Meso-Cenozoic Mineralization Pattern in the Continent of China

Based on the complex structure and material resources, the complex geological setting of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic continent of China controlled four kinds of dynamic mechanisms of the continental tectonic-mineralization pattern, i.e. the dynamic mechanisms related to (1) underthrusting or collision, (2) activation of old tectonic belts or activity of new tectonic belts, (3) upwelling of mantle material and heat, and (4) interaction between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere. The four dynamic factors are related to and interact with each other; and the mantle-crust interaction leads to the regular time-space zonation of endogenetic deposits on a regional scale. The Meso-Cenozoic mineralization pattern in China can be outlined as the network tectono-metallogenic pattern constructed by NNE- and E-W-trending tectonics in eastern China, and multi-layer ring tectono-metallogenic pattern in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and its northern and eastern neighbouring areas.

Metallogenic Processes:Evidencesfrom Zoning Patterns of Mineralization and alteration and fluid inclusion geochemistryin the Lehong Zn-Pb Deposit in Northeastern Yunnan, China

1 Introduction The large clusters of Zn-Pb deposits in northeastern Yunnan,located in the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Block,are an important part of the Sichuan-YunnanGuizhou Pb-Zn Poly-metallic Metallogenic Triangle Area

The Sources and Transport Patterns of Modern Sediments in Hangzhou Bay: Evidence from Clay Minerals

Clay mineral compositions of 199 offshore surface sediment samples collected from the Hangzhou Bay have been analyzed. The clay minerals in the sediments from the Hangzhou Bay are dominated by illite(58.7%, on average), followed by chlorite(20.3%), kaolinite(16.9%) and smectite(4.1%). Two provinces were classified by Q-mode cluster analysis. Class Ⅰ with relatively low amounts of illite and smectite is widely distributed in the Hangzhou Bay, especially concentrated in the top and mouth of the bay, and the northern and southern nearshore areas. Class Ⅱ with comparatively high amounts of illite and smectite is mainly concentrated in the central part of the bay with the water depth of 8–10 m. By comparing clay mineral compositions with the neighbouring regions, we can find that the sediments in the Hangzhou Bay are mainly influenced by the resuspension and repeated deposition of particles from the Yangtze River due to the strong dynamic environment. In particular, the clay fraction of Class Ⅰ is mainly supplied by the Yangtze River, while the sediments of Class Ⅱ are mixture of the clay minerals carried by the Yangtze River and Qiantang River. In general, the distributions of clay minerals in the northern bay are affected by Yangtze River runoff, coastal current and flood tide together, and in the southern they are mainly affected by the Qiantang River runoff and ebb tide.

Geology and mineralization of the Sanshandao supergiant gold deposit(1200 t)in the Jiaodong Peninsula,China:A review

The Jiaodong Peninsula in Shandong Province,China is the world’s third-largest gold metallogenic area,with cumulative proven gold resources exceeding 5000 t.Over the past few years,breakthroughs have been made in deep prospecting at a depth of 500‒2000 m,particularly in the Sanshandao area where a huge deep gold orebody was identified.Based on previous studies and the latest prospecting progress achieved by the project team of this study,the following results are summarized.(1)3D geological modeling results based on deep drilling core data reveal that the Sanshandao gold orefield,which was previously considered to consist of several independent deposits,is a supergiant deposit with gold resources of more than 1200 t(including 470 t under the sea area).The length of the major orebody is nearly 8 km,with a greatest depth of 2312 m below sea level and a maximum length of more than 3 km along their dip direction.(2)Thick gold orebodies in the Sanshandao gold deposit mainly occur in the specific sections of the ore-controlling fault where the fault plane changes from steeply to gently inclined,forming a stepped metallogenic model from shallow to deep level.The reason for this strong structural control on mineralization forms is that when ore-forming fluids migrated along faults,the pressure of fluids greatly fluctuated in fault sections where the fault dip angle changed.Since the solubility of gold in the ore-forming fluid is sensitive to fluid pressure,these sections along the fault plane serve as the target areas for deep prospecting.(3)Thermal uplifting-extensional structures provide thermodynamic conditions,migration pathways,and deposition spaces for gold mineralization.Meanwhile,the changes in mantle properties induced the transformation of the geochemical properties of the lower crust and magmatic rocks.This further led to the reactivation of ore-forming elements,which provided rich materials for gold mineralization.(4)It can be concluded from previous research results that the gold mineralization in the Jiaodong gold deposits occurred at about 120 Ma,which was superimposed by nonferrous metals mineralization at 118‒111 Ma.The fluids were dominated by primary mantle water or magmatic water.Metamorphic water occurred in the early stage of the gold mineralization,while the fluid composition was dominated by meteoric water in the late stage.The S,Pb,and Sr isotopic compositions of the ores are similar to those of ore-hosting rocks,indicating that the ore-forming materials mainly derive from crustal materials,with the minor addition of mantle-derived materials.The gold deposits in the Jiaodong Peninsula were formed in an extensional tectonic environment during the transformation of the physical and chemical properties of the lithospheric mantle,which is different from typical orogenic gold deposits.Thus,it is proposed that they are named“Jiaodong-type”gold deposits.

Geology and mineralization of the Dayin’gezhuang supergiant gold deposit(180 t)in the Jiaodong Peninsula,China:A review

The Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit is located in the central part of the Zhaoping Fault metallogenic belt in the Jiaodong gold province-the world’s third-largest gold metallogenic area.It is a typical successful case of prospecting at a depth of 500-2000 m in recent years,with cumulative proven gold resources exceeding 180 t.The main orebodies(No.1 and No.2 orebody)generally have a pitch direction of NNE and a plunge direction of NEE.As the ore-controlling fault,the Zhaoping Fault is a shovel-shaped stepped fault,with its dip angle presenting stepped high-to-low transitions at the elevation of -2000-0 m.The gold mineralization enrichment area is mainly distributed in the step parts where the fault plane changes from steeply to gently,forming a stepped metallogenic pattern from shallow to deep.It can be concluded from previous studies that the gold mineralization of the Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit occurred at about 120 Ma.The ore-forming fluids were H_(2)O-CO_(2)-NaCl-type hydrothermal solutions with a medium-low temperature and medium-low salinity.The H-O isotopic characteristics indicate that the fluids in the early ore-forming stage were possibly magmatic water or mantle water and that meteoric water gradually entered the ore-forming fluids in the late ore-forming stage.The S and Pb isotopes indicate that the ore-forming materials mainly originate from the lower crust and contain a small quantity of mantle-derived components.The comprehensive analysis shows that the Dayin’gezhuang gold deposit was formed by thermal uplifting-extensional tectonism.The strong crust-mantle interactions,large-scale magmatism,and the material exchange arising from the transformation from adakitic granites to arc granites and from the ancient lower crust to the juvenile lower crust during the Early Cretaceous provided abundant fluids and material sources for mineralization.Moreover,the detachment faults formed by the rapid magmatic uplift and the extensional tectonism created favorable temperature and pressure conditions and space for fluid accumulation and gold precipitation and mineralization.

PGE mineralization and melt composition of chromitites in Proterozoic ophiolite complexes of Eastern Sayan,Southern Siberia

The Ospino-Kitoi and Kharanur ultrabasic massifs represent the northern and southern ophiolite branches respectively of the Upper Onot ophiolitic nappe and they are located in the southeastern part of the Eastern Sayan（SEPES ophiolites）.Podiform chromitites with PGE mineralization occur as lensoid pods within dunites and rarely in harzburgites or serpentinized peridotites.The chromitites are classified into type I and type Ⅱ based on their Cr~#.Type I（Cr~# = 59-85） occurs in both northern and southern branches,whereas type Ⅱ（Cr~# = 76-90） occurs only in the northern branch.PGE contents range from ∑PGE 88-1189 ppb,Pt/Ir0.04-0.42 to ∑PGE 250-1700 ppb,Pt/Ir 0.03-0.25 for type I chromitites of the northern and southern branches respectively.The type Ⅱ chromitites of the northern branch have ∑PGE contents higher than that of type Ⅰ（468-8617 ppb,Pt/Ir 0.1-0.33）.Parental melt compositions,in equilibrium with podiform chromitites,are in the range of boninitic melts and vary in Al_2O_3,TiO_2 and FeO/MgO contents from those of type I and type Ⅱ chromitites.Calculated melt compositions for type Ⅰ chromitites are（Al_2O_3）_（melt） = 10.6—13.5 wt.%,（TiO_2）_（melt） = 0.01-0.44 wt.%,（Fe/Mg）_（melt） = 0.42-1.81;those for type Ⅱ chromitites are：（Al_2O_3）_（melt） = 7.8-10.5 wt.%,（TiO_2）_（melt） = 0.01-0.25 wt.%,（Fe/Mg）_（melt） = 0.5-2.4.Chromitites are further divided into Os-Ir-Ru（Ⅰ） and Pt-Pd（Ⅱ） based on their PGE patterns.The type Ⅰ chromitites show only the Os-Ir-Ru pattern whereas type Ⅱ shows both Os-Ir-Ru and Pt-Pd patterns.PGE mineralization in type Ⅰ chromitites is represented by the Os-Ir-Ru system,whereas in type Ⅱ it is represented by the Os-Ir-Ru-Rh-Pt system.These results indicate that chromitites and PGE mineralization in the northern branch formed in a suprasubduction setting from a fluid-rich boninitic melt during active subduction.However,the chromitites and PGE mineralization of the southern branch could have formed in a spreading zone environment.Mantle peridotites have been exposed in the area with remnants of mantle-derived reduced fluids,as indicated by the occurrence of widespread highly carbonaceous graphitized ultrabasic rocks and serpentinites with up to 9.75 wt.%.Fluid inclusions in highly carbonaceous graphitized ultrabasic rocks contain CO,CO_2,CH4,N_2 and the δ^（13）C isotopic composition（-7.4 to-14.5‰） broadly corresponds to mantle carbon.

Patterns of Clay Minerals Transformation in Clay Gouge, with Examples from Revers Fault Rocks in Devonina Niqiuhe Formation in The Dayangshu Basin

The role of authigenic clay growth in clay gouge is increasingly recognized as a key to understanding the mechanics of berittle faulting and fault zone processes,including creep and seismogenesis,and providing new insights into the ongoing debate about the frictional strength of brittle fault(Haines and van der Pluijm,2012).However,neither the conditions nor the processes which

Trace elemental signatures and mineral chemistry of clays associated with the alteration halos of the Paleoproterozoic U mineralization in Bijawars of the Sonrai Basin,Central India

Paleoproterozoic Bijawars of the Sonrai basin consists of(a) Sonrai(mostly carbonate carbonaceous shale and phosphatic breccia) and(b) Solda Formations(commonly chloritic and ferruginous shale) with well-developed clay-organo-rich facies,often marked with hydrothermal activities.Previous studies revealed abundance order of kaolinite> chlorite> illite> smectite;and kaolinite> illite> chlorite in clay(0.2-2.0 μm) fractions separated from the Sonrai and Solda Formations,respectively.To understand atomic substitutions and trace elemental concentrations,clay minerals were analyzed by fusion ICPMS and SEM-EDS.PAAS normalized data plots show U,Th,Rb,Ba,Pb Sr,and large-ion lithophiles enrichment,whereas,Bandai sandstone and Rohini carbonate clays show HREE enrichment with asymmetrical patterns,similar to those reported from the well-established McArthur River,Cigar Lake,and Sue UTUD of Canada.For Rohni carbonate,chondrite-normalized REE data plots revealed M shape REE patterns,ascribed to Gd-Tb-Dy-Ho tetrad effect and anomalous Y,Zr,and Hf concentrations.Owing to HREE incorporation in the clay inter-layers,linear and flattened REE trends were noticed.Flat REE patterns associated with the highly altered chlorite and illite represent negative Eu anomaly related to the dilational nature of the uraninite structure and is suggestive of anoxic conditions.

煤矸石精确产酸潜力评价方法对比研究

为有效避免重大酸性水污染事故,需提高矿山岩石产酸潜力评价的精度。通过全面阐述矸石中常见含硫矿物的产酸潜力计算方法,采用三步连续提取法测定了多个矿石和煤矸石中产酸矿物的硫含量,对比分析了精确产酸潜力和最大产酸潜力。结果表明:煤矸石的产酸潜力值取决于各产酸硫的质量分数和单位硫产酸值;对大部分样品,用产酸硫含量计算的产酸潜力值不同程度地低于用全硫预测的产酸潜力值;样品SC中的硫成分主要为砷黄铁矿硫,相比黄铁矿的单位硫产酸值更高,导致SC样品计算的精确产酸潜力相比全硫预测的产酸潜力更高;三步连续提取法适用于以铁和铜的硫化物为主要含硫矿物的煤矸石;当矿石中其他硫化物成分增多和空白样品混合不均匀都会对结果产生一定干扰。研究结果为准确评价矿区煤矸石精确产酸潜力提供了依据。

亚洲大陆矿产资源禀赋、矿业开发格局及合作前景展望

亚洲是世界七大洲中面积最大、人口最多、经济发展较快和矿产资源非常丰富的大洲,这些特点也使其矿产资源和矿业开发在世界占有重要的地位。研究表明:(1)亚洲是全球矿产资源种类最齐全的大洲,世界上已发现的矿产资源在亚洲几乎均有分布;(2)亚洲主要矿产的储量世界地位显著增强,在世界广泛应用的80多种常见矿产中,亚洲至少有38种矿产的储量世界占比超过30%;(3)亚洲矿产的储量分布具有“区域性集中分布、集中分布于少数国家、集中受控于少数矿业公司”的“三集中”特征;(4)亚洲大陆是全球成矿条件最复杂、世界级巨型成矿域/大型成矿带富集度最高的大洲,成矿专属性明显,成矿期次大致可划分为前寒武纪、古生代和中—新生代3大期次;(5)亚洲国家“以矿养国”趋势愈发凸显;(6)矿产勘查呈“铜、金当家,大型矿业公司、大国买单”格局;(7)亚洲是世界矿产的生产中心、消费中心、贸易中心和矿业经济中心共4个中心;(8)中国是亚洲矿产的生产中心、消费中心、贸易中心和矿业经济中心4个中心。未来,中国与亚洲其他国家的矿业合作前景广阔。

胶西北金矿控矿断裂深部特征及对找矿的启示——来自地球物理探测的证据

[研究目的]胶东是全球著名的金成矿区,金矿床主要受断裂构造控制,该区尚有很多断裂是无矿的,以往对断裂的深部形态及赋矿断裂与无矿断裂的区别特征缺乏深入研究。[研究方法]本文通过在胶东西北部实施重、磁、电长剖面和穿越主要金矿集区的广域电磁剖面、反射地震剖面,揭示了断裂深部特征,为赋矿断裂和无矿断裂的识别提供了重要证据。[研究结果]地球物理探测表明,胶西北地区的断裂构造有陡倾角的深断裂、缓倾角的铲式断裂和陡倾角的小断裂,其中控矿的三山岛、焦家和招平断裂均是铲式断裂。结合对金矿床的研究发现,矿床主要赋存于缓倾角断裂中,矿体呈阶梯分布特征,陡倾角的深断裂中未见明显的金矿化蚀变,现今金矿床赋存的最大深度在5 km左右。[结论]综合分析认为,低角度拆离断层和连续性不好的高角度小断层有较好的物理圈闭条件,有利于矿化富集;而产状平直、陡倾的深断裂不具备物理圈闭的条件,不利于成矿。胶东型金矿的找矿方向应集中于缓倾角的铲式断裂及其派生、伴生的陡倾角小断裂附近。

基于GDEM-BlockDyna的不同装药结构对爆堆形态影响研究

论文以某石灰石矿山为背景,针对矿山开采过程中存在的问题,以装药结构对爆堆形态分布的影响为主线,采用理论分析、GDEM-BlockDyna数值模拟及现场优化试验相结合的方法,展开了台阶爆破爆堆形态分布研究,分析了爆堆形态随装药结构的变化规律。爆堆松散度和抛掷距离会随着间隔段上部装药比例的增加先上升后下降,而爆堆高度总体呈下降趋势,但在空气间隔比例较大时会先减小后增加,爆堆坡面角会随着间隔段上部装药比例的增加而增加,但比例过高时则会下降。研究成果表明:爆堆形态随装药结构呈现出一定的变化规律,通过数值模拟方法,有效优化了装药结构,改善了现场爆堆形态,提升了矿山经济效益,可以为类似矿山生产提供指导。

不同种植方式大米中碳氮同位素比率与矿质元素特征及加工影响

为探究不同种植方式大米稳定同位素特征指标与矿质元素差异,该研究利用元素分析-同位素质谱仪和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析,研究有机、绿色和常规种植方式下糙米与精米δ^(13)C、δ^(15)N与11种矿质元素变化。结果表明,精米δ^(13)C、δ^(15)N分布分别为-27.7‰~-26.9‰和3.7‰~4.9‰,糙米δ^(13)C、δ^(15)N分布分别为-27.8‰~-26.9‰和3.4‰~4.7‰。精米δ^(13)C在有机和绿色栽培下差异显著,δ^(15)N在绿色与常规栽培下差异显著,Na、Mg、K、Mo元素存在显著性差异;糙米δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N在各栽培条件下均无显著差异,K、Mn元素存在显著性差异。糙米加工成精米后,有机大米中矿质元素减少42%,绿色大米矿质元素损失40%,常规大米矿质元素下降54%。精米比糙米可以更好地反映稳定同位素特征,常规栽培下糙米矿质元素含量最高,绿色栽培下精米矿质元素含量最高。不同种植方式和加工制备影响大米中δ^(13)C、δ^(15)N、矿质元素含量,该研究为科学评价大米中矿质元素含量和指导消费提供科学依据。

无机元素与计量学模型结合的半夏产地溯源研究

为建立不同产地半夏无机元素的分析方法和溯源体系,为半夏药材的质量控制和道地性评价提供技术支持。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)对我国6个主产区72份半夏样品中K、Ca、Na、Mg、Al等37种无机元素的含量进行测定,并采用方差分析、主成分分析、因子分析等计量学方法进行统计与评价。通过对比BP-神经网络算法、K-最近邻算法、最小二乘支持向量机等多种模式识别方法,探索适合半夏产地溯源的最佳模型。结果表明:不同产地半夏中无机元素的构成各具特征,各无机元素含量在产地间差异显著(P<0.05),其中La、Pb、As、Na、Bi、Hg、Sn、Cd、Ag 9种元素在不同产区间的差异最为明显;3D-plots图显示不同产地半夏样品分布相对集中,具备产地分类的可行性;KNN分类模型(曼哈顿距离)是半夏产地溯源的最佳方法,测试集的正确率达到100%。无机元素分析技术结合适当的计量学模型可以实现半夏的产地溯源。

胶东大尹格庄超大型金矿床地质特征与成矿作用

大尹格庄金矿床位于全球第三大金矿集区—胶东金矿集区招平断裂成矿带中段,累计探明金资源量已超180 t,是近年来在500~2000 m深度找矿获得成功的典型案例(任剑成等,2016;王宗永等,2016)。在系统梳理以往浅部找矿和近年深部找矿的主要成果的基础上,阐述了矿床的主要特征,剖析了矿体的空间分布和深部变化,并综述了前人在成矿时代和矿床地球化学等方面的研究成果.

新疆且末县屈库勒克东金(锑)矿床地质特征研究

屈库勒克东金(锑)矿是东昆仑地区重要的金锑矿床,对东昆仑寻找该类型矿床提供了研究对象。文章在系统总结矿床地质特征的基础上,总结得出:上石炭统哈拉米兰河上亚群是主要的矿源层,受区域中酸性岩浆岩和构造的影响,导致地层的Au、Zn、Mo、Ag、Pb等元素活化富集,进而在上石炭统哈拉米兰河群上亚群碳酸盐岩-沉积碎屑岩中封闭形成具有工业价值的矿体。

金属地质矿产勘查中的区域成矿规律研究

随着全球经济的不断发展和各国工业化水平的提高,金属矿产资源需求正在日益增长。为了满足不断增长的资源需求,全球范围内的金属地质勘查工作正在广泛开展,以寻找更多的潜在矿产资源。区域成矿规律研究是金属地质勘查中至关重要的环节之一,对于找矿突破、提高资源勘查效率具有重要意义。

北部湾盆地复杂地层水矿化度特征及流体识别

北部湾盆地地层水矿化度分布规律复杂多变,受多种因素控制,难以进行储层流体识别和测井饱和度评价。通过数据统计,明确地层水矿化度纵横向的分布规律和特征,并从原始沉积环境、地表水淋滤、地层超压与油气运聚模式、断层错断等多种因素开展分析,探讨影响本区地层水矿化度的主要因素。针对地层水性质多变和油水关系复杂的断块油藏,利用岩心半渗透隔板和核磁共振实验得到岩心束缚水饱和度,同时对测井含水饱和度进行标定,并结合测压取样和地层测试结果了解区域地层水矿化度分布特征,该成果可为区域新钻井各层组地层水矿化度的确定提供参考,提高了测井解释符合率和地层含油饱和度的评价精度。

Long-term observation of the mineral trioxide aggregate extrusion into the periapical lesion:a case series

One-step apexification using mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA) has been reported as an alternative treatment modality with more benefits than the use of long-term calcium hydroxide for teeth with open apex.However,orthograde placement of MTA is a challenging procedure in terms of length control.This case series describes the sequence of events following apical extrusion of MTA into the periapical area during a one-step apexification procedure for maxillary central incisor with an infected immature apex.Detailed long-term observation revealed complete resolution of the periapical radiolucent lesion around the extruded MTA.These cases revealed that direct contact with MTA had no negative effects on healing of the periapical tissues.However,intentional MTA overfilling into the periapical lesion is not to be recommended.