Ultimate negative bending-moment capacity of outer-plated steel-concrete continuous composite beams

Static load tests and bearing capacity analyses are carried out for two outer-plated steel-concrete continuous composite beams. The load-deflection curve and the load-strain curve of specimens are obtained and analyzed. The test results indicate that effective cooperation can be achieved by the shearresistant connection between the reinforcement in the negative moment area and the outer-plated steel beam, and the overall working performance of the composite beams is favorable. At the load-bearing limiting state, the plastic strain on the maximum negative and positive moment section becomes fully developed so as to form relatively ideal plastic hinges. With the increase in the reinforcement ratio, the moment-carrying capacity of the composite beams improves significantly, but the ductility of the beams and the rotation ability of the plastic hinges decrease. The formulae for calculating the limit bending capacity in the negative moment area of outer-plated steel-concrete composite beams are proposed based on the test data. The calculated results agree well with the test results.

Double-layer model updating for steel-concrete composite beam cable-stayed bridge based on GPS

In order to establish the relationship between the measured dynamic response and the health status of long-span bridges, a double-layer model updating method for steel-concrete composite beam cable-stayed bridges is proposed. Measured frequencies are selected as the first-layer reference data, and the mass of the bridge deck, the grid density, the modulus of concrete and the ballast on the side span are modified by using a manual tuning technique. Measured global positioning system （GPS） data is selected as the second-layer reference data, and the degradation of the integral structure stiffness EI of the whole bridge is taken into account for the second-layer model updating by using the finite element iteration algorithm. The Nanpu Bridge in Shanghai is taken as a case to verify the applicability of the proposed model updating method. After the first-layer model updating, the standard deviation of modal frequencies is smaller than 7%. After the second-layer model updating, the error of the deflection of the mid-span is smaller than 10%. The integral structure stiffness of the whole bridge decreases about 20%. The research results show a good agreement between the calculated response and the measured response.

Closed-form solution for shear lag effects of steel-concrete composite box beams considering shear deformation and slip

Based on the consideration of longitudinal warp caused by shear lag effects on concrete slabs and bottom plates of steel beams,shear deformation of steel beams and interface slip between steel beams and concrete slabs,the governing differential equations and boundary conditions of the steel-concrete composite box beams under lateral loading were derived using energy-variational method.The closed-form solutions for stress,deflection and slip of box beams under lateral loading were obtained,and the comparison of the analytical results and the experimental results for steel-concrete composite box beams under concentrated loading or uniform loading verifies the closed-form solution.The investigation of the parameters of load effects on composite box beams shows that:1) Slip stiffness has considerable impact on mid-span deflection and end slip when it is comparatively small;the mid-span deflection and end slip decrease significantly with the increase of slip stiffness,but when the slip stiffness reaches a certain value,its impact on mid-span deflection and end slip decreases to be negligible.2) The shear deformation has certain influence on mid-span deflection,and the larger the load is,the greater the influence is.3) The impact of shear deformation on end slip can be neglected.4) The strain of bottom plate of steel beam decreases with the increase of slip stiffness,while the shear lag effect becomes more significant.

A new 3-D element formulation on displacement of steel-concrete composite box beam

Slip of a composite box beam may reduce its stiffness, enlarge its deformation and affect its performance. In this work, the governing differential equations and boundary conditions of composite box beams were established. Analytic solutions of combined differential equations were also established. Partial degree of freedom was adopted to establish a new FEA element of three-dimensional beam, taking into account the slip effect. Slip and its first-order derivative were introduced into the nodes of composite box beams as generalized degree of freedom. Stiffness matrix and load array of beam elements were established. A three-dimensional nonlinear calculation program was worked out. The results show that the element is reliable and easy to divide and is suitable for special nonlinear analysis of large-span composite box beams.

Nonlinear finite element analysis of steel-concrete composite beams

Proposes a simplified finite element model for steel-concrete composite beams. The effects of slip can be taken into account by creating a special matrix of shear connector stiffness and using the iteration method. Meanwhile, the effect of material non-linearity of steel and concrete on rigidity and strength of composite beams is considered. With the age-adjusted effective modulus method, the analysis for the whole process of shrinkage and creep under long-term load can be performed. The ultimate load, deflection, stress and slip of continuous composite beams under short-term and long-term load are computed using the proposed finite element model. The numerical results are compared with the experimental results and existing values based on other numerical methods, and are found to be in good agreement.

Mechanical performance of shear studs and application in steel-concrete composite beams

This work experimentally investigates the effects of shear stud characteristics on the interface slippage of steel-concrete composite push-out specimens. ABAQUS is used to establish a detailed 3D finite element(FE) model and analyze the behavior of push-out specimens. The modeling results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Based on parametrical analysis using the validated FE approaches, the effects of important design parameters, such as the diameter, number, length to diameter ratio, and yield strength of studs, concrete strength and steel transverse reinforcement ratio, on the load-slip relationship at the interface of composite beams are discussed. In addition, a simplified approach to model studs is developed using virtual springs with an equivalent stiffness. This approach is demonstrated to be able to predict the load-displacement response and ultimate bearing capacity of steel-concrete composite beams. The predicted results show satisfactory agreement with experimental results from the literature.

The Study of Force and the Mechanical Characteristic of Incremental Launching Construction Method on a Steel-Concrete Continuous Beam Bridge

The usage of steel-mixed composite beams is quite extensive today.During an event of constructing steel-mixed composite bridges,the incremental launching construction method is generally adopted.This paper mainly analyzes the force of incremental launching construction on a steel-concrete continuous beam bridge,the classification of incremental launching construction,the application of incremental launching construction in steel-mixed composite beams,the temporary facilities existing in incremental launching construction as well as their existing problems.Lastly,the analysis of the stress of composite beams in incremental launching construction is described by using the reference for the construction of mixed composite continuous beam bridges provided.

Distortional buckling analysis of steel-concrete composite box beams considering effect of stud rotational restraint under hogging moment

Restrained distortional buckling is an important buckling mode of steel-concrete composite box beams(SCCBB)under the hogging moment.Rotational and lateral deformation restraints of the bottom plate by the webs are essential factors affecting SCCBB distortional buckling.Based on the stationary potential energy principle,the analytical expressions for the rotational restraint stiffness(RRS)of the web upper edge as well as the RRS and the lateral restraint stiffness(LRS)of the bottom plate were derived.Also,the SCCBB critical moment formula under the hogging moment was derived.Using twenty specimens,the theoretical calculation method is compared with the finite-element method.Results indicate that the theoretical calculation method can effectively and accurately reflect the restraint effect of the studs,top steel flange,and other factors on the bottom plate.Both the RRS and the LRS have a nonlinear coupling relationship with the external loads and the RRS of the web’s upper edge.Under the hogging moment,the RRS of the web upper edge has a certain influence on the SCCBB distortional buckling critical moment.With increasing RRS of the web upper edge,the SCCBB critical moment increases at first and then tends to be stable.

Bending Stiffness of Truss-Reinforced Steel-Concrete Composite Beams

This paper is concerned with a special steel-concrete composite beam in which the resisting system is a truss structure whose bottom chord is made of a steel plate supporting the precast floor system. This system works in two distinct phases with two different resisting mechanisms: during the construction phase, the truss structure bears the precast floor system and the resisting system is that of a simply supported steel truss;once the concrete has hardened, the truss structure becomes the reinforcing element of a steel-concrete composite beam, where it is also in a pre-stressed condition due to the loads carried before the hardening of concrete. Within this framework, the effects of the diagonal bars on the bending stiffness of this composite beam are investigated. First, a closed-form solution for the evaluation of the equivalent bending stiffness is derived. Subsequently, the influence of geometrical and mechanical characteristics of shear reinforcement is studied. Finally, results obtained from parametric and numerical analyses are discussed.

Experimental study on seismic behaviors of steel-concrete composite frames

Steel-concrete composite frames are seeing increased use in earthquake region because of their excellent structural characteristics, including high strength, stiffness, and good ductility. However, there exist gaps in the knowledge of seismic behavior and the design provisions for these structures. In order to better understand the seismic behaviors of composite frame systems, eight steel-concrete composite frames were designed. These composite frames were composed of steel-concrete composite beams and concrete filled steel tube columns. The axial compression ratio of column, slenderness ratio and linear stiffness ratio of beam to column were selected as main design parameters. The low reversed cyclic loading tests of composite frame system were carried out. Based on test results, the seismic behaviors of composite frames such as failure mode, hysteresis curve, strength degradation, rigidity degradation, ductility and energy dissipation were studied. Known from the test phenomenon, the main cause of damage is the out-of-plane deformation of steel beam and the yielding destruction of column heel. The hysteretic loops of composite frame appear a spindle shape and no obvious pinch phenomenon. The results demonstrate that this type of composite frame has favorable seismic behaviors. Furthermore, the effects of design parameters on seismic behaviors were also discussed. The results of the experiment show that the different design parameter has different influence rule on seismic behaviors of composite frame.

Dynamic Characteristics of Long -Span Steel -Concrete CompositeBeam Bridge Based on Vehicle -Bridge Coupling Effect

In order to investigate the effect of vehicle-bridge coupling on the dynamic characteristics of the bridge,a steel-concrete composite beam suspension bridge is taken as the research object,and a three-dimensional spatial model of the bridge and a biaxial vehicle model of the vehicle are established,and then a vehicle-bridge coupling vibration system is constructed on the basis of the Nemak-βmethod,and the impact coefficients of each part of the bridge are obtained under different bridge deck unevenness and vehicle speed.The simulation results show that the bridge deck unevenness has the greatest influence on the vibration response of the bridge,and the bridge impact coefficient increases along with the increase in the level of bridge deck unevenness,and the impact coefficient of the main longitudinal girder and the secondary longitudinal girder achieves the maximum value when the level 4 unevenness is 0.328 and 0.314,respectively;when the vehicle speed is increased,the vibration response of the bridge increases and then decreases,and the impact coefficient of the bridge in the middle of the bridge at a speed of 60 km/h achieves the maximum value of 0.192.

Identification of Connection Flexibility Effects Based on Load Testing of a Steel-Concrete Bridge

In the case of composite girders, an effective cooperation of both parts of the section is influenced by deformability of connectors. Limited flexural stiffness of welded studs, used commonly in bridge structures, does not provide full interaction of a steel beam and a concrete slab. This changes strain distribution in cross-sections of a composite girder and results in redistribution of internal forces in steel and concrete element. In the paper partial interaction index defined on the basis of a neutral axis position, which can be used for verification of steel-concrete interaction in real bridge structures rather than in specimens is proposed. The range of the index value changes, obtained during load testing of a typical steel-concrete composite beam bridge, is presented. The investigation was carried out on a motorway viaduct, consisting of two parallel structures. During the testing values of strains in girders under static and quasi-static loads were measured. The readings from the gauges were used to determine the index, characterizing composite action of the girders. Results of bridge testing under movable load, changing position along the bridge span is presented and obtained in-situ influence functions of strains and index values are commented in the paper.

CC-Link网在长治H型钢自动化系统上的应用

本文以长治H型钢控制系统为例,简单地介绍CC-Link在冶金行业轧制生产线上的应用,详细说明三菱CC-Link网在系统中的应用。

钢框架-偏心支撑结构消能梁暗置侧向支撑设计

在钢框架-偏心支撑结构中,针对钢结构住宅等建筑中不能接受常规消能梁侧向支撑的情况,设计了一种在消能梁段端部的楼板内设置型钢连接件及暗梁组成的暗置侧向支撑。有限元模拟分析表明,在规范规定的消能梁段下翼缘侧向水平荷载的作用下,该消能梁暗置侧向支撑能显著减小消能梁的扭转变形和侧向弯曲变形;在考虑消能梁上局部楼板失效的情况下,暗置侧向支撑也能提供消能梁合适的扭转约束刚度。通过某工程的原位静荷载试验,验证了该暗置支撑对消能梁发挥的预期侧向支撑作用。

钢-混凝土组合简支桥面连续结构横向应力分析

针对钢-混组合简支梁桥的桥面连续结构开裂等病害,围绕桥面连接板的横桥向应力问题,采用线弹性理论和板的偏微分方程进行分析,得出了桥面连接板挠度和应力的分布函数,建立非线性有限元模型,并进行实桥荷载试验.通过比较理论解、有限元解和实测试验结果,证实了理论解和有限元的有效性.根据得到的分布函数,发现横桥向和纵桥向上的最大拉应力出现在钢梁端部位置的连接板的上缘.此外,还分析了连接板区域尺寸变化对横桥向应力峰值的影响,包括纵梁端部距支座的长度、纵梁的间距以及连接板区域整体尺寸变化.结果表明:较小的纵梁间距和较长的纵梁端部与支撑之间的距离会导致连接板中的横向拉应力峰值增加,并提高横向拉应力在总应力中的占比,从而导致桥面连接板早于设计荷载开裂.因此对于纵梁间距较小、梁端长度较长的钢-混组合简支梁桥桥面连续结构,仅计算其纵桥向受力性能会导致计算结果偏危险,建议按照本文方法考虑横桥向应力对桥面连接板的影响.

连柱摇摆钢支撑抗震性能研究

为了提高连柱摇摆钢支撑的耗能能力,提出了支撑跨柱脚采用开椭圆孔截面的新型构造措施。采用有限元分析软件ABAQUS建立连柱摇摆钢支撑框架结构模型,进行了低周往复加载,对比分析了耗能连梁长度、框架跨度、框架高度等不同设计参数对结构抗震性能的影响。分析结果表明:连柱摇摆钢支撑主要由耗能连梁及耗能柱脚进入塑性来耗散能量,结构具有合理的破坏模式;连柱摇摆钢支撑结构具有较好的耗能能力,滞回曲线为饱满的梭形;结构的极限承载能力随着耗能连梁长度的增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,结构的累积滞回耗能能力也逐渐降低;耗能连梁应宜采用剪切屈服型,建议耗能连梁长度的取值范围为(1.2~1.5)Mp/Vp;增大框架跨度和减小框架高度等可以显著提升结构的耗能能力、刚度和承载能力。基于小变形假定和虚功原理,分析了连柱摇摆钢支撑结构在极限状态的典型屈服机制,推导出极限承载力计算公式,与有限元计算结果比较吻合,验证了公式的合理性,可为工程应用提供参考。

开孔型耗能连梁摇摆钢支撑抗震性能研究

在设防地震作用下,摇摆钢支撑框架结构仅耗能连梁发生破坏,有效避免主体结构发生破坏,震后仅更换耗能连梁便可恢复结构的使用功能。文章采用ABAQUS软件建立有限元模型,分析了不同设计参数摇摆钢支撑框架结构的滞回性能。分析结果表明:摇摆钢支撑结构的滞回曲线饱满,耗能能力较好;随着耗能连梁长度的增加,结构在相同侧移比下的承载力和刚度下降,耗能能力呈现出先下降再略有上升的趋势,耗能连梁长度取值范围在0.9 Mp/Vp~1.41 Mp/Vp之间较为合理;随着跨度的增加,结构的承载力、刚度、耗能能力和抗侧刚度显著增加;随着耗能连梁长度的增加,承载力和耗能能力增大,初始抗侧刚度略有下降;随着孔间板件长宽比的增加,承载力、抗侧刚度和耗能能力减小。

无人机机载测控天线自动选择算法

中大型无人机通常配备多幅天线来降低机体遮挡和空域覆盖不够的影响,传统地面测控站手动选择天线的方式存在准确性不高、时效性差、占用操控员精力等缺点。分析了先进无人机测控链路架构,提出基于无源天线方向图的自动天线选择算法,通过实测或仿真天线增益数据形成拟合曲线,根据地面站投影在飞机坐标系下的方位俯仰实现自适应天线选择。针对有源相控阵或定向天线,提出机体坐标系到相控阵天线坐标系的转换矩阵和波束指向算法。给出测控直扩波形信噪比计算方法,将信号质量算法作为卫星导航失效情况下自动天线选择的备份手段。所提算法在准确性、时效性和自动化水平上相对传统手动方式有较大提升,飞行试验数据表明本文算法有效支撑无人机与测控站的稳定可靠通信。

汽车多连杆与扭转梁后悬架结构的共线生产应用

现有汽车制造过程中,多车型、多平台共线生产逐渐成为应用趋势。为提高汽车底盘系统装配线的柔性,结合产品结构特点及生产现场实际情况,从装配工艺、设备形式、质量保证3个方面出发,阐述了汽车多连杆与扭转梁式后悬架结构的共线生产的特点和要求,总结了2种后悬架结构共线生产的原则及措施,以便更好地适应汽车柔性化生产需求。

预制装配式混凝土结构新型梁连接节点设计

对预制装配式工程混凝土结构新型梁节点设计问题展开研究,结合干式连接、湿式连接分析梁连接节点设计方式,对预制装配式混凝土结构新型梁连接节点形式展开分析,并引入实际案例具体研究。工程实例研究结果表明,梁中节点形式最优异,符合抗震、施工、运输要求,可应用于预制装配式工程项目中。