This article poses the question of a minimum cosmological constant, i.e. vacuum energy at the start of the cosmological evolution from a near singularity. We pose this comparing formalism as given by Berry (1976) as t...This article poses the question of a minimum cosmological constant, i.e. vacuum energy at the start of the cosmological evolution from a near singularity. We pose this comparing formalism as given by Berry (1976) as to a small time length, and compare that in its entirety to compare this value given by Berry (1976) with a minimum time length at the start of cosmological space-time evolution. Using the methodology of Zeldovich (1972) as to a problem with electron-positron pair production we also propose another upper bound to the problem of minimum time length which may be accessible to experimental inquiry. This then makes the problem of minimum time length a way of specifying a magnetic field dependence of the cosmological constant, which has major implications to answering if quintessence, i.e. a changing cosmological vacuum energy, or a constant for the “cosmological constant” problem. Our answer is an initial value for the cosmological vacuum energy 10<sup>10</sup> - 10<sup>20</sup> times greater than today which suggests either Quintessence, or if still a constant, a much better value for this parameter than what is suggested by traditional field theory methods. In closing we review how our construct supports work done by Corda, as to early universe models and what the implications are, as to the choices we have made.展开更多
Ruhrstahl Heraeus(RH)精炼炉是重要的二次精炼装备,但在真空处理过程中会遇到钢液易挥发合金元素的损失量大的问题,且造成钢液真空喷溅的结瘤及对后续钢液的二次氧化.针对含锰钢RH真空处理过程锰的气化导致的元素损失及真空喷溅等问题...Ruhrstahl Heraeus(RH)精炼炉是重要的二次精炼装备,但在真空处理过程中会遇到钢液易挥发合金元素的损失量大的问题,且造成钢液真空喷溅的结瘤及对后续钢液的二次氧化.针对含锰钢RH真空处理过程锰的气化导致的元素损失及真空喷溅等问题,跟踪和研究了120 t RH不同真空处理模式下钢液中Mn元素的变化规律及迁移行为.分析了锰元素损失与其挥发和真空喷溅的关系,并在RH真空室内壁不同位置结瘤物的解剖实验中得到验证.研究表明,钢液中Mn元素在RH真空过程中存在着明显损失,真空前期损失量最大;RH真空室内壁结瘤物中锰氧化物的质量分数整体占比高达14%~70%;热力学计算结果显示:温度、钢中Mn的含量以及真空度对Mn的挥发行为均有着很大的影响,是真空过程锰迁移的关键影响因素.通过改进真空压降模式,采用步进式抽真空,元素锰的损失由原先的2×104-降低至1×10-4,结果对现场生产具有很强的指导意义,通过改进真空压降模式可以有效的抑制钢液的喷溅和挥发,进而减少合金元素锰的损失.展开更多
文摘This article poses the question of a minimum cosmological constant, i.e. vacuum energy at the start of the cosmological evolution from a near singularity. We pose this comparing formalism as given by Berry (1976) as to a small time length, and compare that in its entirety to compare this value given by Berry (1976) with a minimum time length at the start of cosmological space-time evolution. Using the methodology of Zeldovich (1972) as to a problem with electron-positron pair production we also propose another upper bound to the problem of minimum time length which may be accessible to experimental inquiry. This then makes the problem of minimum time length a way of specifying a magnetic field dependence of the cosmological constant, which has major implications to answering if quintessence, i.e. a changing cosmological vacuum energy, or a constant for the “cosmological constant” problem. Our answer is an initial value for the cosmological vacuum energy 10<sup>10</sup> - 10<sup>20</sup> times greater than today which suggests either Quintessence, or if still a constant, a much better value for this parameter than what is suggested by traditional field theory methods. In closing we review how our construct supports work done by Corda, as to early universe models and what the implications are, as to the choices we have made.
文摘Ruhrstahl Heraeus(RH)精炼炉是重要的二次精炼装备,但在真空处理过程中会遇到钢液易挥发合金元素的损失量大的问题,且造成钢液真空喷溅的结瘤及对后续钢液的二次氧化.针对含锰钢RH真空处理过程锰的气化导致的元素损失及真空喷溅等问题,跟踪和研究了120 t RH不同真空处理模式下钢液中Mn元素的变化规律及迁移行为.分析了锰元素损失与其挥发和真空喷溅的关系,并在RH真空室内壁不同位置结瘤物的解剖实验中得到验证.研究表明,钢液中Mn元素在RH真空过程中存在着明显损失,真空前期损失量最大;RH真空室内壁结瘤物中锰氧化物的质量分数整体占比高达14%~70%;热力学计算结果显示:温度、钢中Mn的含量以及真空度对Mn的挥发行为均有着很大的影响,是真空过程锰迁移的关键影响因素.通过改进真空压降模式,采用步进式抽真空,元素锰的损失由原先的2×104-降低至1×10-4,结果对现场生产具有很强的指导意义,通过改进真空压降模式可以有效的抑制钢液的喷溅和挥发,进而减少合金元素锰的损失.
