Research on the mechanism of rockburst induced by mined coal-rock linkage of sharply inclined coal seams

In recent years,the mining depth of steeply inclined coal seams in the Urumqi mining area has gradually increased.Local deformation of mining coal-rock results in frequent rockbursts.This has become a critical issue that affects the safe mining of deep,steeply inclined coal seams.In this work,we adopt a perspective centered on localized deformation in coal-rock mining and systematically combine theoretical analyses and extensive data mining of voluminous microseismic data.We describe a mechanical model for the urgently inclined mining of both the sandwiched rock pillar and the roof,explaining the mechanical response behavior of key disaster-prone zones within the deep working face,affected by the dynamics of deep mining.By exploring the spatial correlation inherent in extensive microseismic data,we delineate the“time-space”response relationship that governs the dynamic failure of coal-rock during the progression of the sharply inclined working face.The results disclose that(1)the distinctive coal-rock occurrence structure characterized by a“sandwiched rock pillar-B6 roof”constitutes the origin of rockburst in the southern mining area of the Wudong Coal Mine,with both elements presenting different degrees of deformation localization with increasing mining depth.(2)As mining depth increases,the bending deformation and energy accumulation within the rock pillar and roof show nonlinear acceleration.The localized deformation of deep,steeply inclined coal-rock engenders the spatial superposition of squeezing and prying effects in both the strike and dip directions,increasing the energy distribution disparity and stress asymmetry of the“sandwiched rock pillar-B3+6 coal seam-B6 roof”configuration.This makes worse the propensity for frequent dynamic disasters in the working face.(3)The developed high-energy distortion zone“inner-outer”control technology effectively reduces high stress concentration and energy distortion in the surrounding rock.After implementation,the average apparent resistivity in the rock pillar and B6 roof substantially increased by 430%and 300%,respectively,thus guaranteeing the safe and efficient development of steeply inclined coal seams.

Stability of roof structure and its control in steeply inclined coal seams

To improve the effectiveness of control of surrounding rock and the stability of supports on longwall topcoal caving faces in steeply inclined coal seams, the stability of the roof structure and hydraulic supports was studied with physical simulation and theoretical analysis. The results show that roof strata in the vicinity of the tail gate subside extensively with small cutting height, while roof subsidence near the main gate is relatively assuasive. With increase of the mining space, the caving angle of the roof strata above the main gate increases. The characteristics of the vertical and horizontal displacement of the roof strata demonstrate that caved blocks rotate around the lower hinged point of the roof structure, which may lead to sliding instability. Large dip angle of the coal seam makes sliding instability of the roof structure easier.A three-hinged arch can be easily formed above both the tail and main gates in steeply inclined coal seams. With the growth in the dip angle, subsidence of the arch foot formed above the main gate decreases significantly, which reduces the probability of the roof structure becoming unstable as a result of large deformation, while the potential of the roof structure's sliding instability above the tail gate increases dramatically.

Ground subsidence mechanism of a filling mine with a steeply inclined ore body

Long-term field monitoring finds that serious surface subsidence can still occur even if the high strength cemented fill method is adopted.Combining the results of numerical simulations with global position system(GPS)monitoring,we took a typical filling mining mine with a steeply inclined ore body as an example,and explored its ground subsidence mechanism.The results show that the ground subsidence caused by the mining of steep ore body is characterized by two settlement centers and a significantly uneven spatial distribution,which is visibly different from ground subsidence characteristic of the coal mine.The subsidence on the hanging wall is much larger than that on the footwall,and the settlement center tends to move to the hanging wall with the increase of mining depth.The backfill improves the strength and surrounding rock bearing capacity,which leads to a lag of about 3 years of the subsidence.However,under the actions of continuous and repeated mining disturbances,the supporting effect of the backfill can only reduce the amplitude of the deformation,but it cannot prevent the occurrence of settlement.

Disasters of gas-coal spontaneous combustion in goaf of steeply inclined extra-thick coal seams

In light of the escalating global energy imperatives,mining of challenging-to-access resources,such as steeply inclined extra-thick coal seams(SIEC),has emerged as one of the future trends within the domain of energy advancement.However,there is a risk of gas and coal spontaneous combustion coupling disasters(GCC)within the goaf of SIEC due to the complex goaf structure engendered by the unique mining methodologies of SIEC.To ensure that SIEC is mined safely and efficiently,this study conducts research on the GCC within the goaf of SIEC using field observation,theoretical analysis,and numerical modeling.The results demonstrate that the dip angle,the structural dimensions in terms of width-to-length ratio,and compressive strength of the overlying rock are the key factors contributing to the goaf instability of SIEC.The gangue was asymmetrically filled,primarily accumulating within the central and lower portions of the goaf,and the filling height increased proportionally with the advancing caving height,the expansion coefficient,and the thickness of the surrounding rock formation.The GCC occurs in the goaf of SIEC,with an air-return side range of 41 m and an air-intake side range of 14 m,at the intersection area of the“<”-shaped oxygen concentration distribution(coal spontaneous combustion)and the“>”-shaped gas concentration distribution(gas explosion).The optimal nitrogen flow rate is 1000 m3/h with an injection port situated 25 m away from the working face for the highest nitrogen diffusion efficacy and lowest risk of gas explosion,coal spontaneous combustion,and GCC.It has significant engineering applications for ensuring the safe mining of SIEC threatened by the GCC.

Rice leaf inclination2, a VIN3-1ike protein, regulates leaf angle through modulating cell division of the collar

As an important agronomic trait, inclination of leaves is crucial Ior crop architecture and grain yields. 10 understand the molecular mechanism controlling rice leaf angles, one rice leaf inclination2 （1c2, three alleles） mutant was identified and functionally characterized. Compared to wild-type plants, lc2 mutants have enlarged leaf angles due to increased cell division in the adaxial epidermis of lamina joint. The LC2 gene was isolated through positional cloning, and encodes a vernalization insensitive 3-like protein. Complementary expression of LC2 reversed the enlarged leaf angles of lc2 plants, confirming its role in controlling leaf inclination. LC2 is mainly expressed in the lamina joint during leaf development, and particularly, is induced by the phytohormones abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, auxin, and brassinosteroids. LC2 is localized in the nucleus and defects of LC2 result in altered expression of cell division and hormone-responsive genes, indicating an important role of LC2 in regulating leaf inclination and mediating hormone effects.

地下复杂陡倾采空区稳定性评价的改进AHP-TOPSIS法

为了准确评价地下陡倾采空区的稳定性,提出1种地下复杂陡倾采空区稳定性评价的改进层次分析结合逼近理想解排序(AHP-TOPSIS)法,该方法基于各影响因素之间关联性分析,选取地质因素等3个一级指标与地质构造等14个二级指标建立采空区评价指标体系,采用改进AHP法确定各指标因素权重,通过TOPSIS理论对采空区稳定性等级进行评价,并结合实例将改进AHP-TOPSIS法与其他常用方法的评价结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明:提出的改进AHP-TOPSIS法得到陡倾采空区呈现稳定状态,与现场实际工程相符,改进AHP-TOPSIS法相比于其它方法具有可靠性与优越性。研究结果可为陡倾采空区稳定性的准确评价提供参考。

Effect of Inclined Water Jets on Tensile Strength of Bicomponent Hydroentangled Nonwoven Fabrics

The effects of inclined water jets on bicomponent hydroentangled fabrics were investigated. The PET/COPET and PA6/PET hydroentangled fabrics were made by using designed inclined water jet apparatus. Effects of basis weight, water jets inclination angle and water jet pressure were discussed. The comparison was made on the average tensile strength of fabrics made by perpendicular water jets （0^o inclination angle） and inclined water jets of 20^o with pressure levels of 3 bars and 7 bars. It was found that increases of water jet pressure, the fabrics tensile strength were increased. Furthermore, increases of water jets inclination angle, fabric tensile strength of 60 g/m^2 fabrics decreased while for 100 g/m^2 fabrics tensile strength increased.

Study on Supporting of Seam Roadways in Deeply Inclined Coal Seams

Based on the present problems of the support method of gateways in complex surrounding rock in steeply inclined seams, this paper discusses the support selection of lasting gateways in steeply inclined seams, and evaluates the support effects. It draws the conclusion that the support of bolt-mesh-anchor is the most effective support of this sort of gateways by using scale model simulation in lab and practice application.The support effects of practice application are satisfactory. It will give a beneficial reference to other analogical mine and has an extensive application prospect.

急倾斜中厚-厚大矿体空场嗣后充填采矿方案优选研究

乌兰矿目前采用分段凿岩阶段矿房法,面临采空区安全、地表沉降破坏、技术经济指标差等问题。针对945m水平以下开展充填采矿方法的综合比较和优选,当矿体厚度>15m时,采场垂直矿体走向布置,优先采用大直径深孔阶段空场嗣后充填采矿法,以两步骤中深孔空场嗣后充填采矿法作为补充;当矿体厚度≤15m时,采场沿矿体走向布置,根据品位高低分别采用两步骤中深孔空场嗣后充填采矿法和间柱式中深孔空场嗣后充填采矿法。

深凹露天矿山间断-连续运输工艺的研究

针对我国深凹露天矿山的特点和生产中存在的问题 ,在国家“八五”科技攻关课题中设间断 -连续运输工艺的研究 (项目编号 :85 - 5 2 1- 0 1- 0 1)专题。该专题结合鞍钢大孤山铁矿的实际情况 ,以露天矿山间断连续运输工艺为主线 ,不仅包括从破碎机、胶带机、排土机等工艺系统设备配套到胶带排土工艺研究 ,而且还包括从系统自动工作状态监测智能管理及环保技术到大倾角胶带运输技术研究等内容。本文介绍该专题的研究内容。

近直立特厚煤层组“顶板-岩柱”诱冲机理及防控实践

乌东煤矿南采区近直立特厚煤层由于地质条件复杂及采煤方法的特殊性,使水平分段开采过程中动力灾害频发。为了降低冲击地压发生风险,以乌鲁木齐矿区乌东煤矿南采区B_(3+6),B_(1+2)煤层为研究对象,综合运用现场调研、理论分析等方法,研究直立特厚煤层开采条件下冲击地压机理,分析近直立煤层顶板与煤层之间的结构并建立力学模型,对煤层间岩柱的稳定性进行研究。计算结果表明,顶板变形挤压和岩柱撬转的共同作用是导致B_(3+6)煤层发生冲击地压的主要原因,它们为冲击地压的发生提供了高静应力条件,极大地增加了B_93+6)煤层发生冲击地压的可能性;顶板的断裂滑移破断和岩柱的局部破坏为B_(3+6)煤层冲击地压发生提供了动力条件,该动力扰动与煤层高静应力的叠加是导致B_(3+6)煤层虽浅埋深较浅却发生冲击地压的主要原因。基于分析结果并结合现场实践,开展顶板和岩柱超前预裂爆破卸压及岩柱地面爆破的综合卸压措施,现场实践表明,采取的防控方法能有效降低煤岩体应力集中和围岩活动强度,减小近直立特厚煤层冲击地压发生概率,为乌东煤矿近直立特厚煤层开采的冲击防控提供借鉴。

Underground pressure appearance laws analysis for fully mechanized top coal slice caving on high-dipping thick coal seams

Taking Adaohai Coal Mine as the example, underground pressure appearance laws of fully mechanized top coal slice caving on high-dipping and thick coal seams. Through site visit, theoretical analysis and discrete element calculation, the research shows that, as the mining deepens, underground stress of lower sublevels is more obvious and higher than that of upper sublevels and is higher in the air return roadway than that in the air intake roadway in the area that is near to the top coal. Because the top coal is thick and gangue is caved above the support, underground pressure to the working face is relatively gentle. Immediate roof will mainly fall down along the floor. Main roof and the rock bed above the main roof will move to the mined out area along the fault in the early stage and then fall down with the mined out area later. In addition, roof pressure mainly periodically appears in two directions along the trend and the dip.

急-倾斜厚煤层坚硬顶板长壁综放采场矿压及控制

运用KG J-B型在线监测系统,观测总了急-倾斜厚煤层坚硬顶板长壁综放采场矿压显现规律,采取了针对煤帮及顶板的控制措施,确保了安全生产。

Gas Drainage Technology in Fully Mechanized Caving Face with Horizontal Sublevel Mining in Steep and Extra-Thick Coal Seam

This paper analyzes the gas source of the horizontally sectioned fully mechanized caving face in the steeply inclined and extra-thick seam of Adaohai Coal Mine, and numerically simulates the stress distribution and pressure relief of the lower section coal after the upper section working face is mined. It theoretically analyzed the reasonable layout of the drainage boreholes, and designed the drainage borehole layout accordingly. In the upper and lower section of the working face, the actual drainage effect of the boreholes was inspected, and the air exhaust gas volume in the working face was statistically analyzed. It was confirmed that the layout of boreholes was reasonable, the gas control effect of working face was greatly improved and fully met the needs of safe mining. The control effect was greatly improved and the need for safe mining was fully met, and thus a gas drainage technology suitable for the coal seam storage conditions and mining technology of the Adaohai Coal Mine was found. That is to say: the gas emission from the working face of the section mining mainly comes from its lower coal body. Pre-draining the lower coal body of the section and depressurizing gas interception and drainage are the key to effectively solve the problem of gas emission from the working face. Drainage boreholes in the working face of the section should be arranged at high and low positions. The high-level boreholes are located about 2 m from the top of the working face, and the high-level boreholes are about 9 m away from the top of the working face. Through the pre drainage of high and low-level boreholes in advance and the interception and pressure relief drainage, the gas control in the horizontal sublevel fully mechanized caving mining face in steep and extra thick coal seam can realize a virtuous cycle.

急倾斜特厚煤层冲击地压防治探索与总结

急倾斜特厚煤层开采顶板破断运动复杂,应力和能量演化规律特殊,在深部“三高一扰动”影响下,冲击地压防治不容乐观。基于某矿2016年冲击地压事故后急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采冲击地压防治经验,从急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采冲击地压发生机理、瓦斯突出与冲击地压综合防治和冲击地压管理详细介绍了该矿7年来急倾斜特厚煤层冲击地压防治经验。冲击地压发生机理方面,建立了顶板岩层倾斜悬臂梁模型,揭示了顶、底板覆岩结构破断失稳演化过程,划分了夹持煤体受力状态分区,提出了急倾斜特厚煤层冲击“夹持理论”。瓦斯突出与冲击地压综合防治方面,基于冲击地压灾害控制解危技术的强度弱化减冲理论,结合原有防突措施体系,提出了既能防冲且对防突有利的解危措施,形成了某矿瓦斯/CO_(2)突出-冲击地压“双防”技术体系,建立了适用于某矿急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采的冲击地压防治体系,以钻屑量和瓦斯吸解值验证了瓦斯突出防治的强度保障,同时以加强实施卸压措施工作面的微震事件分布及各能级总频次和能量对比,论证说明了卸压方案防治效果的有效性。冲击地压管理方面,形成了预测评价、监测预警、治理预防、效果检验、安全防护和教育培训“六位一体”综合防治架构,基于《煤矿安全规程》和《防治煤矿冲击地压细则》等各项规定,制定了Q/YJMD-—FC 0104-2022《窑街煤电集团有限公司煤矿冲击地压防治第四部分:冲击地压防治技术规范》。

急倾斜深埋巨厚煤层掘巷冲击地压前兆特征及其灾害防治

随着冲击地压矿井逐渐向深开采,其巷道掘进伴随的冲击显现愈发强烈。针对巷道掘进过程中的冲击地压有效防治问题,以新疆乌东煤矿急倾斜煤层矿井为例,运用微震监测对巷道掘进的冲击地压时空前兆特征加以分析。结合巷道掘进的应力与能量变化数值模拟分析,揭示巷道掘进的冲击地压发生机理,提出急倾斜巨厚煤层巷道冲击地压防治策略,并完成现场工程实践验证。研究结果表明:急倾斜巨厚煤层巷道掘进的冲击地压发生前第2~5天出现微震总能量极低值,或存在至少4 d的能量潜伏期;冲击地压发生前5 d普遍存在3 d以上的最大能量占比高频波动期。冲击地压发生前存在明显缺震现象,发生位置集中分布在距离掘进工作面较近的微震能量极小值区间范围内,或位于微震能量极值区间附近的微震频次极小值区间范围内,且冲击地压事件位于冲击变形能指数较高区域。急倾斜巨厚煤层水平分段综放开采的坚硬覆岩结构不易破断,使得巷道掘进存在上水平采空区两侧“双翼型”应力集中,掘进工作面前方与巷道底部受顶底板岩层相互挤压的应力集中分布且能量积聚显著,随着巷道掘进深度增加其应力集中与能量积聚进一步增强,容易诱发冲击地压等动力灾害。综合分析形成急倾斜巨厚煤层巷道掘进的工作面爆破卸压、巷道钻孔卸压与补强支护、复杂区域架蓬的冲击地压防治策略。结合冲击地压时空前兆异常为及时加强卸压力度提供时机。通过工作面与巷道卸压使得掘进期间未发生单日累计1×105 J以上微震能量,在对支护优化调整与复杂区域重点防护后,巷道掘进日均微震能量降至2.2 kJ,其1 kJ以上微震事件占比下降且巷道断面整体平整。研究结果为急倾斜巨厚煤层巷道安全掘进提供了科学依据。

A Method of Obtaining the Pitch Angle of Spiral Arms and the Inclination of Galactic Discs

We investigate the mathematical form, the symmetry of spiral structure and the projected images of galactic discs. The measured pitch angles of spiral arms and inclination angles of galactic discs for 60 spiral galaxies are presented. The global spiral structure is emphasized in the study. It is found that, except for small-scale distortions, the spiral arms of those galaxies that were classified as AC 12 in the arm classification system of Elmegreen & Elmegreen, can be represented by the logarithmic spiral form.

急倾斜煤层水平分段开采顶板应力演化规律数值模拟研究

针对急倾斜煤层开采难题,以甘肃某矿1#煤层为研究对象,采用FLAC^(3D)数值模拟软件模拟3个分段开挖25、50、75、100 m过程的应力分布情况,分析了3个分段走向、倾向方向的应力分布特征,研究顶板应力演化规律,为有顶板灾害危险的急倾斜煤层进行顶板防治提供依据,为能安全高效开采急倾斜煤层提供新思路。研究表明:急倾斜煤层水平分段开采顶板应力呈非对称性分布;沿走向方向一定范围内,顶板应力随距工作面煤壁距离的增大而增大;倾向方向围岩应力随距采空区距离的增大而增大,到一定范围后基本稳定;随着工作面推进,采场围岩破坏卸压,应力被释放,且应力释放区域逐渐扩大;随着煤层开挖,第1分段底板上部与第3分段顶板下部有应力集中现象,煤层顶板下滑垮落。

急倾斜极薄矿脉小型机械化留矿法开采采场稳定性分析

基于珊瑚钨矿急倾斜极薄矿脉小型机械化留矿法开采工艺,采用数值模拟方法分析了开采过程中采场的稳定性,探讨了采场长度、相邻采场开采时应控制的安全距离和回采顺序。结果表明:1)矿体采出后,采场上下盘围岩发生以水平向位移为主的相向位移,采空区上下两端与顶底板接触位置发生应力集中,采空区两侧围岩应力降低;2)采场长度对采场稳定性的影响较小,为提高单条采场生产能力,采场长度可由试验阶段的100 m增加到150~200 m;3)为减小相邻采场开采扰动,相邻采场开采时的安全距离应控制在4 m以上,局部地段围岩条件较差时还应适当加大;4)对于上下相邻采场,待采矿体位于已采采场的下盘围岩移动范围更有利于采场稳定性控制,建议采用从上向下的回采顺序。研究结果可为采矿工程实践提供一定的参数参考。

急倾斜特厚煤层开采煤岩应力场-位移场演化规律数值模拟

为了揭示急倾斜特厚煤层开采矿压显现规律,建立急倾斜特厚煤层工作面数值分析模型,研究水平分段开采过程的应力场-位移场演化规律,确定矿压防治的重点区域,提出针对性的防治建议.结果表明:急倾斜特厚煤层开采煤岩应力场呈现非对称分布特征,顶板侧煤岩处于外错应力集中区,底板侧煤岩处于上方采空卸压区,顶板侧煤岩是防治的重点区域;急倾斜特厚煤层开采工作面煤体变形以底煤底鼓为主,呈现中间大两侧小的“单峰”分布;煤岩位移场演化受开采深度影响显著,上覆岩层随开采深度增大依次发生破断;通过顶板预处理和煤岩体强度弱化可实现对急倾斜特厚煤层开采矿压显现的有效防治.