The Optimal Cross-section Design of the “Trapezoid-V” Shaped Drainage Canal of Viscous Debris Flow

Debris flow drainage canal is one of the most widely used engineering measures to prevent and manage debris flow hazards.The shape and the sizes of the cross-section are important parameters when design debris flow drainage canal.Therefore,how to design the appropriate shape and sizes of the cross-section so that the drainage canal can have the optimal drainage capacity is very important and few researched at home and abroad.This study was conducted to analyze the hydraulic condition of a Trapezoid-V shaped drainage canal and optimize its cross-section.By assuming characteristic sizes of the cross-section,the paper deduced the configuration parameter of the cross-section of a Trapezoid-V shaped debris flow drainage canal.By theory analysis,it indicates that the optimal configuration parameter is only related to the side slope coefficient and the bottom transverse slope coefficient.For this study,the Heishui Gully,a first-order tributary of the lower Jinsha River,was used as an example to design the optimal cross-section of the drainage canal of debris flow.

Influences of the Helical Strake Cross-Section Shape on Vortex-Induced Vibrations Suppression for A Long Flexible Cylinder

An experimental study on a bare flexible cylinder as well as cylinders fitted with two types of cross-sectioned helical strakes was carried out in a towing tank. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of strakes’ cross-section on the vortex-induced vibrations （VIV） suppression of a flexible cylinder. The square-sectioned and round-sectioned helical strakes were selected in the experimental tests. The uniform current was generated by towing the cylinder models along the tank using a towing carriage. The Reynolds number was in the range of 800–16000. The strain responses were measured by the strain gages in cross-flow （CF） and in-line （IL） directions. A modal analysis method was adopted to obtain the displacement responses using the strain signals in different measurement positions. The comparison of the experimental results among the bare cylinder, square-sectioned straked cylinder and round-sectioned straked cylinder was performed. The helical strakes can effectively reduce the strain amplitude, displacement amplitude, response frequencies and dominant modes of a flexible cylinder excited by VIV. And the mean drag coefficients of straked cylinders were approximately consistent with each other. In addition, the square-sectioned and round-sectioned strakes nearly share the similar VIV reduction behaviors. Sometimes, the strakes with round-section represent more excellent effects on the VIV suppression of response frequency than those with square-section.

Simulation and Experiment on Workability for Cold Pressure Forming of Sheet Metal Part with Step Cross-section

In modem manufacturing, a new type of sheet metal part with step cross-section in both inner hole and outer edge is proposed. The traditional stamping separating processes can only produce sheet metal part with vertical cross-section. According to the latest developing theory and potential of cold pressure forming： combination of pressure and cold forging, a new flow control forming of sheet metal（FCF） is excogitated based on blanking process of general stamping and combined with cold forging processes such as extrusion and coining, etc, which is aiming at the above-mentioned new type of sheet metal part. With utilization of this new process, the new type of sheet metal parts can be manufactured. In order to shorten the testing period, the numerical simulation was carried out by using DEFORM-3D software, and both deformation and mechanics rules were analyzed. Based on the simulation, both punching part and blanked parts of this new type were successfully developed. Then a new conception of optimal distance between the step walls of inner hole and outside edge was proposed and the design principle for its numerical value was inferred. Furthermore, a mold set for combination of stamping ＆ cold forging was designed and manufactured, by which the technologic experiments were taken for validation with Aluminum plate of thickness 2.35 mm for power battery cover board, which verified the principle of the distance between the step walls. The research of cold pressure forming of thin sheet metal with step cross-section is significant, not only to the development of modem mechanical manufacture, but also to metal plastic forming science.

Fabrication of High-Density Out-of-Plane Microneedle Arrays with Various Heights and Diverse Cross-Sectional Shapes

Out-of-plane microneedle structures are widely used in various applications such as transcutaneous drug delivery and neural signal recording for brain machine interface.This work presents a novel but simple method to fabricate high-density silicon(Si)microneedle arrays with various heights and diverse cross-sectional shapes depending on photomask pattern designs.The proposed fabrication method is composed of a single photolithography and two subsequent deep reactive ion etching(DRIE)steps.First,a photoresist layer was patterned on a Si substrate to define areas to be etched,which will eventually determine the final location and shape of each individual microneedle.Then,the 1st DRIE step created deep trenches with a highly anisotropic etching of the Si substrate.Subsequently,the photoresist was removed for more isotropic etching;the 2nd DRIE isolated and sharpened microneedles from the predefined trench structures.Depending on diverse photomask designs,the 2nd DRIE formed arrays of microneedles that have various height distributions,as well as diverse cross-sectional shapes across the substrate.With these simple steps,high-aspect ratio microneedles were created in the high density of up to 625 microneedles mm^(-2)on a Si wafer.Insertion tests showed a small force as low as~172μN/microneedle is required for microneedle arrays to penetrate the dura mater of a mouse brain.To demonstrate a feasibility of drug delivery application,we also implemented silk microneedle arrays using molding processes.The fabrication method of the present study is expected to be broadly applicable to create microneedle structures for drug delivery,neuroprosthetic devices,and so on.

The recirculation flow after different cross-section shaped high-rise buildings with applications to ventilation assessment and drag parameterization

The building cross-section shape significantly affects the flow characteristics around buildings,especially the recirculation region behind the high-rise building.Eight generic building shapes including square,triangle,octagon,T-shaped,cross-shaped,#-shaped,H-shaped and L-shaped are examined to elucidate their effects on the flow patterns,recirculation length L and areas A using computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulations with Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)approach.The sizes and positions of the vortexes behind the buildings are found to be substantially affected by the building shapes and subsequently changing the recirculation flows.The recirculation length L is in the range of 1.6b-2.6b with an average of 2b.The maximum L is found for L-shaped building(2.6b)while the shortest behind octagon building(1.6b).The vertical recirculation area Av is in the range of 1.5b^(2)-3.2b^(2)and horizontal area Ah in 0.9b^(2)-2.2b^(2).The L,Av and Ah generally increase with increasing approaching frontal area when the wind direction changes but subject to the dent structures of the#-shaped and cross-shaped buildings.The area-averaged wind velocity ratio(AVR),which is proposed to assess the ventilation performance,is in the range of 0.05 and 0.14,which is around a three-fold difference among the different building shapes.The drag coefficient parameterized by Ah varies significantly,suggesting that previous models without accounting for building shape effect could result in large uncertainty in the drag predictions.These findings provide important reference for improving pedestrian wind environment and shed some light on refining the urban canopy parameterization by considering the building shape effect.

Optimization of Cross-sectional Shapes of the Bi-2223/Ag Wires before Flat Rolling

Rolling process plays an important role in the manufacture of Bi-based high temperature superconductor tapes, and the plastic flow regularities of the superconducting wires during deformation will directly affect the ultimate quality of the tapes. In order to investigate the effect of cross-sectional shapes before fiat rolling on the performance and homogeneity of the tapes, some numerical models of Bi-2223/Ag wires with different cross-sectional shapes including circular, square, elliptical and racetrack cross-sections are constructed during the rolling process. By comparing the relative density, logarithmic strain ratio and length-width ratio on the filaments, it is revealed that Bi-2223/Ag wire with special-shaped cross-section can achieve better conductivity than the round wire, in particular, the racetrack cross-sectional wire has the second best performance among four wires. Based on material processability and experimental condition, tri-pass racetrack drawing technique is employed to optimize the process and obtain racetrack cross-sectional wire. The rolling process of Bi-2223/Ag wire with racetrack cross-section causes more intensive deformation of filaments in the center of the tape and achieves the filaments with larger length-width ratio. Also, the deformation distribution of filaments verifies the numerical results. Consequently, the racetrack drawing technique can be utilized for a reference during the mechanical processing and to increase the current transmission capacities of Bi-2223/Ag tapes.

Optimal Cross-Sectional Shape of Gas/Air Ducts

In industrial plants, ships, and buildings, a large amount of gas and air ducts are applied for equipment connection, HVAC, medium transport, and exhaust, etc. These ducts can be designed in varied cross-sectional shapes, such as round or rectangle. The author reveals through geometric calculation of the duct cross-sectional shapes and engineering experiences that the round cross-section is an optimal shape in the duct system. The round duct has the shorter perimeter than the other cross-sectional shape ducts and the stronger structure in the same working condition. The material saving of the round duct due to the shorter perimeter is quantitatively determined. In the pater, it is shown that the round duct is economically attractive. The economic analysis for the material cost saving is illustrated by an example. For a long duct system, the material and material cost savings are significant. It is suggested that the round duct in the gas and air duct system should have priority as long as the field conditions are allowed. In the paper, the material cost saving is also converted to PW, AW, and FW used for LCC economic analysis.

Analysis of the mass of behind-armor debris generated by RHA subjected to normal penetration of variable cross-section EFP

Analyzing the mass of behind-armor debris (BAD) generated by Rolled Homogeneous Armor (RHA) subjected to normal penetration of variable cross-section Explosively Formed Projectile (EFP) is the purpose of this paper. So theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and experimental data are combined to analyze the influence of variable cross-section characteristic on the time history of crater radius. Moreover the relationships between time history of crater radius (as well as mass of BAD) and the thickness of RHA (from 30mm to 70 mm) and the impact velocity of EFP (1650 m/s to 1860 m/s) are also investigated. The results indicate that: 1) being compared to the variable cross-section characteristic is ignored, the theoretical time history of crater radius is in better agreement with the simulation results when the variable cross-section characteristic is considered;2) being compared to the other three conditions of plug, the theoretical mass of BAD is in the best agreement with the simulation results when the shape of plug is frustum of a cone and the angle between generatrix and bottom is 45- and the axial length of mushroom is considered.

丽香铁路达落双线中桥增设棚洞结构设计

该文以在建丽香铁路蒙古哨隧道出口与七达里隧道进口间达落双线中桥为工程依托,根据地形地质、落石重量、坡面高差、结构跨度及防护等级等基本情况,分析常规明洞、柔性钢网棚洞、拱桥棚洞、纵向刚架棚洞及横向刚架棚洞各自适用条件,选用合理的棚洞型式及结构尺寸。研究结论表明,对隧道坡面危岩落石重量及高差进行详细的调查分析,是确定采用柔性钢网棚洞还是钢筋砼刚性棚洞的前提。钢筋砼刚性棚洞沿线路方向跨度、冲沟排洪要求及基岩完整程度,是确定刚性棚洞具体类型的关键。落石冲击强度选用路基手册计算法较为合适,落石冲击力按移动荷载考虑,移动步距按2 m考虑为宜。棚洞结构内力及构件尺寸计算时,按落石不同位置的弯矩包络图最不利工况考虑。

基于阶梯阻抗谐振器的双频宽带滤波功分器

为了更好地满足无线通信系统对多功能、多频段射频前端器件的要求,提出了一种基于阶梯阻抗谐振器的双频宽带滤波功率分配器。首先,使用单个T形谐振器实现双频滤波单元,同时采用阶梯阻抗技术引入了单独可调的高次模用于展宽双频功分器的高频通带带宽;其次,利用枝节加载技术实现额外谐振模式的引入,展宽了双频滤波功分器低频通带带宽;为了实现小型化设计,对部分微带线进行弯折,使得整个电路结构更加紧凑。此外,利用T形谐振器自身的滤波特性和在微带馈线上加载的开路枝节,在带外产生四个可控的传输零点,提高了通带外选择性;通过在微带馈线上加载扇形枝节和在输出端口引入隔离电阻,有效改善了滤波功分器的带内阻抗匹配效果和隔离度。为了进一步验证,对所提出的滤波功分器进行了加工和测试。该滤波功分器的中心频率为2.83 GHz和4.87 GHz,相对带宽分别为10.6%和11.7%,通带隔离度均大于14.5 dB。测试和仿真结果基本一致。

具有四陷波特性的小型化超宽带天线设计

为避免通信过程中所存在的窄带通信频段的干扰,提出一款具有小型化四陷波特性的超宽带(ultrawideband,UWB)天线。该天线的辐射贴片采用半圆与矩形构成的特殊图形,并进行切角,在接地板的改进中采用可以有效扩展该天线在高频带宽的阶梯型结构。为了达到小型化以及四陷波特性,在尺寸仅为19.5 mm×18 mm×1.6mm的天线的辐射贴片上进行陷波处理。仿真表明:此天线在4.1~4.5 GHz、4.9~5.85 GHz、7.15~7.75 GHz、以及7.96~8.55 GHz的频段回波损耗大于-10 dB,能够有效抑制数字微波通信频段波段、WLAN波段、X波段以及国际电信联盟波段对于信号传输的干扰,陷波后天线工作带宽达到3.5~10.6 GHz,可以广泛投入到UWB通信的应用,且陷波特性良好,四陷波特性也扩大了通信应用的领域,可以满足多种超宽带通信系统的应用。

On the Innovation,Design,Construction,and Experiments of OMEGA-Based SSPS Prototype:The Sun-Chasing Project

This study systematically introduces the development of the world’s first full-link and full-system ground demonstration and verification system for the OMEGA space solar power satellite(SSPS).First,the OMEGA 2.0 innovation design was proposed.Second,field-coupling theoretical models of sunlight concentration,photoelectric conversion,and transmitting antennas were established,and a systematic optimization design method was proposed.Third,a beam waveform optimization methodology considering both a high beam collection efficiency and a circular stepped beam shape was proposed.Fourth,a control strategy was developed to control the condenser pointing toward the sun while maintaining the transmitting antenna toward the rectenna.Fifth,a high-efficiency heat radiator design method based on bionics and topology optimization was proposed.Sixth,a method for improving the rectenna array’s reception,rectification,and direct current(DC)power synthesis efficiencies is presented.Seventh,high-precision measurement technology for high-accuracy beam-pointing control was developed.Eighth,a smart mechanical structure was designed and developed.Finally,the developed SSPS ground demonstration and verification system has the capacity for sun tracking,a high concentration ratio,photoelectric conversion,microwave conversion and emission,microwave reception,and rectification,and thus satisfactory results were obtained.

基于神经网络的爆堆数值模拟力学参数确定研究

爆堆形态是爆破效果评价的重要指标,也是露天矿精准采矿的重要影响因素.为确定爆堆数值模型材料参数,首先,通过信标试验得到了典型岩块的位移与速度,并与先前建立的离散元数值模型进行对比.其次,在岩体节理敏感性分析的基础上,建立岩体形态参数、质点轨迹与节理参数的神经网络训练集.最后,基于训练好的神经网络,通过爆堆数据来反演岩体材料参数以能正确建立台阶爆破的离散元模型.研究表明:内摩擦角对爆堆整体形态影响最大也最为敏感,其次是体积模量和剪切模量,黏聚力和抗拉强度影响最小.台阶岩石运动速度大小与最小抵抗线有关,最小抵抗线越小其运动速度越快.基于联合神经网络建立了台阶岩体节理力学参数的反演流程,通过与实测值对比可知,大部分测点的计算误差均在10%之内,能够满足工程需要.

20~59岁山西籍个别正常(牙合)上前牙正面观美学指标分析

目的:分析山西籍个别正常(牙合)上前牙正面观美学指标,探讨性别、年龄、牙形、面形对牙齿美学指标的影响,为上前牙美学修复设计提供参考。方法:2022年10月~2023年6月于山西省人民医院体检中心选取20~59岁个别正常(牙合)受试者322例,以10岁为组距,按照年龄等距分为4个年龄组,拍摄其息止颌位正面像与前牙列正面咬合照,观测并记录面形分类与上中切牙形态分类,使用图像处理软件测量上前牙宽度、长度、上中切牙与侧切牙及尖牙间切缘台阶,并计算上中切牙宽长比、上前牙宽度比,分析各测量项目的性别差异与组间差异。结果:男性的W1/L1[0.83(0.10)]显著小于女性[0.86(0.10)](P<0.05)。两性上中切牙形态构成比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),不同形态天然上中切牙的宽长比不同[尖圆形、卵圆形、方圆形分别为0.78(0.07)、0.84(0.06)、0.90(0.08)](P<0.001)。40~49岁组的L1[(10.21±0.85) mm]显著大于20~29岁组[(9.84±0.76)mm]与30~39岁组[(9.87±1.01)mm](P<0.05)。女性的上中切牙与侧切牙间切缘台阶、上中切牙与尖牙间切缘台阶[分别为0.92(0.60)、1.32(1.00)mm]均显著大于男性[分别为0.80(0.60)、1.08(1.50)mm](P<0.05)。上中切牙与侧切牙间的切缘台阶从尖圆面形、卵圆面形到方圆面形逐渐减小[分别为1.33(0.38)、0.81(0.23)、0.43(0.95)mm](P<0.001)。关于上中切牙与尖牙间的切缘台阶,尖圆面形最大,其次是卵圆形和方圆形[分别为1.81(0.84)、1.17(0.87)、0.56(0.88)mm](P<0.001)。结论:前牙美学设计时需考虑性别差异的影响,但上中切牙宽长比的两性差异与牙齿形态无关;40~49岁个别正常上中切牙临床冠长度较20~29岁与30~39岁显著增加;前牙切缘台阶的设计应考虑性别差异及面形的影响。

酿酒葡萄“厂”形四步整形技术及应用效果调查

西北地区的葡萄栽培中,秋季的埋土防寒是必要环节,因此适宜的整形技术是保证葡萄酒产业可持续发展的重要措施。文章以‘赤霞珠’和‘马瑟兰’等主要酿酒品种为对象,根据多年实践经验总结出了“厂”形的四步整形技术:一年培育壮苗,二年培育壮蔓,三年上架结果,四年基本成形。通过调查各品种幼龄树的生长发育情况发现,栽植第一年多数品种的新梢在秋季的成熟芽眼数达到10个以上,但第二年‘赤霞珠’‘美乐’‘马瑟兰’3品种的长势较好,其它品种长势较差;对产量和品质的调查发现,各品种四年生树的产量较低,并以‘赤霞珠’和‘马瑟兰’品种表现较好,分别达到十年生树的78.19%和68.65%;而果实品质与十年生树无明显差异。综上所述,“厂”形树形适用于西北埋土防寒区酿酒葡萄栽培。

与X型宽尾墩联合的台阶溢洪道消能特性研究

通过数值模拟对与X型宽尾墩联合的台阶溢洪道水流水力特性进行了研究,并结合不同工况下的水流流态、流速分布等水力要素,对溢洪道水流消能特性进行了探究。结果表明:单宽流量较小时,消能率与传统台阶溢洪道一致,可达60%至70%。当单宽流量较大时,挑射水流占下泄水流主体,消能效果不明显,台阶中心线末端消能率不足25%,可能对台阶面造成破坏,宽度范围约为宽尾墩出口宽度的2/3。

琴台美术馆屋面雨水排放系统设计分析

琴台美术馆外形独特,需要在屋面形成“梯田”流淌的奇妙景观,因此导致屋面汇水分区繁杂。屋面雨水的径流组织和排放需要与其造型紧密契合,除了最大限度地减少采用雨水系统管道快速外排外,还需要结合海绵城市建设目标要求,优化屋顶海绵设施选型,减少快排的雨水径流总量。为了确保屋面雨水排放安全,防止美术馆藏品在储藏、陈列过程中受到水渍影响,在兼顾室内空间布置丰富多样的条件下,采用北侧大屋面导水沟集中汇水、设置虹吸雨水沉箱排水,南侧大屋面导水沟分区汇水、重力自流排水,实现了屋面雨水排水的生态与安全完美组合。

环形铥光纤激光器中台阶形脉冲的产生

研究了基于非线性偏振旋转(NPR)锁模的铥光纤激光器中台阶形脉冲的产生。通过在NPR锁模器件前后各引入一段长度分别为100 m和350 m长的SMF-28光纤以增强腔内非线性和积累负色散,得到底座宽度为50 ns,重复频率为615.6 kHz,信噪比为55 dB的双波长(波长分别为2025 nm和2034 nm)台阶形脉冲。发现仔细调节偏振控制器和改变泵浦功率可以精细调节台阶形脉冲的形态。通过研究发现台阶形脉冲是由两个矩形脉冲组合而成,且前后泵浦对两个矩形脉冲的影响不同,通过改变偏振态能实现能量在前后两个矩形脉冲之间的转化。本实验为研究被动锁模光纤激光器脉冲动力学和脉冲整形提供了良好的实验平台。

基于STEP的参数化特征造型系统的形状模型及其实现方法

本文简要描述了STEP的产品形状结构,论述了STEP的形状模型与一般系统形状模型的区别。在此基础上,讨论了产生基于STEP的系统内部形状模型应考虑的因素、模型的组成及其实现方法。该方法已在HP9000系列工作站上得到了部分实现。

基于二次摄动法的SMA层合梁非线性自由振动分析

为对SMA(形状记忆合金)层合梁的非线性自由振动进行分析,使用Brison一维本构模型描述SMA的力学特性,基于不同剪切函数和Von Karman大变形理论,建立梁质点位移与应变之间的关系,使用Hamilton变分原理,获得在弹性地基上两端简支SMA层合梁的动力学方程并进行无量纲处理。使用二次摄动法获得SMA层合梁的非线性自由振动方程。研究不同SMA体积分数、预应变、SMA铺设角度、温度变化对非线性振动的影响。