Research and development of 3PP coating steel pipes

The industrial application of an exterior three-layer anticorrosive polypropylene coating system(3PP)on large-diameter(larger than Φ600 mm)steel pipes was developed using an experimental process simulation study and the optimization of raw materials inspection,steel pipe surface pretreatments,and water cooling control on a coating application process.The coating properties meet ISO standard 21809 on buried or submerged 3PP pipelines used in the petroleum and natural gas industries.Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the crystallinities and grain sizes of polypropylene(PP)top coats with different cooling rates.Increasing the melt cooling rate reduces the crystallinity and grain size of the PP top coat and enhances its strength and toughness.

Effect of B_(2)O_(3) enrichment on microstructural inhomogeneity of high strength steel weldments

The present work attributes the role of boron on the high strength steel submerged arc weld using an undermatching filler wire.Mild steel filler wire was used for welding in constant machine parameters setting to evaluate the joint strength due to the enrichment of boron.To change the chemical composition of the weld metal,boron trioxide powder was blended with virgin flux in various proportions(2.5%−12.5%),which led to an increase in boron weight percentage in the range of 0−0.0065.The results show that weld metals(WM)optical micrographs depict the various types of ferrites,pearlites and secondary phases like martensite-austenite(M-A).Acicular ferrite content was influenced by the boron trioxide addition.Heat affected zone(HAZ)micrographs were not showing appreciable changes with oxide enrichment.Hardness and toughness of weld metals showed the mixed trend with B_(2)O_(3) enrichment whereas,small reduction in ultimate tensile strength(UTS)and yield strength(YS)was observed.

Temperature and stress fields in electron beam welded Ti-15-3 alloy to 304 stainless steel joint with copper interlayer sheet

Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 alloy to 304 stainless steel （STS） using a copper filler metal was carried out. The temperature fields and stress distributions in the Ti/Fe and Ti/Cu/Fe joint during the welding process were numerically simulated and experimentally measured. The results show that the rotated parabola body heat source is fit for the simulation of the electron beam welding. The temperature distribution is asymmetric along the weld center and the temperature in the titanium alloy plate is higher than that in the 304 STS plate. The thermal stress also appears to be in asymmetric distribution. The residual tensile stress mainly exists in the weld at the 304 STS side. The copper filler metal decreases the peak temperature and temperature grade in the joint as well as the residual stress. The longitudinal and lateral residual tensile strengths reduce by 66 MPa and 31 MPa, respectively. From the temperature and residual stress, it is concluded that copper is a good filler metal candidate for the electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel.

TiO_2/Steel/Cu复合转盘液膜反应器对染料活性艳红X-3B的脱色研究

在TiO_2/Ti-Cu双转盘液膜反应器基础上进行改进,研究制备了以不锈钢为基底的TiO_2/Steel/Cu复合转盘液膜反应器(CRPC-Steel),用于对染料活性艳红X-3B的脱色研究,并对脱色条件进行了优化。结果表明:CRPC-Steel在酸性条件下处理50 mg/L活性艳红X-3B 30 min,脱色率可达86.9%,较TiO_2/Steel单转盘提高了64.4%,也优于TiO_2/Ti-Cu双转盘液膜反应器。最佳脱色条件为:初始浓度为20 mg/L,pH=2.5,Na_2SO_4为2.0 g/L,转速为60 rpm。改进的CRPC-Steel降低了反应器成本、简化了实验装置、初步克服了不锈钢基底不耐酸的缺点,为该技术的工程应用奠定了进一步的研究基础。

INFLUENCE OF NaCl DEPOSITION ON ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION OF A3 STEEL IN THE PRESENCE OF SO_2

The regularities of atmospheric corrosion of A3 steel deposited with different amount of NaCl exposed to the air containing 1ppm SO2 at 80%RH and 25℃ were studied in laboratory. NaCl can accelerate the corrosion of A3 steel obviously under such condition. The relationship between the weight loss of A3 steel and the amount of NaCl deposition can be well described by using a quadratic function. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersion X-ray analysis (SEM/EDAX) were used to characterize the corrosion products. In the absence of NaCl, FeSO4 · xH2O is the dominant corrosion products, while Fe3O4, FeSO4·H2O, β-FeOOH and γ-FeOOH dominate in the presence of NaCl.

铝脱氧钢中Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂物与Al_(2)O_(3)-C质水口耐材的粘附机理研究

铝脱氧钢连铸过程中的水口堵塞一直是困扰生产的难题,弄清水口堵塞的形成机理对解决该问题非常重要。研究首先在实验室制备了含有单一、量多的Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂物的钢液,然后与Al_(2)O_(3)-C质耐材棒反应不同时间,研究了钢中Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂物与耐材棒的粘附行为,在此基础上探讨了铝脱氧钢连铸过程水口堵塞的形成机理。研究发现,耐材棒与钢液反应一段时间后,在耐材棒表面由内向外逐渐形成两层Al_(2)O_(3),第1层致密平滑,厚度较薄;第2层松散粗糙,厚度较厚。水口堵塞的形成机理为,耐材插入钢液一段时间内,因温度升高,耐材表面区域的SiO_(2)、Al_(2)O_(3)与C反应生成的SiO、Al_(2)O气体向钢液扩散,在耐材表面分别与钢液中的[Al]、耐材中的SiO_(2)反应生成Al_(2)O_(3);耐材棒表面的SiO_(2)也会与钢液中的[Al]反应生成Al_(2)O_(3);三者共同作用形成第1层致密的Al_(2)O_(3)。第1层Al_(2)O_(3)层形成后,钢液中的Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂物易于在其上面附着,形成第2层松散的Al_(2)O_(3)。随着时间的延长,Al_(2)O_(3)层变厚,水口堵塞逐渐形成。第1层Al_(2)O_(3)形成机理以化学反应为主,增长缓慢;第2层以钢中夹杂物粘附为主,增长较快。

Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel with copper interlayer sheet

Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel with a copper sheet as interlayer was carried out.Microstructures of the joint were studied by optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffractometry(XRD).In addition,the mechanical properties of the joint were evaluated by tensile test and the microhardness was measured.These two alloys were successfully welded by adding copper transition layer into the weld.Solid solution with a certain thickness was located at the interfaces between weld and base metal in both sides.Regions inside the weld and near the stainless steel were characterized by solid solution of copper with TiFe2 intermetallics dispersedly distributed in it.While weld near titanium alloy contained Ti-Cu and Ti-Fe-Cu intermetallics layer,in which the hardness of weld came to the highest value.Brittle fracture occurred in the intermetallics layer when the joint was stretched.

Influence of NaCl Deposition on Atmospheric Corrosion of A3 Steel

Regularity of the initial atmospheric corrosion of A3 steel in the presence of NaCI was investigated. The results showed that NaCI can accelerate the corrosion of A3 steel. Dry mass gain of A3 steel in the presence of NaCI deposition increases with the exposure time, which can be correlated by using exponential decay function. The relationship between dry mass gain and amount of NaCI deposition at a certain exposure time follows a quadratic function. More amount of NaCI deposition will slow down the corrosion rate to some extent after exposure for a certain time. SEM/EDAX was used to characterize the corrosion surface and products. The surfaces of the NaCI treated A3 steel were obviously uneven, and some tiny crevices appear in the corrosion products that could help O2 transmit to the inner layer. The amount of oxygen in atomic percentage in the corrosion products increases with the amount of NaCI deposition.

Influence of Adding Ti Powder in Preform on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al_2O_3p/Steel Composites by Squeeze Casting

To improve the mechanical properties of alumina particulates reinforced steel matrix composite, Ti powder was added into the alumina preform, a 5140 steel matrix composite was fabricated by squeeze casting, and the influences of Ti powder on the microstructure, hardness and bending strength of the composite were investigated, compared with the composite without adding Ti powder. Applied Ti powder and alumina particulates were 10-25 μm and 100-180 μm in size, respectively. Both composites were successfully fabricated, however Ti powder addition increased the infiltration thickness of the composite. In the Ti contained composite, a TiC film in micron scale is formed on the surface of alumina particles, many TiC aggregates are dispersed in the steel matrix without obvious remaining Ti powder. The hardness and the three-point bending strength of the composite reach 49.5 HRC and 1 018 MPa, respectively, which are 17.9% and 52.4% higher than those of the composite in the absence of Ti addition. Fracture morphology shows that the debonding of alumina particulates is eliminated for the composite in the presence of Ti addition. Sessile drop test shows the average wetting angle between 5140 steel and that of Ti coated Al2O3 is about 82.15°, much lower than the wetting angle 150° between steel and pure Al2O3. Therefore, the increase in the mechanical properties of the composite is attributed to the improvement of Al2O3 p/steel interface wetting and bonding by adding Ti powder in the preform.

Diffusion of lanthanum in nanocrystallized surface layer during plasma rare earth nitriding of 3J33B steel

Plasma rare earth nitriding of nanocrystallized surface layer of 3J33B steel at 350 and 410℃ for different time was studied. The microstructure observation and X-ray diffraction（XRD） analysis show that the nitriding layer consists of compound layer （γ′-Fe4N） and diffusion layer （α-Fe）. Lanthanum content profiles in nanocrystallized surface layer were measured using glow discharge spectometry（GDS）. The results show that lanthanum can diffuse into the surface layer of the steel to a large depth. Based on the experimental results mentioned above, the diffusion coefficients and activation energy of lanthanum in γ′ phase are calculated to be 1.03×10 -15 cm2/s （350℃）, 1.75×10 -15 cm2/s （410℃） and 31.313kJ/mol, respectively.

Atmospheric Corrosion of Steel A3 Deposited with Ammonium Sulfate and in the Presence of Sulfur Dioxide

A laboratory study of the atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel deposited with (NH4)2SO4 in the presence of SO2 is reported. The different levels of (NH4)2SO4 (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 μg·cm-2) were added on the surface of the samples before the exposure. The corrosion was investigated by a combination of gravimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope and scanning electron microscopy. A detailed knowledge about the corrosion products was acquired, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The results show that the metal loss increased and the increasing tendency of corrosion rates slowed down with the increasing exposure time. The phase constituents of the corrosion products are mainly α-FeO(OH), γ-FeO(OH), and δ-FeO(OH).

3 GPa超高强度马氏体时效钢组织性能

航空航天系统的小型化、轻量化发展趋势对动力轴材料的强塑性提出了更高的要求。为了开发3 GPa级的马氏体时效钢,设计一种高Co、Ni、Mo的马氏体时效钢,其成分为14Ni-15Co-9Mo-0.86Ti-0.35Al-Fe。通过锻比大于10的高温大塑性变形尽可能细化晶粒,并结合预拉伸变形及深冷+时效的热处理工艺调控,实验钢抗拉强度达到3.076 GPa,断后伸长率5.5%,表现出了优异的强塑性。通过对其显微组织进行分析表征,发现其基体组织为高位错密度的板条马氏体结构,平均晶粒尺寸为0.47μm。透射电镜及3DAP结果表明,基体中分布着大量的Ni3(Mo,Ti),析出相平均直径为6~7 nm。析出强化、细晶强化及位错强化是其主要的强化机制,保证了合金超过3 GPa的超高强度,同时极细的亚微米级晶粒保证了材料良好的塑性。

Fatigue properties of 48MnV steel with twin arc spraying 3Cr13 coatings

The fatigue behaviors of 48MnV steel, both uncoated and coated with different thicknesses of 3Cr13 deposits using twin arc spraying, were investigated. The fatigue properties of the 48MnV steel, determined under axial loading conditions, can be substantially decreased by coating 3Cr13 films, deposited by twin arc spraying. And the fatigue behavior of the thinner coatings is better than that of the thicker ones, of which the fatigue limits decrease by 9%[CD*2]14%. The decrease in fatigue life attributes to the less mechanical properties of the coatings in comparison with those of the substrate, their relative bad bonding strength and trapped oxide or Al2O3 particles retain in the matrix after blasting responsible for the initiation of fatigue cracks.

Analysis of microstructure and performance of temper bead welded joints for SA508-3 steel by Quenching and Tempering mode

The HAZ microstructure and performance of Quenching and Tempering mode temper bead welding and general welded joints which were made on SA508-3 steel of 60 mm thickness were compared in this article. The result shows that tempering sorbite which has excellent overall performance was obtained in both modes. The microstructure of Quenching and Tempering mode welded joints got more fine grain. Even though the hardness of tempering bead welded joints is higher than the general one,it still meets the standards which is lower than 350 HV. The impact absorbing energy of each district of tempering bead welded joints HAZ reached 170 J,which is equal to general one.

Analysis of Nanof luids as Cutting Fluid in Grinding EN-31 Steel

Grinding requires high specific energy which develops high temperatures at wheel work piece interface. High temperatures impair work piece quality by inducing tensile residual stress, burn, and micro cracks. Control of grinding temperature is achieved by providing effective cooling and lubrication. Conventional flood cooling is often ineffective due to enormous heat generation and improper heat dissipation. This paper deals with an investigation on using TRIM E709 emulsifier with Al_2O_3 nanoparticles to reduce the heat generated at grinding zone. An experimental setup has been developed for this and detailed comparison has been done with dry, TRIM E709 emulsifier and TRIM E709 emulsifier with Al_2O_3 nanoparticles in grinding EN-31 steel in terms of temperature distribution and surface finish. Results shows that surface roughness and heat penetration were decreased with addition of Al_2O_3 nanoparticles.

Corrosion Behaviors of Steel A3 Exposed to Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans

The corrosion behaviors of steel A3 in synergistic action of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans （T.f） and electrochemically accelerated corrosion were studied by electrochemical, microbiology and surface analysis methods. The open circuit potential （Eocp） and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） of the steel A3 electrodes were measured in leathen culture medium without and with T.f （simply called T.f solution in the following paper） in immersion electrode way at the time of the 2nd, 5th, 10th, 20th and 30th days, respectively. It was found that Eocp of the electrode for immersion in leathen culture medium shifted negatively with the immersion time while that for immersion in T.f solutions shifted negatively, then positively and finally negatively. On the 20th day, the corrosion of steel A3 for immersion in culture medium was in pitting initiation stage while that for immersion in T.f solutions was in pitting growth stage. It was found that the corrosion of steel A3 was accelerated by T.f. The morphology of corrosion product of steel A3 immersion in T.f solutions observed through scanning electron microscopy （SEM） transformed from solid globules to tabular plates and to spongy globules and plates.

Mechanism of the Interfacial Reaction of AI_2O_3/Medium Mn Steel Containing Nb

The mechanism of the interfacial reaction of Al_2O_3/medium Mn steel containing Nb was studied by means of the observation on the interfacial reaction phenomenon of Al_2O_3/medium Mn steel,and the analyses on the interracial phases.The results show that when T≥1550℃,the interfacial reac- tion of Al_2O_3/medium Mn steel containing Nb happened.In the medium Mn steel matrix,Nb exists in the form of NbC.NbC are the nucleating base of CO gas bubbles.

Thermodynamic Calculation of A_(r3) Temperature inLow Alloy Steels

On the basis of superelement model, Cahn's transformation kinetics theory and Scheil's additivity rule, actual γ/α transformation start temperature, A.3 in Fe-Σ Xi-C (Xi=Mn, Si, Ni, Mo etc.)multi-component low alloy Steels during continuous cooling process was calculated. Influences of chemical composition, hot deformation of γ and cooling rate on Ar3 temperature were analyzed. Calculated Ar3 temperatures are in reasonable agreement with measured ones.

Effect of anodic dissolution and passivation on X80 steel in NaHCO_(3) solution

The effects of extreme stray current on the anodic dissolution and passivation of X80 steel in NaHCO3 solution were investigated using measurements of polarization curves and EIS,AFM and SEM techniques.Under the interference of anodic current(i=0~200 A/m2),main constituents of corrosion products of X80 steel were FeO(OH)and Fe3 O4.A double-layer film formed at i=00 A/m2,in which FeOOH was in outer and Fe3 O4 lied in inner.The formation mechanism of Fe3 O4 was confirmed and described by the electrochemical reaction in various regions on anodic potentiodynamic polarization curve.

Study of High Temperature Deformation and Recrystallization in W9Mo3Cr4V Steel

The behavior of high temperature deformation and recrystallization of W9Mo3Cr4V steel have been studied in this paper. Dynamic precipitation during deformation has also been investigated. In W9Mo3Cr4V steel, stress strain curves exhibit many features. The deformation structures and the effects of deformation parameters on dynamic recrystallization are more complicated than those in low alloy steels. For W9Mo3Cr4V steel, there is a large number of residual carbides on the matrix at high temperature. Also, many second carbides precipitate from the matrix during high temperature deformation. These two kinds of carbides (especially the latter) make the behavior of deformation and dynamic recrystallization in W9Mo3Cr4V steel different from those in low alloy steels. ABSTRACT:The behavior of high temperature deformation and recrystallization of W9Mo3Cr4V steel have been studied in this paper. Dynamic precipitation during deformation has also been investigated. In W9Mo3Cr4V steel, stress strain curves exhibit many features. The deformation structures and the effects of deformation parameters on dynamic recrystallization are more complicated than those in low alloy steels. For W9Mo3Cr4V steel, there is a large number of residual carbides on the matrix at high temperature. Also, many second carbides precipitate from the matrix during high temperature deformation. These two kinds of carbides (especially the latter) make the behavior of deformation and dynamic recrystallization in W9Mo3Cr4V steel different from those in low alloy steels.