Research of a Response Precise Algorithm on a System with a Pseudo-viscous Frictional Energy Dissipator

The pseudo-viscous frictional energy dissipator（PVFED） is a new energy dissipator. This dissipator can be widely used in engineering for not only the friction is in direct ratio to velocity, but also the problem of viscous energy dissipator mucilage easily leaked has been overcome. The problem of how to get response of the PVFED sys- tem need to be solved before this dissipator can be used widely in engineering. The response calculation methods of the PVFED system on sina load was researched. Wilson-θ,Newmark-β and a precise integration algorithm was used separately to solve the system response and the calculation result in a different time step was compared. It was found from comparison that three calculation results were almost equivalent in a small time step. Calculation precision of Newmark-β and Wilson-θ was reduced and high calculation precision of a precise integration algorithm was kept in a large time step. The results show that it is an effective way to solve the response of a PVFED system by a precise integration method.

Experimental study of friction dissipators for seismic protection of building structures

This paper presents the results from unidirectional shaking table tests of two reduced scale steel models of a building frame, with one and two floors, respectively. These frames incorporate friction dissipators at every floor. The inputs are sine-dwells and artificial and registered earthquakes. This study is part of a larger research project aiming to assess the seismic efficiency of friction dissipators by means of an integrated numerical and experimental approach. Inside this framework, the main objectives of these experiments are to： （i） collect a wide range of results to calibrate a numerical model derived within the project, （ii） clarify some of the most controversial issues about friction dissipators （including behavior for inputs containing pulses, capacity to reduce resonance peaks, introduction of high frequencies in the response, and self- generated eccentricities）, （iii） better understand their dynamic behavior, （iv） provide insight on the feasibility and reliability of using simple friction dissipators for seismic protection of building structures and （v） characterize the hysteretic behavior of these devices. Most of these objectives are satisfactorily reached and relevant conclusions are stated.

Influence of contact curvature on frictional energy dissipation under varying tangential loads

This study investigates the effect of contact surface curvatures on the friction response under varying tangential loadings using a finite element(FE)model.The results showed that the geometry of the surface influences the contact force at the interface and reduces the friction effect through an unsteady distribution of the contact force.The relationship between the friction effect,excitation,and contact surface shape was also examined,revealing a linear inverse relationship between the friction and curvature.The findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the frictional interactions between elastic bodies and highlight the role of curvature as a design parameter for regulating the friction effect.

Damping characteristics of friction damped braced frame and its effectiveness in the mega-sub controlled structure system

Based on energy dissipation and structural control principle, a new structural configuration, called the megasub controlled structure （MSCS） with friction damped braces （FDBs）, is first presented. Meanwhile, to calculate the damping coefficient in the slipping state a new analytical method is proposed. The damping characteristics of one-storey friction damped braced frame （FDBF） are investigated, and the influence of the structural parameters on the energy dissipation and the practical engineering design are discussed. The nonlinear dynamic equations and the analytical model of the MSCS with FDBs are established. Three building structures with different structural configurations, which were designed with reference to the conventional mega-sub structures such as used in Tokyo City Hall, are comparatively investigated. The results illustrate that the structure presented in the paper has excellent dynamic properties and satisfactory control effectiveness.

A new type of damper with friction-variable characteristics

Professor T. T. Soong is one of the early pioneers in field of earthquake responsc control of structures. A new type of smart damper, which is based on an Energy Dissipating Restraint （EDR）, is presented in this paper. The EDR by Nims and Kelly, which has a triangle hysteretic loop, behaves like an active variable stiffness system （AVS） and possesses the basic characteristics of a linear viscous damper but has difficulty in capturing the output and large stroke simultaneously needed for practical applicataions in engineering structures. In order to overcome this limitation, the friction surface in the original Sumitomo EDR is divided into two parts with low and high friction coefficients in this paper. The results of finite element analysis studies show that the new type of smart friction damper enables large friction force in proportion to relative displacement between two ends of the damper and has a large allowable displacement to fit the demands of engineering applications. However, unlike the EDR by Nims and Kelly, this type of friction variable damper cannot self re-center. However, the lateral stiffness can be used to restore the structure. The nonlinear time history analysis of earthquake response for a structure equipped with the proposed friction variable dampers was carried out using the IDARC computer program. The results indicate that the proposed damper can successfully reduce the earthquake response of a structure.

Water Wave Refraction and Diffraction over Frictional Topography

This paper considers the effect of wave energy dissipation induced by sea-bottom friction on the computational results of water wave refraction and diffraction with the parabolic equation method. The presented results show that the friction factor formula adopted in this paper is of higher numerical accuracy than that introduced by Dalrymphe (1984), and it can be used to compute wave propagation over large open areas.

干湿循环下节理砂岩细观能量演化规律研究

为探究干湿循环作用下的节理砂岩的细观损伤劣化规律,采用颗粒流软件开展了节理砂岩细观数值模拟,研究了不同干湿循环下节理砂岩的细观力学特性和能量演化机制。研究表明:随着干湿循环次数的增大,颗粒间的接触力和平行黏结力最大值呈线性递减规律;干湿循环下节理砂岩裂纹演化主要经历缓慢增加、均匀增加、阶梯增加及突变增加4个阶段,且裂纹数目(总裂纹、拉伸裂纹及剪切裂纹)与干湿循环次数呈正相关;细观边界能、平行黏结应变能及线性黏结应变能随干湿循环次数的增加呈逐渐减小趋势,节理砂岩中耗散能与微裂纹数大致呈正相关;干湿循环作用导致颗粒间抗断裂能力弱化,使岩样能量储存能力降低,这是造成节理砂岩干湿损伤劣化的能量机制。

超弹性形状记忆合金自恢复与耗能平衡设计理念

超弹性形状记忆合金具有优越的自恢复性能,在工程抗震应用中能够赋予结构完美的自复位性能,但由于其超弹性旗帜形本构关系,自身耗能能力十分有限,致使其难以满足结构地震下的抗震需求。探求在保留形状记忆合金自恢复性能的前提下,尝试将超弹性形状记忆合金与摩擦阻尼器组合应用,以使形状记忆合金系统的耗能能力最大化。首先,对超弹性形状记忆合金自恢复耗能平衡设计理念进行深入研究,引入系统平衡参数的概念,提出相应的配比设计公式;随后,通过开展形状记忆合金超弹性性能试验、简易摩擦阻尼器试验以及组合张拉试验,证明上述平衡设计理念的实用性以及平衡设计公式的可行性。平衡设计理念的提出以及其验证能够推进并指导形状记忆合金在工程抗震中的应用。

柱端盖板型滑移摩擦节点分层装配钢框架滞回性能研究

分层装配式钢框架是一种能充分体现快速装配性的新型结构形式。基于低损伤抗震概念,针对柱端盖板型滑移摩擦节点(CPSFJ)分层装配式钢框架的滞回性能进行了试验研究和数值分析。研究发现,通过在柱端设置CPSFJ,可以有效实现在大震作用下以滑移摩擦耗能代替结构构件的塑性损伤耗能,进而保护结构主体构件免受损伤。试验结果表明,该结构体系在低周往复加载下,滞回曲线呈现出饱满的弓形,且骨架曲线表现为三段式平顶型,显示出良好的能量耗散能力和稳定的滞回性能。为解决梁端局部刚度不足的问题,提出了梁端加劲肋布置改进方案,能显著改善梁端应力集中现象,降低塑性损伤的可能性。本研究为分层装配式钢框架结构设计提供了新的抗震耗能方案,具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。

复合(组合)消能器研究与应用

阐述复合(组合)消能器的定义,给出复合(组合)消能器实现途径与设计原则,介绍几种典型复合(组合)消能器的构造、原理、特点及应用情况,分析当前复合(组合)消能器研究与应用中存在的问题,指出复合(组合)消能器在未来创新研究与应用中应加强的研究方向。

自然老化服役后板式橡胶支座摩擦滑移性能试验研究

为了解自然老化服役后板式橡胶支座的摩擦滑移性能,取实际桥梁中服役10年的7个板式橡胶支座进行摩擦滑移试验,分析不同竖向压应力下支座摩擦滑移规律,研究自然老化板式橡胶支座的水平弹性刚度、摩擦系数及耗能能力等,并对比人工热老化支座的相关性能。结果表明:相同服役年限的自然老化板式橡胶支座老化程度并不相同;自然老化板式橡胶支座摩擦系数随着竖向压应力的增大而减小,水平弹性刚度随着竖向压应力的增大而增大;压剪作用对老化板式橡胶支座的耗能能力影响较小,但需要注意累积的摩擦滑移会使支座耗能能力降低。自然老化板式橡胶支座(试验值)相较于未老化支座(理论值)的表面摩擦系数有所降低,但水平弹性刚度明显增大;自然老化板式橡胶支座水平弹性刚度增大幅度远高于人工热老化的板式橡胶支座,人工热老化研究严重低估了自然老化对板式橡胶支座的危害。

自复位支撑钢框架摩擦装配式节点性能研究

自复位支撑在激活后具有较大的刚度和承载力,支撑连接节点及梁柱受力复杂,损伤风险高。提出了一种基于摩擦连接的自复位支撑钢框架装配式节点,利用摩擦滑移连接实现自复位支撑极限轴力可控,并为整体结构提供附加耗能。阐述了该摩擦装配式节点的构造、组装和工作原理,通过数值模拟对其抗震性能进行研究,并分析了该节点设计参数对其性能的影响。结果表明:采用该节点的自复位支撑钢框架滞回响应更为饱满,整体结构耗能能力提升了20.81%,节点对总水平剪力的实际限制作用达17.56%,有效减缓了节点区塑性发展。通过改变支撑连接节点的摩擦片摩擦系数和高强螺栓预紧力,能够实现起滑位移与起滑力可调。

装配式刻槽道面宏观构造特征参数研究

本文以A320主起落架轮胎与装配式道面板为研究对象,首先,基于能量损耗理论及摩擦学基本原理,建立轮胎与道面之间的能量耗散方程,从而得出道面宏观构造特征参数与摩擦耗散之间的量化关系。其次,利用ABAQUS建立飞机轮胎-道面板相互作用动力仿真模型。最后,通过仿真实验得到最优的装配式刻槽道面的构造特征参数(刻槽深度、刻槽宽度、刻槽倒角),结果表明:当刻槽宽度为30 mm、刻槽深度为2 mm、刻槽倒角为45°时,装配式道面板可以显著增强道面抗滑性能,具有良好的摩擦耗散性能,与轮胎接触面更大,抓地性能更好,可以提高装配式道面板的耐久性。

自复位摩擦耗能支撑钢框架结构抗震性能的数值分析

自复位摩擦耗能(SCFED)支撑可以经历较大的变形,耗散地震动能,并且具有自复位功能,减少结构残余变形,因而得到广泛应用。为了研究SCFED支撑框架的抗震性能,用SAP2000多段线性连接单元和Wen塑性单元分别模拟复位系统和耗能系统的力学性能,二者并联模拟SCFED支撑力学性能,比对实验结果验证模型后,对6层FEDB和SCFEDB两种钢框架进行了地震作用下的动力响应分析,通过调整地震波的峰值,考虑了小震FOE、中震DBE和大震MCE下的结构抗震性能,分析结果表明文中的数值模拟模型分析结果和试验基本吻合,可以研究SCFED支撑框架抗震性能。与FEDB框架相比,SCFEDB框架可以减小结构的最大层间位移和残余位移,减少了与结构构件刚性连接的非结构构件的损伤,提高了结构的韧性。

Energy dissipation in atomic-scale friction

The mechanisms of energy dissipation are discussed in this paper by reviewing the models and research in atomic-scale friction.The study is undertaken to answer a fundamental question in the study of friction:How is frictional work dissipated,particularly in cases where material damage and wear are not involved.The initiation of energy dissipation,the role of structural commensurability,and the estimation of the interfacial shear strength have been examined in detail by introducing the Tomlinson model,the Frenkel-Kontorova model,and the cobblestone model,respectively.The discussion is extended to energy dissipation progress described in terms of phononic and electronic damping.The contributions from other mechanisms of dissipation such as viscoelastic relaxation and material wear are also included.As an example,we analyzed a specific process of dissipation in multilayer graphene,on the basis of results of molecular dynamics(MD)simulations,which reveal a reversible part of energy that circulates between the system and the external driver.This leads us to emphasize that it is crucial in future studies to clearly define the coefficient of dissipation.

新型装配式自复位RC剪力墙设计与性能研究

为满足结构施工效率高、震后功能可恢复的多重目标,提出了一种新型装配式自复位RC剪力墙。该新型剪力墙主要包含RC墙板、碟簧复位装置和摩擦耗能装置,三者仅通过高强螺栓组装而成,施工方便且效率高;在地震作用下,主要由碟簧复位装置和摩擦耗能装置提供抵抗弯矩和恢复力,能减小整体剪力墙构件的震后残余变形和损伤,有效提高其震后功能可恢复性。该文分析了新型装配式自复位RC剪力墙的截面受力形式,提出了其截面承载力计算公式;设计了一新型装配式自复位RC剪力墙构件进行数值模拟,获得了其滞回性能,对比分析了其与普通剪力墙的承载力、耗能能力、自复位性能。结果表明:在相同位移角下,新型装配式自复位RC剪力墙的承载力小于普通剪力墙,但其极限承载力与普通剪力墙的峰值承载力相当,且其在超大震(2.0%位移角)下的残余位移角仅为0.31%,具有优异的自复位能力,能使结构在震后具有低损伤、功能可恢复的特点。增大碟簧复位装置的预压力,可有效提高新型剪力墙构件的承载力和累积耗能,但残余变形也相应增大。

摩擦耗能支撑减震结构最优阻尼参数区间控制效果研究

系统研究了附加摩擦阻尼器的多层摩擦耗能支撑结构(FDBF)的减震效果。针对学者提出的摩擦阻尼器两种恢复力模型:理想弹塑性和Bouc-Wen滞回模型,通过算例分析表明两模型结果数据具有良好的一致性。本文选取一附加摩擦阻尼器的多层结构进行结构建模,通过摩擦耗能支撑(FDB)的3个参数——滑移力、支撑刚度、起滑位移在参数区间内连续变化,对结构顶层最大位移和加速度响应,基底剪力以及体系总耗能和阻尼器耗能比进行了控制效果分析,结果表明耗能支撑参数对结构减震效果影响明显,存在相对较优的参数区间,并在不同特性的结构中得到验证。

The mechanisms and applications of friction energy dissipation

About 30%of the world's primary energy consumption is in friction.The economic losses caused by friction energy dissipation and wear account for about 2%-7%of its gross domestic product(GDP)for different countries every year.The key to reducing energy consumption is to control the way of energy dissipation in the friction process.However,due to many various factors affecting friction and the lack of efficient detection methods,the energy dissipation mechanism in friction is still a challenging problem.Here,we firstly introduce the classical microscopic mechanism of friction energy dissipation,including phonon dissipation,electron dissipation,and non-contact friction energy dissipation.Then,we attempt to summarize the ultrafast friction energy dissipation and introduce the high-resolution friction energy dissipation detection system,since the origin of friction energy dissipation is essentially related to the ultrafast dynamics of excited electrons and phonons.Finally,the application of friction energy dissipation in representative high-end equipment is discussed,and the potential economic saving is predicted.

高性能材料桥梁外挂板摩擦耗能节点受力性能试验及分析

为实现高性能材料外挂板与桥梁主梁的装配式连接,提出一种由螺栓、长圆孔垫片、圆孔垫片、防松垫圈、垫高垫片和角钢组成的新型摩擦耗能节点。设计并开展了新型摩擦耗能节点的推出试验,探究了超高性能混凝土(Ultra-high Performance Concrete,UHPC)、玻璃纤维增强水泥(Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete,GRC)两种材料外挂板节点在不同方向剪切力作用下的荷载-滑移特征、螺栓滑移路径、极限承载力和破坏模式,并采用数值模拟方法对不同螺栓直径节点的受力性能进行扩大参数分析。试验结果表明:该摩擦耗能节点抗剪破坏形态均为螺栓剪断,螺栓刺入混凝土会造成螺栓孔壁不同程度压碎,GRC挂板螺栓孔壁损坏较严重且有裂缝形成,UHPC挂板仅被螺栓轻微刺入。节点受剪方向对螺栓滑移路径、变形特性以及节点极限承载力有明显影响,沿长螺栓孔短边方向推出抗剪承载力高于沿长边推出;M16螺栓节点抗剪承载力约为螺栓抗拉承载力的72%~87%。数值模拟结果表明:螺栓直径每增大2 mm节点抗剪极限承载力约提升16%,改变UHPC强度对节点抗剪承载力无明显影响,破坏模式均为螺杆受剪断裂。

PEC柱-钢梁摩擦耗能部分自复位组合框架抗震试验研究

为系统研究梁柱采用自复位连接组合框架的抗震机理,选取预拉杆长度设置、PEC柱截面强弱轴布置和柱脚连接方式3个设计参数,设计制作了4榀PEC柱-钢梁梁柱摩擦耗能部分自复位连接组合框架1∶2缩尺试件并进行拟静力抗震试验。通过试验现象观察和数据分析,对试件的滞回特性、抗侧刚度退化、复位能力、滞回耗能等抗震性能进行研究。结果表明:摩擦耗能部分自复位连接通过T形件长圆孔合理设置实现了“设计地震水平阶段实现复位,大震设计水平阶段自复位连接连接转化为伴随出现螺栓承压型受力实现部分自复位”的性能化设计目标;设计地震阶段,试件主要通过辅助摩擦耗能件耗能,且卸载残余侧移小于自复位结构侧移限值(0.3%),在大震作用阶段,试件通过辅助摩擦耗能件与结构构件损伤联合耗能,承载能力仍继续增大,且仍具有部分自复位能力;预拉杆设置有限长度可显著增强结构整体性,PEC柱弱轴布置一定程度上降低了结构整体性,而PEC柱脚采用铰接可显著削弱结构整体性。