Relationship between electrochemical characteristics and SCC of X70 pipeline steel in an acidic soil simulated solution

Stress corrosion cracking （SCC） of X70 pipeline steel in simulated solution of the acidic soil in Yingtan in China was investigated using slow strain rate test （SSRT）, SEM and potentiodynamic polarization technique. Experiment results indicate that X70 steel is highly susceptible to SCC as applied potential reduces, which is manifested in loss of toughness and brittle fracture. Constaat polarization current can detect the occurrence of SCC. The lower the polarization current is the sooner stress corrosion cracking occurs. The SCC mechanisms are different at varying potentials. When potential is higher than open circuit potential, anodic process controls SCC, whereas when potential is far lower than open circuit potential, cathodic process controls SCC, and between these two potential regions, a combined electrochemical process controls the SCC. Stress or strain has a synergistic effect with electrochemical reactions to accelerate the cathodic hydrogen evolution process, which makes the X70 pipeline steel to be more susceptible to SCC.

Soil Plug Effect Prediction and Pile Driveability Analysis for Large-Diameter Steel Piles in Ocean Engineering

Long steel piles with large diameters have been more widely used in the field of ocean engineering. Owing to the pile with a large diameter, soil plug development during pile driving has great influences on pile driveability and bearing capacity. The response of soil plug developed inside the open-ended pipe pile during the dynamic condition of pile-driving is different from the response under the static condition of loading during service. This paper addresses the former aspect. A numerical procedure for soil plug effect prediction and pile driveabihty analysis is proposed and described. By taking into consideration of the pile dimension effect on side and tip resistance, this approach introduces a dimensional coefficient to the conventional static eqnihbrium equations for the plug differential unit and proposes an improved static equity method for the plug effect prediction. At the same time, this approach introduces a simplified model by use of one-dimensional stress wave equation to simulate the interaction between soil plug and pile inner wall. The proposed approach has been applied in practical engineering analyses. Results show that the calculated plug effect and pile driveabihty based on the proposed approach agree well with the observed data.

Steel Slag as an Iron Fertilizer for Corn Growth and Soil Improvement in a Pot Experiment

The feasibility of steel slag used as an iron fertilizer was studied in a pot experiment with corn. Slag alone or acidified slag was added to two Fe-deficient calcareous soils at different rates. Results showed that moderate rates (10 and 20 g kg-1) of slag or acidified slag substantially increased corn dry matter yield and Fe uptake. Application of steel slag increased the residual concentration of ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA) extractable Fe in the soils. The increase of extractable Fe was usually proportional to the application rate, and enhanced by the acidification of slag. Steel slag appeared to be a promising and inexpensive source of Fe to alleviate crop Fe chlorosis in Fe-deficient calcareous soils.

Effect of deteriorated microstructures on stress corrosion cracking of X70 pipeline steel in acidic soil environment

In order to investigate stress corrosion cracking （SCC） of X70 pipeline steel and its weld joint area in acidic soil environ- ment in China, two simulating methods were used： one was to obtain bad microstructures in heat affected zone by annealing at 1300 ℃ for 10 min and then, quenching in water; the other was to get different simulating solutions of acidic soil in Yingtan in south- east China. The SCC susceptibilities of X70 pipeline steel before and after quenching in the simulating solutions were analyzed using slow stain rate test （SSRT） and potentiodynamic polarization technique to investigate the SCC electrochemical mechanism of different microstructures further. The results show that SCC appears in the original microstructure and the quenched microstructure as the polarization potential decreases. Hydrogen revolution accelerates SCC of the two tested materials within the range of-850 mV to -1200 mV vs. SCE. Microstructural hardening and grain coarsening also increase SCC. The SCC mechanisms are different, anodic dissolution is the key of causing SCC as the polarization potential is higher than the null current potential, and hydrogen embrittlement will play a more important role to SCC as the polarization potential lower than the null current potential.

CORROSION OF 1Cr13 STAINLESS STEEL IN SOILS

The network of soil corrosion of China, initiated in 1989 a soil burial program in representative corrosive soils utilizing 2 stainless steels(1Cr13 and 1Cr18Ni9Ti), The test soil sites contained acid, neutral, and alkaline soils. This report contains the results of 1Cr13 stainless steel obtained for specimens buried in the soils for up to 1,3,5 years.The results shown, there is slight corrosion of 1Cr13 stainless steel in acid or neutral soils and severe pitting corrosion in alkaline soils. The total contents of Cl and SO 4 2 in soils was the most important factor determining the corrosion behavior of 1Cr13 stainless steel in soils. The weight loss of 1Cr13 increases with the growing of the total contents of Cl and SO 4 2 in soils.

Remediation of Steel Slag on Acidic Soil Contaminated by Heavy Metal

The technology of in situ immobilization with amendments is an important measure that remediates the soil contaminated by heavy metals, and selecting economical and effective amendments is the key. The effects and mechanism of steel slag, the silicon-rich alkaline byproduct which can remediate acidic soil contaminated by heavy metal, are mainly introduced in this paper to provide theory reference for future research. Firstly, the paper analyzes current research situation of in situ immobilization with amendments. Then, it introduces the main physicochemical properties of steel slag, and the effect on soil pH value as well as heavy metal activity. Besides, the paper elaborates the promoting effect on silicon-requiring plant and the strengthening mechanism for its resistant capability of heavy metal. According to the analysis, the application of steel slag could be a potential valuable strategy to remediate acidic soil contaminated by heavy metal by modifying the transformation of heavy metals in both soil and plant, so that the translocation of heavy metal in food chain is reduced.

Seismic responses of the steel-strip reinforced soil retaining wall with full-height rigid facing from shaking table test

To investigate the seismic response of the steel-strip reinforced soil retaining wall with fullheight rigid facing in terms of the acceleration in the backfill, dynamic earth pressure in the backfill, the displacements on the facing and the dynamic reinforcement strain distribution under different peak acceleration, a large 1-g shaking table test was performed on a reduced-scale reinforced-earth retaining wall model. It was observed that the acceleration response in non-strip region is greater than that in potential fracture region which is similar with the stability region under small earthquake,while the acceleration response in potential fracture region is greater than that in stability region in middle-upper of the wall under moderately strong earthquakes. The potential failure model of the rigid wall is rotating around the wall toe. It also was discovered that the Fourier spectra produced by the inputting white noises after seismic wave presents double peaks, rather than original single peak, and the frequency of the second peak trends to increase with increasing the PGA(peak ground amplitude) of the excitation which is greater than 0.4 g. Additionally,the non-liner distribution of strip strain along the strips was observed, and the distribution trend was not constant in different row. Soil pressure peak value in stability region is larger than that in potential fracture region. The wall was effective under 0.1 g-0.3 g seismic wave according to the analyses of the facing displacement and relative density. Also, it was discovered that the potential failure surface is corresponds to that in design code, but the area is larger. The results from the study can provide guidance for a more rational design of reinforced earth retaining walls with full-height rigid facing in the earthquake zone.

Development of Steel Slag-Based Solidification/Stabilization Materials for High Moisture Content Soil

To solve the problems of high moisture content,high viscosity,and poor engineering mechanical properties of soil,this paper using with steel slag(SS)and desulfurization ash(DS)as initial raw materials,realizing the coop-erative treatment of solid waste and solidification of silt soil.The synergistic utilization of SS and DS can reduce the production cost of curing agent and promote its own consumption.According to blended cement of various SS contents and inspected compressive strength performances,the most suitable raw materials ratio was selected.The best formula for this curing agent is cement:steel slag=3:7 with 5%DS,and its 28-day compressive strength can reach 30 MPa.The experiment shows that the effect of DS and Na_(2)SO_(4) reagent with the same quality on early compressive strength improvement of cement and SS system is not much different.In this study,the mineral composition and microstructure of different gel system blocks were characterized by XRD,SEM and EDX,and a large number of webbed structures were found in the SEM test,which was not seen in previous studies.Besides,unconfined compressive strength(UCS),water resistance,and toxic characteristic leaching procedure(TCLP)were used to evaluate silt solidified soil properties.The results demonstrated that the solidified silt could meet not only the standard of general subgrade;but also has a partial stabilization effect of heavy metal ions.

Physicochemical Characteristics of Soil Moisture and Their Effects on the Corrosion Behavior of Buried Mild Steel in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria

Soil moisture collected from three locations, namely University of Calabar (UNICAL), Calabar municipal solid waste dumpsite (MSWD) and a mechanic workshop (MW) all within Calabar metropolis, Nigeria, were analyzed quarterly in a one year study at different depths (0.5 m and 1 m) for some physicochemical parameters. UV-visible spectrophotometer, titration and atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) were the employed analytical techniques. With the exception of chloride, all other parameters showed higher values with depth. Higher values for the analyzed parameters were generally reported for MSWD and this was largely the result of the presence of a variety of contaminants in this location. Microbial analysis of soil samples from the locations revealed the presence of SRB in MW, which could have possibly influenced the soil moisture chemistry of the location. Corrosion rate was calculated from weight loss measurements and the quarterly results were all for follow the trend: UNICAL < MW < MSWD. At the end of the 4th quarter, the corrosion rates at 0.5 m depth were 0.0057, 0.0070, and 0.0101 mm/hour for UNICAL, MW, and MSWD, respectively, while their corresponding values at 1 m depth were 0.0087, 0.0114, and 0.0128 μm/hour. The values were shown to increase with depth. R-mode factor analysis identified some important factors which could have been responsible for the variation in the chemistry of the soil moisture.

Numerical Comparative Study on the Effective Replacement Thickness of Traditional Stone Coarse Aggregate or Steel-Slag Aggregate Mixtures in Improved Soft Fine Soils

This study uses Steel Slag Coarse Aggregate (SSCA) as a mixture replacement, preamble material to improve soft soils, which is economic, and has good effect environment. Recently, the development and utilization of by-product, waste and recycle materials must be studied and investigated as a source of improved material for soft soils as, an economic and good effect environmental. The study analyzes effects of both replaced mixtures, (SSCA) or (TSCA) on improved soil bearing capacity and expected settlement after verifying the model. Numerical modeling of the one of real store loaded strip using, PLAXIS, 2D, strain deformation behavior to achieve field visible and measured deformations of untreated soft soil. Numerical studies were devolved to investigate geomechanics parameters improved to compare between using (SSCA) or (TSCA) as, replacement mixture. Results demonstrate that using (SSCA) improved compressibility and strength of shallow soft soil layer significantly than using (TCSA) mixture, while (SSCA) improved strip footing ultimate bearing capacity, (UBC), by 84.4% compared with increase of 20.5% when using (TCSA) mixture at the same thickness. In addition, the study highlights the effective (SSCA) replacement thickness ranges between (0.65 ~ 0.80) footing width.

HUW组合钢板桩在软土地基深基坑工程中的 适应性分析

目的:本研究旨在分析HUW组合钢板桩在软土地基深基坑工程中的结构适应性,以期为相似地区深基坑工程提供理论支持。方法:基于某软土地区科技产业园深基坑工程,运用ABAQUS有限元软件,通过增量法模拟实际开挖过程,计算正常开挖下的结构变形和土体位移,从而分析HUW组合钢板桩在实际工程中的结构可行性。结果:随着基坑的逐层开挖,基坑边缘的沉降值逐步增大,尤其在软土地基条件下,地表沉降现象更为明显。针对6.3米深基坑的开挖,HUW组合钢板桩的最大水平位移为22.78毫米,符合基坑施工规范的要求。结论:HUW组合钢板桩在实际工程中具备可行性,可为类似工程提供理论参考。但土体受侧向约束的影响,在边界区域会形成局部隆起,因此需对边坡边缘进行加固处理。

格栅式钢板桩与桩筏基础集成的基坑支护技术

针对软土地质基坑工程,提出格栅式钢板桩与桩筏基础集成的基坑支护技术,通过设置纵向双排钢板桩与横向钢板桩或钢板组成格栅式钢板桩,以提高支护结构强度与刚度,并与桩筏基础协同工作,以解决结构下部软土层承载力较差的问题,并提高支护结构稳定性。以某管廊工程为依托,通过计算分析与技术对比,论证集成支护技术的安全性与可行性。

深基坑斜直交替钢管桩复合土钉墙数值模拟分析

依托福建某医院的基坑工程实例,采用数值模拟方法,研究斜直交替钢管桩复合土钉墙支护结构的变形特征及其稳定性。结果表明:坡面水平位移最大变形出现在基坑“腰部”,设计时应适当加强此位置的变形控制;斜直交替钢管桩复合土钉墙支护体系安全可行,其较双排直立钢管桩复合土钉墙及单一土钉墙有更好的变形控制能力和更高的稳定性。

地下室顶板车行荷载简化计算及补强方法探索

通过调查分析施工荷载特性和地下室顶板极限承载力影响因素,利用荷载规范研究结论,简化地下室顶板车行荷载对顶板结构受力影响的计算方法,并以兰州市某高校公寓楼地下室顶板为研究对象进行实体验证。在顶板荷载设计基础上,通过顶板增加覆土、利用地下室顶板未拆除的钢管架支撑等措施,作为施工临时道路,可满足施工阶段施工车辆满载行车需要。在此基础上,综合分析评估了地下室顶板采取覆土及加固措施可行性及注意事项,为其它工程的后期建设施工提供了合理的计算方法和评估依据。

软土地层隧道围岩分区初期支护技术研究

软土地层通常具有较低的承载力和较高的压缩性,隧道开挖过程中极易发生变形和坍塌。为了控制围岩的变形和破坏,确保施工安全,提出软土地层隧道围岩分区初期支护技术。通过合理规划围岩压力监测点,采集压力数据;利用简化的锚杆、钢架及岩体结构面,构建初期支护本构模型;计算锚杆与钢架的最佳间距和长度,并以此为依据设计复合支护结构,实现围岩分区初期支护。结果表明:所提方法隧道沉降位移较小、塑性区分布面积较小。体现了支护技术的有效性,具有较好的应用价值。

正交试验法研究模拟土壤溶液中SO_(4)^(2-)、Cl^(-)和CO_(3)^(2-)对低碳钢腐蚀的影响

为了研究中性土壤中SO_(4)^(2-)、Cl^(-)和CO_(3)^(2-)3种离子对低碳钢腐蚀的影响,以中性土壤中3种阴离子的含量为基础,将3种离子作为实验因素,3种离子浓度作为水平,设计了正交试验。采用全浸实验,1 a后通过观测低碳钢的表面腐蚀形貌、分析腐蚀产物成分,并对腐蚀速率和点蚀深度进行极差分析。发现模拟土壤溶液中CO_(3)^(2-)含量低时,低碳钢表面的腐蚀产物主要是Fe_(3)O_(4)、α-FeOOH和γ-FeOOH,锈层松散易清除,低碳钢以整体腐蚀为主;CO_(3)^(2-)含量增高,低碳钢表面的腐蚀产物主要是Fe_(3)O_(4)和α-FeOOH,锈层致密不易清除,低碳钢发生点蚀。在中性土壤模拟溶液中3种阴离子对低碳钢腐蚀失重速率的影响排序为:SO_(4)^(2-)>Cl^(-)>CO_(3)^(2-),对低碳钢点蚀深度的影响排序为:CO_(3)^(2-)>SO_(4)^(2-)>Cl^(-)。中性土壤中,SO_(4)^(2-)对低碳钢的整体腐蚀影响最大,CO_(3)^(2-)对点蚀的影响最大。

杂填土地层深基坑微型桩-锚-撑组合支护体系受力特性原位试验

为深入研究杂填土地层深基坑桩-锚-撑组合支护体系受力特性,依托青岛市某深基坑工程开展微型桩-锚-撑原位试验,分析不同开挖工况下双排微型钢管桩桩身弯矩与预应力锚索轴力的演化规律,揭示该支护体系下前、后排桩的受力性状、预应力锚索应力分布特征,探讨邻近建筑物、基坑暴露时间及钢支撑拆除对该支护体系内力的影响。研究结果表明:1)在基坑开挖过程中,前排桩在受力中起主导作用;当开挖至基底时,桩身最大正、负弯矩极值呈现增大趋势,且极值点不断下移,开挖面以上桩身弯矩均呈正“S”型分布。2)开挖深度增加引起开挖面上、下1.0 m范围内桩身弯矩显著增大,前排桩桩身的反弯点分别位于钢支撑下方0.5 m、开挖面位置。3)在开挖过程中,锚索轴力沿埋深方向呈现减小趋势,锚固段前端1.5 m之后的轴力基本不变或呈微小波动。4)锚索锚固段应力高度集中在锚固段前端4.0 m以内的区域,约为锚固段长度的44%,锚固段末端基本未产生轴力,可对该段长度进行优化处理。5)邻近建筑物对微型钢管桩桩身受力影响较小;随着基坑暴露时间增加,桩身弯矩呈微小增长趋势;钢支撑拆除后,前排桩的弯矩变化集中在0.38H~0.96H(H为基坑开挖深度)。6)桩-锚-撑组合支护体系能够较好地限制基坑变形,选择合理的支撑预应力是该类基坑设计的关键。

平行磁场对含V型缺陷的管线钢的腐蚀行为影响

目的 研究平行磁场对含V型腐蚀缺陷的X70管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中的腐蚀行为影响。方法 利用失重法来计算含V型腐蚀缺陷的X70管线钢在不同平行磁场强度下的腐蚀速率。采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对V型槽槽内外腐蚀样貌及腐蚀产物进行分析,并分析出各腐蚀产物相对含量。结果 发现平行磁场的加入,加速了V型槽槽外的腐蚀,减缓了V型槽槽内的腐蚀。随着磁场强度的增加,平行磁场对V型槽槽外和槽内的促进及抑制作用加强,无磁场时V型槽槽外腐蚀产物为Fe_(2)O_(3),然而随着磁场强度的增加,V型槽槽外腐蚀产物Fe_(2)O_(3)的相对含量增多,单质Fe的相对含量减少。而V型槽槽内的腐蚀产物Fe_(2)O_(3)随着磁场强度的增加逐渐减少,并且在40 mT时腐蚀产物变化为Fe_(3)O_(4),70 mT时腐蚀产物变化为FeO。结论 平行磁场的存在加速了V型槽槽外腐蚀,抑制了V型槽槽内腐蚀,并随着磁场强度的增加,磁场对管线钢腐蚀的促进及抑制作用均增强。本文的研究结果对理解管线钢在磁场作用下的腐蚀失效行为有一定的参考价值。

梯形波纹钢明渠抗冻胀性能有限元模拟

为研究冻土环境中的梯形波纹钢明渠抗冻胀性能,建立了可精细模拟土-渠相互作用的实体-壳体三维空间有限元分析模型,提出了同时考虑含水率与温度的冻土弹性模量计算公式。通过考虑土体在不同月份的温度场变化,采用瞬态热传导模拟了实际升温、降温过程中的土-渠相互作用。合理考虑了含水率与温度对冻土弹性模量、冻胀系数、内摩擦角、黏聚力等本构参数的影响,研究了波纹钢明渠变形与应力的变化规律,分析对比了不同的土体类型与初始含水率、地下水埋深、横撑间距与截面尺寸、波纹钢壁厚与卷边宽度对变形和应力的影响。结果表明:波纹钢明渠可承受一定的水平冻胀作用;渠周土体初始含水率及地下水埋深对波纹钢明渠变形与应力的影响显著,当地下水位在波纹钢侧壁埋深的下半部分时尤为明显;为减小渠体变形,可采取在渠顶设置横向支撑、减小侧壁坡度、增大波纹钢壁厚或加宽卷边的措施,相比之下,前两种更为经济且有效,不过横撑规格需满足受压稳定性要求;设置横撑后,卷边可提供一定的侧向刚度;虽然加宽渠顶卷边对减小渠顶的横向变形有一定贡献,但在10~100 mm宽度范围内贡献不大;未设支撑的波纹钢明渠Mises应力整体低于钢材屈服强度,应力较大的部位多见于底边角部和底部位置,侧壁应力水平不高;设置横撑后,波纹钢渠体应力较大的部位由底部转移至侧壁及卷边,尤其在卷边与横撑的连接处,钢材可达到屈服状态。

暗棕壤中Cl-/SO42-质量比对镀锌钢和不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响

[目的]探究吉林地区暗棕壤中氯离子(Cl^(-))和硫酸根离子(SO_(4)^(2-))对典型接地材料腐蚀的影响。[方法]通过室内加速腐蚀试验考察不同Cl^(-)/SO_(4)^(2-)质量比下镀锌钢和不锈钢腐蚀速率的变化,采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜分析金属腐蚀产物的变化,探讨镀锌钢和304不锈钢的腐蚀机理。[结果]低浓度SO_(4)^(2-)的存在会促进Cl^(-)对镀锌钢的点蚀,SO_(4)^(2-)浓度高则能减缓Cl^(-)对镀锌钢的腐蚀。但镀锌层厚度有限,在强酸性环境下会因为快速溶解而逐渐失去防腐作用。与镀锌钢相比,304不锈钢在暗棕壤中的耐蚀性更优,但其成本更高,并且304不锈钢的点蚀随着Cl^(-)/SO_(4)^(2-)质量比的增大而加剧。[结论]镀锌钢较适用于温和的中性土壤环境。304不锈钢比镀锌钢更耐腐蚀,但不适用于腐蚀性阴离子含量高的土壤环境。