinear regression analysis in order to recognize the major parameters that influence the peak displacement pattern of these frames. Results show that suggested displacement patterns have relatively good agreement with those acquired by an exact nonlinear dynamic analysis.

A new methodology for energy-based seismic design of steel moment frames

A procedure is proposed whereby input and hysteretic energy spectra developed for single-degree-of-freedom （SDOF） systems are applied to multi-degree-of-freedom （MDOF） steel moment resisting frames. The proposed procedure is verified using four frames, viz., frame with three-, five-, seven- and nine-stories, each of which is subjected to the fault- normal and fault-parallel components of three actual earthquakes. A very good estimate for the three- and five-story frames, and a reasonably acceptable estimate for the seven-, and nine-story frames, have been obtained. A method for distributing the hysteretic energy over the frame height is also proposed. This distribution scheme allows for the determination of the energy demand component of a proposed energy-based seismic design （EBSD） procedure for each story. To address the capacity component of EBSD, a story-wise optimization design procedure is developed by utilizing the energy dissipating capacity from plastic hinge formation/rotation for these moment frames. The proposed EBSD procedure is demonstrated in the design of a three-story one-bay steel moment frame.

Optimal seismic retrofit model for steel moment resisting frames with brittle connections

Based on performance-based seismic engineering, this paper proposes an optimal seismic retrofit model for steel moment resisting frames（SMRFs） to generate a retrofit scheme at minimal cost. To satisfy the acceptance criteria for the Basic Safety Objective（BSO） specified in FEMA 356, the minimum number of upgraded connections and their locations in an SMRF with brittle connections are determined by evolutionary computation. The performance of the proposed optimal retrofitting model is evaluated on the basis of the energy dissipation capacities, peak roof drift ratios, and maximum interstory drift ratios of structures before and after retrofitting. In addition, a retrofit efficiency index, which is defined as the ratio of the increment in seismic performance to the required retrofitting cost, is proposed to examine the efficiencies of the retrofit schemes derived from the model. The optimal seismic retrofit model is applied to the SAC benchmark examples for threestory and nine-story SMRFs with brittle connections. Using the retrofit efficiency index proposed in this study, the optimal retrofit schemes obtained from the model are found to be efficient for both examples in terms of energy dissipation capacity, roof drift ratio, and maximum inter-story drift ratio.

Optimal seismic design of reinforced concrete structures under timehistory earthquake loads using an intelligent hybrid algorithm

A reliable seismic-resistant design of structures is achieved in accordance with the seismic design codes by designing structures under seven or more pairs of earthquake records. Based on the recommendations of seismic design codes, the average time-history responses （ATHR） of structure is required. This paper focuses on the optimal seismic design of reinforced concrete （RC） structures against ten earthquake records using a hybrid of particle swarm optimization algorithm and an intelligent regression model （IRM）. In order to reduce the computational time of optimization procedure due to the computational efforts of time-history analyses, IRM is proposed to accurately predict ATHR of structures. The proposed IRM consists of the combination of the subtractive algorithm （SA）, K-means clustering approach and wavelet weighted least squares support vector machine （WWLS-SVM）. To predict ATHR of structures, first, the input-output samples of structures are classified by SA and K-means clustering approach. Then, WWLS-SVM is trained with few samples and high accuracy for each cluster. 9- and 18-storey RC frames are designed optimally to illustrate the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed IRM. The numerical results demonstrate the efficiency and computational advantages of IRM for optimal design of structures subjected to time-history earthquake loads.

Optimization of design parameters for controlled rocking steel braced dual-frames

A controlled rocking concentrically steel braced frame(CR-CSBF)is introduced as an alternative to conventional methods to prevent major structural damage during large earthquakes.It is equipped with elastic post-tensioned(PT)cables and replaceable devices or fuses to provide overturning resistance and dissipate energy,respectively.Although CR-CSBFs are not officially legalized in globally valid codes for new buildings,it is expected to be presented in them in the near future.The main goal of this study is to determine the optimal design parameters consist of the yield strength and modulus of elasticity of the fuse,the initial force of the PT cable,and the gravity load on the rocking column,considering different heights of the frame,spanning ratios and ground motion types for dual-configuration CR-CSBF.Nonlinear time-history analyses are performed in OpenSees.This study aims to define the optimal input variables as effective design parameters of CR-CSBFs by comparing four seismic responses consisting of story drift,roof displacement,roof acceleration and base shear,and also using the Euclidean metric optimization method.Despite the previous research,this study is innovative and first of its kind.The results demonstrate that the optimal design parameters are variable for various conditions.

Behavior of ductile steel X-braced RC frames in seismic zones

A satisfactory ductile performance of moment-resisting reinforced concrete concentric braced frame structures (RC-MRCBFs) is not warranted by only following the provisions proposed in Mexico’s Federal District Code (MFDC-04). The nonlinear behavior of low to medium rise ductile RC-MRCBFs using steel X-bracing susceptible to buckling is evaluated in this study. The height of the studied structures ranges from 4 to 20 stories and they were located for design in the lakebed zone of Mexico City. The design of RC-MRCBFs was carried out considering variable contribution of the two main lines of defense of the dual system (RC columns and steel braces). In order to observe the principal elements responsible for dissipating the earthquake input energy, yielding mappings for diff erent load-steps were obtained using both nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. Some design parameters currently proposed in MFDC-04 as global ductility capacities, overstrength reduction factors and story drifts corresponding to diff erent limit states were assessed as a function of both the considered shear strength and slenderness ratios for the studied RC-MRCBFs using pushover analyses. Additionally, envelopes of response maxima of dynamic parameters were obtained from the story and global hysteresis curves. Finally, a brief discussion regarding residual drifts, residual drift ratios, mappings of residual deformations in steel braces and residual rotations in RC beams and columns is presented. From the analysis of the obtained results, it is concluded that when a suitable design criterion is considered, good structural behavior of RC-MRCBFs with steel-X bracing can be obtained. It is also observed that the shear strength balance has an impact in the height-wise distribution of residual drifts, and an important “shake-down” eff ect is obtained for all cases. There is a need to improve design parameters currently proposed in MFDC to promote an adequate seismic performance of RC-MRCBFs.

基于新型耗能板提升钢框架节点抗震和抗连续倒塌能力

针对全焊节点在地震和连续倒塌条件下有限的抗倒塌能力,该文基于新型耗能板对其进行改进提升。首先通过试验、数值模拟和理论分析相结合的方法揭示了新型耗能板在单调荷载和循环荷载作用下的力学性能;进而通过新型耗能板与节点在地震作用和连续倒塌条件下的协同作用,给出了新型耗能板节点的设计方法。结果表明:新型耗能板在单调和循环荷载作用下的力学性能不同,在单调荷载作用下表现为受拉破坏,在循环荷载作用下表现为剪切破坏;通过算例分析表明,新型耗能板节点的抗震与抗连续倒塌设计方法是合理的;新型耗能板全焊节点在地震和连续倒塌条件下主要经历双塑性区域形成阶段和硬化阶段,其中新型耗能板全焊节点的抗震和抗连续倒塌性能的差异主要体现在硬化阶段;新型耗能板的增加可同时有效提高全焊节点在地震和连续倒塌条件下的承载力、变形和耗能能力。

高烈度区多层长悬挑钢结构设计

长安乐传媒港是十四届全运会重要配套项目,为南侧带3层大悬挑的不规则复杂结构,最大悬挑长度38.5m。主体结构采用钢结构框架-支撑体系,悬挑部分采用钢桁架结构。针对大悬挑结构设计难点开展了分析和研究;重点介绍了整体结构方案选型、结构整体分析结果以及结构抗震性能化设计结果;也重点介绍了单人行走激励和人群激励下悬挑钢桁架舒适度分析,考虑长悬挑结构安装过程、卸载顺序和楼板刚度形成次序的施工模拟分析,以及长悬挑对基础设计的影响。结果表明,本工程的多层长悬挑构结构具有较高的安全储备,整体结构具有良好抗震性能;长悬挑结构设计中需要特别关注施工过程的影响,基础设计时应考虑竖向构件受拉的不利影响。

基于性能的含可更换耗能梁段高强钢框筒结构抗震性能研究

含可更换耗能梁段的高强钢框筒结构(HSS-SFT-RSL)结合了耗能梁段耗能强、钢框筒抗侧刚度大、高强钢承载力高等优点,是一种抗震性能优良的结构体系.传统设计方法需要进行复杂的迭代和计算才能使结构达到预期性能目标,且无法较为准确地控制结构的塑性发展顺序和破坏模式,本文采用课题组提出的基于性能的塑性设计方法(PBPD)各设计一个30层HSS-SFT-RSL算例和含可更换剪切型耗能梁段的普通钢框筒结构(CS-SFT-RSL)算例,通过静力和动力弹塑性分析对比两算例的抗震性能.结果表明:采用PBPD法设计的两算例具有相似的顶点侧移角和破坏模式,HSS-SFT-RSL算例抗侧刚度略低,但极限承载力更高;在罕遇水准地震下,两算例各层耗能梁段均能参与耗能,层间侧移角沿结构高度分布均匀,避免了薄弱层,残余层间变形较小,有利于耗能梁段更换和结构震后功能的快速恢复.

基于多种群遗传算法的钢框架结构优化设计

传统的基于力学分析软件的结构设计方法存在效率低下、依靠专家经验等局限性,采用智能算法能实现高效的结构自动优化设计。然而,由于随机搜索特征,优化结果和收敛性高度依赖于算法的参数设置,需要通过试算来确定其合理取值,该方法会造成优化效率低、计算量大等问题。引入多种群协作和信息共享机制来改善此类问题,并研究其在结构优化设计中的适用性。利用MSC.Marc软件建立钢框架结构有限元模型,采用底部剪力法将地震作用等效为水平荷载施加到结构上,搭建有限元软件与智能算法的自动优化过程,以结构的总体材料用量最低为目标,考虑了层间位移角、应力比、构件稳定性和宽厚比等多种约束条件,以遗传算法为基础,通过适应度尺度变换、基于方向的交叉算子、非均匀变异算子、自适应概率、精英保留策略、重复项替代机制、基于约束的策略对其进行改进,引入多种群思想,对比多种算法优化结果的差异。结果表明:基于多种群的遗传算法能有效改善优化结果对算法参数的依赖性,提高结构优化设计的效率。

减震建筑钢结构框架优化设计研究

为充分利用粘滞阻尼器在钢结构框架中的能量耗散能力来降低建筑钢结构框架随地震振动的响应加速度,提出基于差分进化算法的减震钢结构框架优化设计新方法。该方法分两阶段执行:第一阶段,在不考虑楼层间相对位移约束前提下,对钢结构框架的梁和柱进行优化设计;第二阶段,在第一阶段获得的钢结构框架内安装粘滞阻尼器来控制钢结构框架对地震荷载的响应加速度,在第二阶段,考虑楼层间相对位移约束前提下优化粘滞阻尼器的阻尼系数。通过构架和求解一7层1跨度的减震建筑钢结构框架的优化设计问题,验证所提方法的有效性。验证结果表明,所提方法能将楼层间最大相对位移与楼层高度之比控制在不超过0.25%,且与已有方法相比,通过所提方法优化设计的建筑钢结构框架随地震振动的加速度明显降低。

金阳河特大桥超高桥墩设计关键技术

金阳河特大桥主桥为(106+2×200+115+40)m连续刚构桥,位于高山峡谷地带,桥址处50年超越概率10%地震烈度7.7度,5~7号主墩分别高113、196、182 m。针对横桥向抗震响应突出且墩高差异大的特点,主墩采用钢管混凝土组合墩,对墩高较大的6号、7号主墩横桥向双侧放坡,各主墩顺桥向尺寸保持恒定以方便施工,梁端设置粘滞阻尼器以实现顺桥向耗能减震;各主墩刚度经匹配设计,控制截面的地震响应达到合理比例。主墩为外包混凝土的四肢钢管混凝土柱及柱间腹板形成的箱形构造,竖向每间隔12 m设置1道钢筋混凝土横隔板;墩梁固结采用钢管混凝土柱置于主梁0号块腹板外侧的连接构造,钢管混凝土柱与承台连接采用承压板+PBL剪力键的构造。大桥整体结构计算结果表明:持久状况和E2地震作用下,钢管混凝土组合墩满足承载能力极限状态要求,主墩墩顶水平位移小于规范规定的变形容许值。主墩施工先安装钢管骨架,再采用液压爬模工艺施工钢管外包层和柱间腹板,研发了多点同步重型提升系统代替大型塔吊,以降低高空作业安全风险,节省施工费用。

寒冷地区模块化钢框架结构多目标优化设计方法

针对寒冷地区模块化钢框架结构节能性与经济性之间的矛盾问题,对模块化钢框架结构能耗和成本两个设计目标进行同步优化研究。根据模块化钢框架结构的特点进行参数化设计研究,提出在不同建筑尺寸下模块化钢框架结构的BIM模型自动建模方法;在Energyplus建筑能耗分析软件计算数据的基础上,采用多种机器学习算法进行建筑能耗预测,建立一种高效精确的建筑能耗预测模型;联立建筑能耗预测模型和建筑成本计算公式,在满足结构承载力的约束条件下,基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法进行模块化钢框架结构能耗和成本的多目标优化设计,生成帕累托最优解集。多目标优化设计方法解决了模块化钢框架结构“能耗+成本”的多目标一体化设计难题,推动了模块化钢框架结构的智能化升级,实现了模块化钢框架结构设计的快速高效化。

脱硝工程中偏心支撑钢结构的应用

脱硝钢结构的框架-中心支撑抗侧力体系有足够抗风需要的结构弹性刚度,在地震作用下,支撑设计不致屈曲则地震力过大,导致结构内力和基础反力过大,结构和基础总体造价偏高。如允许支撑在设防烈度及罕遇地震时屈曲降低地震作用,则支撑屈曲后性能退化,影响它的耗能能力使得结构缺失必要的抗侧刚度,结构有倒塌的安全问题。本文通过脱硝工程框架-偏心支撑体系在钢结构中的应用,论证了该结构体系弹性阶段满足多遇地震下的抗侧刚度和变形能力需求,罕遇地震下其消能梁段在结构中发挥了“保险丝”作用,在主体结构发生屈服前耗散大量的地震能量,避免支撑发生屈服,实现了罕遇地震下主体结构必要的安全要求。偏心支撑体系允许耗能梁段屈曲耗能,较大的减小了设防烈度和罕遇地震下结构的内力和支座反力,可在造价较低下满足结构安全性和经济性需求,说明了在高烈度地区偏心支撑技术在脱硝钢结构上有较好的推广价值。

TCL先进半导体显示产业总部项目结构设计

TCL先进半导体显示产业总部采用钢管混凝土柱+底部拱结构框架(钢梁)+钢筋混凝土核心筒结构体系,底部拱结构由上拱、下拱和拉梁组成,其中4个面的上拱转换15根外框柱,下拱仅承担2~4层楼面荷载,位于地下室顶板的拉梁来平衡拱结构水平推力,核心筒为双筒布置。通过对比拱桁架和单拱转换结构形式的受力特点,并综合考虑建筑效果、结构造价及施工可行性等因素,论述了本项目采用单拱转换结构形式的依据。结合项目的结构特点,制定相应的性能化设计目标,进行了小震、中震、大震的性能化验算,对大跨度楼盖进行舒适度验算,给出主要的钢结构节点做法。分析结果表明,本工程结构设计合理,整体性能满足设定的性能目标。

川南某换流站复杂堆积体边坡开挖变形机制及抗震加固效果评价

西南山区广泛分布的复杂堆积体边坡开挖变形机制对换流站建设具有重大制约作用。为解决白鹤滩—江苏某特高压输电工程换流站建设的紧迫需求,以拟建站址区堆积体边坡为研究对象,采用深部位移监测、原位试验和FLAC3D数值模拟相结合的手段,对该堆积体边坡开挖变形机制及不同设计方案、不同桩参数条件下的抗震加固效果进行评价,并分析其抗震加固机理。结果表明:①换流站“多成因类型土体”的复杂堆积体边坡开挖极易产生变形,失稳模式为“牵引式蠕滑-拉裂”;②开挖过程中形成的高陡临空面是导致此类堆积体边坡变形的主控因素,堆积体边坡土体的高水敏性是短历时强降雨后坡体变形加剧的内在诱因;③经过圆形抗滑桩和矩形抗滑桩两种边坡加固方案治理后,坡体变形量均显著降低,坡体内最大变形位置位于坡体中后部,堆积体边坡在天然、地震工况下的稳定系数均符合设计要求,采用矩形抗滑桩对此类型堆积体边坡的治理具有更高的抗滑支挡效益和经济效益;④地震工况下,抗滑桩桩顶变形最大,剪力和弯矩随着地震波的增加呈先增加后减小,最终达到最大值的变化趋势,最大弯矩值位于抗滑桩桩身约1/2处,边坡的支挡设计应结合桩身剪力、弯矩等分布规律进行。研究成果可为类似工程的设计和施工提供参考。

门式刚架轻型房屋钢结构设计的优化分析

从门式刚架的连接形式和特点两方面介绍门式刚架,阐述门式刚架轻型房屋钢结构的优势,探讨门式刚架轻型房屋钢结构的不足之处,并结合门式刚架轻型房屋钢结构的设计要点提出相应的优化措施,如优化结构构件、优化设计支撑系统、合理确定檐口高度及准确确定荷载。

高大超长单层钢结构刚架温度分析及优化设计

通过对某高大超长单层钢结构厂房建筑的主刚架进行温度作用计算及对比分析,解决了高大超长刚架结构设计的温度影响问题,分析了温度作用、风荷载对高大超长单层钢结构刚架设计的主要影响,并根据主要影响因素探讨了不同的结构方案,提出了高大超长单层钢结构刚架的优化设计思路。

钢混组合梁减隔震抗震优化设计分析

为确保钢混组合梁抗震设计性能最优,依托黄江跨航道主跨为138 m的大跨度槽型钢混组合连续梁桥,针对减隔震支座多参数进行优化研究,选择支座尺寸、铅芯直径以及硬化率作为分析参数,分别选取墩底纵向弯矩和横向弯矩两个指标作为目标函数,定义结构综合目标函数W。基于正交试验方法的参数分析,确定钢混组合梁桥抗震性能最优参数组合。采用极差分析法对W进行分析,获得结构设计参数对抗震性能的敏感性及显著性。结果表明,钢混组合梁桥抗震性能最优减隔震支座参数为:减隔震支座尺寸为1 300 mm×1 300 mm,铅芯直径为190 mm,硬化率为0.20,较原设计方案纵向墩底弯矩减小了41.9%,横向墩底弯矩减小了30.5%;参数敏感性程度由强到弱依次为支座尺寸、硬化率、铅芯直径。