Efficient Use of Steel Slag in Alkali-Activated Blast Furnace Slag Based Geopolymer

Energy shortage and the emission of greenhouse gases have become a global problem of urgent concern.Therefore,there is an urgent need to develop a low carbon building material.Geopolymers have become a hot topic due to their environmental sustainability and the feasibility of immobilizing industrial waste.In this paper,steel slag(SS)fines were investigated as auxiliary materials of blast furnace slag(BFS)based geopolymer.The hydration heat properties,flowability,compressive strength,sorptivity coefficient,X-ray diffraction(XRD),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)of the geopolymer pastes were determined.The results showed that the incorporation of SS weakened the reactivity of the BFS-based geopolymer paste and improved the flow values of the paste.The compressive strength of the geopolymer with 20%SS content reached 117 MPa at 28 d.The geopolymer specimens with high compressive strength showed a low sorptivity coefficient.The microscopic results showed that the addition of the appropriate amount of SS reduced the cracks,improved the density of the geopolymer,and produced a geopolymer composite with excellent mechanical properties.

Mechanisms of phosphate removal from aqueous solution by blast furnace slag and steel furnace slag

We report the adsorption of phosphate and discuss the mechanisms of phosphate removal from aqueous solution by burst furnace slag (BFS) and steel furnace slag (SFS). The results show that the adsorption of phosphate on the slag was rapid and the majority of adsorption was completed in 5~10 min. The adsorption capacity of phosphate by the slag was reduced dramatically by acid treatment. The relative contribution of adsorption to the total removal of phosphate was 26%~28%. Phosphate adsorption on BFS and SFS follows the Freundlich isotherm, with the related constants of k 6.372 and 1/n 1.739 for BFS, and of k 1.705 and 1/n 1.718 for SFS. The pH and Ca2+ concentration were decreased with the addition of phosphate, suggesting the formation of calcium phosphate precipitation. At pH 2.93 and 6.93, phosphate was desorbed by about 36%~43% and 9%~11%, respectively. These results indicate that the P adsorption on the slag is not completely reversible and that the bond between the slag particles and adsorbed phosphate is strong. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of BFS and SFS before and after phosphate adsorption verify the formation of phosphate salts (CaHPO4·2H2O) after adsorption process. We conclude that the removal of phosphate by BFS and SFS is related to the formation of phosphate calcium precipitation and the adsorption on hydroxylated oxides. The results show that BFS and SFS removed phosphate nearly 100%, indicating they are promising adsorbents for the phosphate removal in wastewater treatment and pollution control.

Effect of Steel Slag and Granulated Blast-furnace Slag on the Mechanical Strength and Pore Structure of Cement Composites

Reuse of solid industrial wastes is an effective approach to develop low-carbon construction materials. This paper examines how two materials, steel slag（ST） and granulated blast-furnace slag（SL） impact the mechanical performance and pore structure of cement-based systems. Analysis was done on the variations of the porosity, pore size, and pore volume distribution with the curing age and replacement content, and the fractal dimensions of pore surfaces. The results suggested that systems with both supplementary materials had lower early strengths than pure cement, but could generally surpass pure cement paste after 90 d; higher SL content was particularly helpful for boosting the late strengths. The addition of ST increased the porosities and mean pore sizes at each age, and both increased with ST content; SL was helpful for decreasing the system＇s late porosity（especially harmless pores below 20 nm）; The lowest porosity and mean pore size were obtained with 20% SL. Both systems had notably fractal characteristics on pore surfaces, with ST systems showing the highest dimensions at 10% ST, and SL systems at 20% SL. Compressive strength displayed a significant linear increase with fractal dimension.

Synthesis of (Ca, Mg)-α′-Sialon-AlN-BN powders from boron-rich blast furnace slag by microwave carbothermal reduction-nitridation

(Ca, Mg)-α′-Sialon-AlN-BN powders were synthesized by the carbothermal reduction and nitridation (CRN) method using boron-rich slag, one of the intermediate products from pyrometallurgy separation of pageit, as the staring material. The influences of synthesis temperature and holding time on the phase composition and microstructure during the microwave CRN were studied by XRD, SEM and EDS. The comparison between two heating techniques, conventional and microwave heating, on the synthesized powder was presented as well. The experimental results revealed that the phase compositions and microstructures of the synthesized products were greatly affected by the synthesis temperature and holding time. With an increase in the synthesis temperature or holding time, the relative amount of α′-Sialon increased and α′-Sialon became the main crystalline phase at 1400 °C for 6 h. The synthesized products also contained AlN, BN and a small amount of β-SiC. Elongated α′-Sialon grains, short rod AlN grains, aggregate nanoscale BN grains were observed in the synthesized powders. The reaction temperature of microwave heating method was reduced by 80 °C, the reaction time was shortened by 2 h, and more elongated α′-Sialon grains with large aspect ratio were observed.

Effects of Steel Slag Powder on Workability and Durability of Concrete

The workability and durability of a type of sustainable concrete made with steel slag powder were investigated. The hydrated products of cement paste with ground granulated blast furnace slag（GGBFS） alone or with a combined admixture of GGBFS-steel slag powder were investigated by X-ray diffraction（XRD）. Furthermore, the mechanism of chemically activated steel slag powder was also studied. The experimental results showed that when steel slag powder was added to concrete, the slumps through the same time were lower. The initial and fi nal setting times were slightly retarded. The dry shrinkages were lower, and the abrasion resistance was better. The chemically activated steel slag powder could improve compressive strengths, resistance to chloride permeation and water permeation, as well as carbonization resistance. XRD patterns indicated that the activators enhanced the formation of calcium silicate hydrate（C-S-H） gel and ettringite（AFt）. This research contributes to sustainable disposal of wastes and has the potential to provide several important environmental benefi ts.

Influence of aluminium nitride as a foaming agent on the preparation of foam glass-ceramics from high-titanium blast furnace slag

To effectively reuse high-titanium blast furnace slag （TS）, foam glass-ceramics were successfully prepared by powder sintering at 1000℃. TS and waste glass were used as the main raw materials, aluminium nitride （AIN） as the foaming agent, and borax as the fluxing agent. The influence of the amount of A1N added （lwt%-5wt%） on the crystalline phases, microstructure, and properties of the produced foam glass-ceramics was studied. The results showed that the main crystal phases were perovskite, diopside, and augite. With increasing A1N content, a transformation from diopside to augite occurred and the crystallinity of the pyroxene phases slightly decreased. Initially, the aver- age pore size and porosity of the foam glass-ceramics increased and subsequently decreased; similarly, their bulk density and compressive strength decreased and subsequently increased. The optimal properties were obtained when the foam glass-ceramics were prepared by adding 4wt% AIN.

Evaluating Simultaneous Impact of Slag and Tire Rubber Powder on Mechanical Characteristics and Durability of Concrete

In this experimental study,the impact of Portland cement replacement by ground granulated blast furnace slag(GGBFS)and micronized rubber powder(MRP)on the compressive,flexural,tensile strengths,and rapid chloride migration test(RCMT)of concrete were assessed.In this study,samples with different binder content and water to binder ratios,including the MRP with the substitution levels of 0%,2.5%and 5%,and the GGBFS with the substitution ratios of 0%,20%and 40%by weight of Portland cement were made.According to the results,in the samples containing slag and rubber powder in the early ages,on average,a 12.2%decrease in the mechanical characteristics of concrete was observed,nonetheless with raising the age of the samples,the impact of slag on reducing the porosity of concrete lowered the negative impact of rubber powder.Regarding durability characteristics,the RCMT results of the samples were enhanced by using rubber powder because of its insulation impact.Moreover,adding slag into the MRP-included mixtures results in a 23%reduction in the migration rate of the chloride ion averagely.At last,four mathematical statements were derived for the mechanical and durability of concrete containing the MRP and GGBFS utilizing the genetic programming method.

Effect of Glass Powder on Chloride Ion Transport and Alkali-aggregate Reaction Expansion of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete

The effects of glass powder on the strength development, chloride permeability and potential alkali-aggregate reaction expansion of lightweight aggregate concrete were investigated. Ground blast furnace slag, coal fly ash and silica fume were used as reference materials. The re- placement of cement with 25% glass powder slightly decreases the strengthes at ？ and 28 d, but shows no effect on 90 d＇s. Silica fume is very effective in improving both the strength and chloride penetration resistance, while ground glass powder is much more effective than blast furnace slag and fly ash in improving chloride penetration resistance of the concrete. When expanded shale or clay is used as coarse aggregate, the concrete containing glass powder does not exhibit deleterious expansion even if alkali-reactive sand is used as fine aggregate of the concrete.

钢渣-矿渣基胶凝材料的协同水化机理

通过胶砂强度试验及X射线衍射仪(XRD)、热失重分析(TG-DTG)、扫描电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)等微观测试技术,对不同配合比钢渣-矿渣基胶凝材料的力学性能、水化产物及其水化硬化过程进行了研究.结果表明:当胶凝材料的n(CaO+MgO)/n(SiO2+Al2O3)=0.90时,其水化后期有较多的水化硅酸钙、水化铝酸钙凝胶生成,微观结构更加致密,力学性能表现最优,28 d抗压强度和抗折强度分别达到20.20、7.25 MPa;pH值的变化反映出协同水化效应的关键在于钢渣活性矿物的溶解和矿渣的二次火山灰反应,钢渣和矿渣的最佳配合比可以保证水化程度有较高的水平.

多元固废地聚合物的制备与性能研究

为实现尾矿等固废材料的再生利用,提高工业固废利用率,以铝土矿尾矿、矿渣和陶瓷粉为原料,NaOH-Na_(2)SiO_(3)复合溶液为碱激发剂合成多元固废地聚合物,研究复合激发剂在不同碱当量时对地聚物抗压强度的影响,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和扫描电镜(SEM)探究影响机理。结果表明,随着复合激发剂碱当量的增加,地聚物各龄期抗压强度呈先增大后减小的趋势,当复合激发剂碱当量为5%时,制品28 d抗压强度达到最佳值,为63.3 MPa。适当增加碱当量对抗压强度有利,但碱当量过大会导致抗压强度降低。微观分析表明,不同碱当量合成的地聚物均发生了一定程度的聚合反应,并生成了以水化硅铝酸钙(C-A-S-H)为主的无定形水化产物,聚合反应程度随着碱当量的增加而增大,微观结构则表现为基体更均匀致密。

水工混凝土掺合料特性及石灰石粉水化机理研究

利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、压汞等材料分析手段,系统研究了石灰石粉、粉煤灰、磨细矿渣三种水工混凝土常用掺合料的矿物组成、表面特性,以及二元、三元胶凝材料体系的水化机理。结果表明,石灰石粉颗粒表面粗糙,促进水泥早期水化,微弱参与反应并生成水化碳铝酸钙,但不具有火山灰活性,石粉对水泥石中孔径在20~100 nm范围的孔隙影响较大,提高石粉掺量,该范围的孔隙增多,硬化浆体孔结构变差。粉煤灰中含有大量的球形颗粒,颗粒表面致密光滑,含有大量玻璃体,将粉煤灰与石粉复合双掺,粉煤灰的火山灰效应能够优化浆体孔结构。

钢渣粉对高强混凝土力学性能和耐久性的影响

超细矿渣是制备高强混凝土的优质矿物掺合料,但是超细矿渣水化放热量较大、凝结较快,不利于高强混凝土的强度和耐久性发展。而钢渣粉具有延缓水泥水化、降低水化放热的作用,可以充当“缓凝剂”。通过在高强混凝土中复掺钢渣粉和超细矿渣,研究了钢渣粉对高强混凝土性能的影响。结果表明复掺15%钢渣粉时初凝时间和终凝时间分别比纯水泥组延长53.0%和35.9%。同时早期强度降低,但与超细矿渣复掺后28 d和90 d强度分别为77.3 MPa和84.6 MPa,比对照组高4.3%和8.6%。此外,钢渣粉有效降低了高强混凝土的绝热温升和自收缩率。单掺15%超细矿渣时7 d自收缩率为1189.63×10^(-6),约为纯水泥组的2.5倍;复掺15%钢渣粉时自收缩率为211.62×10^(-6),比纯水泥组降低了52%。复掺钢渣粉的高强混凝土与纯水泥制备的混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性等级均为“低”。

空气和钛精矿对含钛混合熔渣钙钛矿富集行为的影响

采用XRD、SEM、EDS、Image-J等分析手段,探讨空气和钛精矿对含钛熔渣中钛资源富集行为的影响。通过对含钛混合熔渣改性,熔渣中钙钛矿晶体形状发生变化,降低钙钛矿晶体运动阻力,方便上部钙钛矿晶体向下部迁移和富集,得到高品位人造钙钛矿精矿。结果表明:合适的氧化时间有利于熔渣中的低价钛向高价钛转化,适量的添加钛精矿有利于促进钙钛矿晶体的成核,以球形晶体析出。因此,在较佳氧化时间2 min和较佳钛精矿添加量12%共同作用下,Ti组分以球形钙钛矿晶体富集于改性渣底部,钙钛矿体积分数由25.12%增加到61.50%。

粒化高炉矿渣粉沥青混合料路用性能研究

为了拓宽废弃粒化高炉矿渣的利用途径,文中采用不同比例的粒化高炉矿渣粉代替矿粉后,进行AC-13C沥青混合料配合比设计,并对其高温稳定性、水稳定性和低温抗裂性等路用性能进行对比分析。结果表明,将粒化高炉矿渣粉作为填料应用于沥青混合料中,提高了沥青混合料的高温稳定性和高温水稳定性,但降低了其低温水稳定性。当粒化高炉矿渣粉替代率不超过50%时,沥青混合料的低温抗裂性可以得到提高,而当粒化高炉矿渣粉替代率超过75%时,沥青混合料的低温抗裂性降低。综合分析结论得出,AC-13C沥青混合料的粒化高炉矿渣粉替代率不超过50%。

钢铁冶金废渣活化过硫酸盐降解丁基黄药

以钢铁冶金废渣(钢渣、含钛高炉渣、提钒尾渣)活化过硫酸盐降解水中的丁基黄药.分析了废渣种类与用量、过硫酸盐浓度、初始pH等因素对丁基黄药降解效能的影响,采用双因素方差分析揭示了不同因素之间的交互特征.结果表明丁基黄药的降解率随废渣用量和过硫酸盐浓度增加而增大.在废渣用量1 g/L,过硫酸盐浓度为0.5 mmol/L,反应时间96 h时,钢渣、含钛高炉渣、提钒尾渣活化过硫酸钠对丁基黄药的降解率分别可达96.47%,97.70%和95.12%.三种废渣活化效能分别在碱性、近中性和酸性条件下达到最优.其中钢渣活化以非自由基(^(1)O_(2))和SO_(4)·-,HO·共同作用;含钛高炉渣以^(1)O_(2)为主,伴随着HO·的产生;提钒尾渣则仅以^(1)O_(2)为主.

磷石膏协同多元固废制备矿山充填材料

为解决磷石膏利用率低、对环境危害大与低成本矿山充填材料研制的问题,本文以粉煤灰、钢渣、高炉矿渣为胶凝材料组分,协同磷石膏制备一种新型的磷石膏基矿山充填材料。通过抗压强度、流动度、凝结时间、浸出毒性和微观试验研究了充填材料的工程与环境特性。结果表明:所研制的矿山充填材料的抗压强度、流动度、凝结时间均能满足规范,达到工程应用需求;在养护28 d后,充填材料的重金属元素的浸出浓度都可以满足地下水Ⅲ级标准的要求,不会污染环境和危害人体健康。当钢渣和高炉矿渣的掺量逐渐增加时,抗压强度逐渐升高,流动度和凝结时间逐渐降低;充填材料中主要的水化产物是钙矾石和C—(A)—S—H凝胶,两者都为充填材料提供了主要的强度,且C—(A)—S—H凝胶可以包裹住重金属离子。

三元地质聚合物力学性能和微观结构研究

使用粉煤灰、矿粉和不锈钢渣粉制备三元地质聚合物,开展了原料配比、碱激发剂含量以及水玻璃模数对地质聚合物力学性能的影响,并利用SEM、EDS和XRD对试样进行了微观结构和物相成分分析。结果表明:在粉煤灰基础上,矿粉和不锈钢渣粉的添加降低了惰性晶体峰的强度,提高了试样的Si/Al,宏观表现为力学性能提高,当粉煤灰、矿粉和不锈钢渣粉占比为80%、60%、40%时,试样28 d抗压强度达到70.1 MPa;三元地质聚合物的抗压强度随着碱激发剂含量和模数的增加先提高后降低,同时抗压强度的提高会导致抗折强度降低试样变脆,且易出现收缩裂纹;与水泥相比,三元地质聚合物晶相主要为原料中未反应的惰性物质以及新生成的钠沸石和钙沸石,非晶相主要为C-S-H和N(C)-A-S-H共存产物。

细粒级钢渣在混凝土掺合料中的应用

将钢渣粉(0~10mm)通过破碎、筛分、磁选获得85%的细粒级钢渣(≤4.75mm),并将细粒级钢渣粉、细粒级铁渣粉(≤4.75mm)和石灰按照45∶45∶10的比例混合后共同粉磨时台时产量提高1t。将其用于混凝土C30、C40和C50掺和料试验,和易性均较好,坍落度均相近,C40和C50相比提高3.23%和2.37%。针对细粒级钢渣的加工工艺应通过预筛分将全部的颗粒料送入破碎工序,可提高颗粒物料的破碎率。同时,将筛下物料一同经过弱磁脱铁(1 000高斯),可获得高品位磁选料和回收率大于90%的细粒级钢渣。

高炉矿渣砂和再生粗骨料配合比对混凝土性能的影响分析

针对再生骨料混凝土所面临的耐久性及强度不足的问题,设计多种配比的混凝土试样,引入不同含量的高炉矿渣砂与再生骨料进行复合改性。通过对各组试样进行系统的性能评估,分析高炉矿渣砂与再生粗骨料的复合使用对混凝土抗冻融性、抗压强度及泌水性的影响。研究结果表明,经过28 d养护,掺入高炉矿渣砂和再生粗骨料的混凝土的抗压强度已与常规混凝土的抗压强度相当。采用高炉矿渣砂替代50%破碎砂所制备的混凝土的抗冻融性能和泌水性能得到显著提升。

再生粗骨料和高炉矿渣砂配合比对混凝土性能的影响分析

再生骨料混凝土造价相对低廉,环保性能优异,在各类建筑工程中具有广泛应用价值,但工程实践中由于其耐久性较低、强度水平较差,导致难以得到广泛应用。为解决这一问题,设计几种不同高炉矿渣砂和再生骨料配合比添加到混凝土中,设计实验探究各组混凝土性能差异,分析添加高炉矿渣砂、再生粗骨料的改性混凝土抗冻融性能、抗压强度性能和泌水性能差异。实验结果显示,使用高炉矿渣砂和再生粗骨料制备的混凝土相较普通混凝土而言,养护龄期为28 d时抗压强度已经十分接近,另外采用高炉矿渣砂替代50%天然骨料碎砂石和再生粗骨料制备所得混凝土抗冻融性能和泌水性能得到显著改善。