Morphological changes of silver and bighead carp in the Yangtze River over the past 50 years

Multivariate analysis was adopted to analyze 30 morphometrical characteristics of 121 one-year-old juvenile silver carp （Hypophthalmichthys molitrix） and bighead carp （Aristichthys nobilis） bred during the 1950s （＂the former population＂） and 2008 （＂the current population＂） and collected from the middle reach of the Yangtze River. The average discriminant accuracies of the former and current silver and bighead carp population were 94.2% and 98.0%, respectively. Discriminant analysis also revealed that significant differences in morphology occurred between the former and current populations of both carp in overall characteristics. One-way analysis of variance indicated that between former and current populations, silver carp showed highly significant differences （P0.01） in twelve of their characteristics and significant differences （P0.05） in eight of their characteristics, while bighead carp showed highly significant differences （P0.01） in eight of their characteristics and significant differences （P0.05） in eight of their characteristics. Six head morphology variables of the current silver and bighead carp were significantly or highly significantly larger than the former populations; fourteen characteristics of silver carp and ten characteristics of bighead carp of the current populations, mainly reflecting truck and tail morphology, were significantly or very significantly smaller than the former populations. Our results indicate that silver and bighead carp have developed a larger head and smaller truck and tail during the last 50 years. Due to such morphological changes, it seems apparent that the heads of these fish species need to be considered in regards to human diets, particularly in relation to economic and nutritious value.

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE FEEDING CAPACITY OF SILVER CARP AND BIGHEAD CARP

Study of the feeding capacity of silver carp and bighead carp by means of experimental ecologyshowed that the filtering frequency of silver carp was slightly greater than that of bighead carp,but thatthe latter’s suction volume was much greater than the former’s so the filtering rate(filtering frequency mul-tiplied by the suction volume)of silver carp was smaller than that of bighead carp.The filtering efficien-cy of silver carp for phytoplankton was greater than that of bighead carp for them.The removal ratesof silver carp for phytoplankton were greater than those of bighead carp,but for zooplankton the formerwere smaller than the latter.For food particles about 70 μm both removal rates were almost equal.The feeding habits of the two species in natural waters is also discussed in the paper.

Effect of Nitrobenzene on the Embryo Development of Bighead and Silver Carp

The effect of various concentrations of nitrobenzene on the mortality and abnormality rate of bighead and silver carp embryos were studied to provide reference for the evaluation of the effect of nitrobenzene to aquatic organisms and aquatic environment. The results showed that the development of bighead and silver carp embryos was delayed, the mortality and abnormality rates were raised when the embryos were treated with ≥0.010 mg·L^-1 nitrobenzene, and with ≥0.085 mg· L^-1 nitrobenzene, the mortality rates showed 100%

AN OUTBREAK OF A NEW EPIZOOTIC IN SILVER CARP AND BIGHEAD CARP——Yersinia ruckeri, A NEW PATHOGEN OF SILVER CARP AND BIGHEAD CARP

Silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis, habitually celebrated for their being cultured easily with fewer diseases and high-yield, have suffered from a new severe epidemic disease recently. The spread of the epizootic has been far and wide, from several provinces in South China to the Beijing and Tianjin area. The affected fish suffered heavy mortafity in one week, and even died off.

Study on the Possible Cause of Water Blooming and the Bloom-Prevention Technology in Lake Qiandaohu

A hypothesis was formulated to explain the possible cause of water bloom occurring inLake Qiandaohu in 1998 and 1999. We tested this hypothesis with a 3-year in situ fieldstudy. The results showed that the reconstruction of the silver carp and bighead carppopulations, without other measures of nutrient control, could prevent the recurrence ofalgal bloom in the lake successfully. This result could serve as an evidence to thesuggested hypothesis for water blooming: The drastic decline of the filter feedingsilver carp and bighead carp in the lake, rather than the nutrients overloading, wasmainly responsible for the algal bloom. According to this study, we suggest a generalhypothesis to the ecological mechanism of algal blooming: The insufficient grazing fromthe phytoplanktivores (top-down control) to the algal reproduction from nutrientsavailable (bottom-up effect) is the radical cause of water blooming, while conventionally,it is primarily attributed to the enrichment of nutrients. Besides, this study showedthat stocking silver carp and bighead carp in lakes could improve water quality, whichis also contrary to the conventional opinion. Finally, this study provided a cost-effective and practicable approach to control water bloom for the large-sized reservoirs,especially when water blooming occurred locally. A net-enclosed aquaculture zone (NEAZ)can be established in the nutrients-exposure area of the waters and stocked with the twocarps, water bloom could be controlled and prevented.

Exposure of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) to environmentally relevant levels of cadmium:hematology,muscle physiology,and implications for stock enhancement in the Xiangjiang River (Hunan,China)

Cadmium is a non-essential metal with a wide distribution that has severe toxic effects on aquatic animals. Changes in hematology and muscle physiology were examined in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) exposed to environmentally relevant levels of cadmium (0.01 mg L-1 ) for 96 h. Cadmium exposure induced significant increases in the red blood cell count, and in the plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose, and lactate. This suggests that the dose of cadmium was sufficient to cause stress, possibly associated with impaired gas exchange at the gills. There were no changes in hemoglobin concentration or plasma protein concentration. Significant decreases in muscle energy fuels (ATP and glycogen), and increases in muscle lactate persisted until the end of the exposure period, respectively. The changes in muscle lactate and protein in silver carp differed from those observed in response to exposure of fish to cadmium and heavy metals in other studies. The study highlights the importance of selecting unpolluted release sites with suitable water conditions for the survival of newly released individuals for stock enhancement of the Xiangjiang River.

不同鲢鳙配比对池塘浮游植物群落结构特征及水质的影响

为探究不同鲢鳙配比的多品种混养池塘对水体浮游植物群落结构和水质的影响,设置鲢、鳙配比为1∶1(A组)、3∶7(B组)和1∶9(C组)3个试验组,每组设2个重复(A1、A2,B1、B2,C1、C2),同时配养相同密度的青、鲫、鲤、鲮鱼和胡子鲇,养殖周期194 d。结果表明:3组试验塘7次采样共鉴定出浮游植物6门53属,其中绿藻门最多,占总种类数的40.3%;浮游植物总密度在(30.07~123.83)×10^(4)个·L^(-1)之间,生物量在0.49~2.51 mg·L^(-1)之间。多样性指数H显示,B组为轻污染,A、C组为β-中污染;均匀度指数J显示,A组为重污染,B、C组为α-中污染;丰富度指数D显示,A、B、C组均为轻污染。在3组养殖水体中,B组CODMn和TN含量较低,水质达标率最高。综上,鲢鳙配比为3∶7的多品种鱼类混养淡水池塘有利于浮游植物群落的多样性和水体生态健康。

漳泽水库浮游生物群落结构和鲢、鳙食性及鱼产力评估

为探究漳泽水库中鲢、鳙放养对富营养化控制的效果,基于碳(δ^(13)C)、氮(δ^(15)N)稳定同位素技术于2022年7月研究了漳泽水库鲢、鳙的主要食物来源和营养级,同时于2022年春夏及2023年秋季进行了浮游生物的群落组成调查和鲢、鳙鱼产力评估,探讨鲢、鳙控藻效果。结果表明,浮游植物对鲢、鳙的平均相对贡献分别为68.5%和68.8%,浮游动物对鲢、鳙的平均相对贡献分别为31.5%和31.2%,用来控藻的鲢、鳙均以浮游植物为主要食物来源。而浮游植物生物量有所增加,蓝藻代替2019年的绿藻成为新的优势种,水库富营养化未得到有效控制。根据浮游生物生物量估算鲢的鱼产力为732.521 t、鳙的鱼产力为310.106 t。本研究可为富营养化湖库中鲢、鳙控藻效果及生态利用提供参考。

网箱养殖鲢鳙对海陵湖水体富营养化的影响调查

为了解网箱养殖鲢鳙对水环境净化的效果,于2022年12月(冬)、2023年3(春)、7(夏)和10月(秋),对海陵湖的水质、浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖动物进行了调查。结果表明,海陵湖冬、春、夏和秋4个季节温度、pH值、叶绿素a含量和透明度分别为3~37℃、8.17~9.09、4.1~80.0 mg/L和0.24~1.40 m,氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、总磷和总氮质量浓度分别为0.0100~0.9235,0.0031~0.0502,0.033~0.306和0.900~3.244 mg/L;总磷和总氮在夏、秋季节均为Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类水的水平。浮游植物共采集6门49属,其密度和生物量分别为9.21×10^(6)~34.61×10^(6) ind./L和0.91~2.17 mg/L,蓝藻门的密度及生物量高于其他门类;浮游动物共采集3目7属,其中原生动物1属、轮虫2属、枝角类4属、桡足类3目,其密度和生物量为935.2~1964.5 ind./L和0.105~0.198 mg/L;底栖动物共采集4种,其密度和生物量为69.5~103.8 ind./m^(2)和0.225~0.369 g/m^(2)。指出,网箱养殖鲢、鳙,可以有效控制水体中叶绿素a的含量,提高水体透明度,对水体有一定的净化效果;基于鲢、鳙的滤食作用,可以有效控制海陵湖浮游植物的丰度,降低蓝藻水华暴发的风险。

密云水库水生生物调查

根据密云水库 1996～ 1998年浮游生物、底栖生物的生物量、组成和季节变化 ,对其所能提供的滤食性鱼类的鱼产力进行了粗略的估算。调查结果表明 :浮游植物生物量各站点平均值为 1.0 5mg/L ,最高峰出现在 6月和 8月 ,优势类群为硅藻门和绿藻门 ;浮游动物生物量各站点平均值为 1.87mg/L ,最高峰出现在 7～ 9月 ,优势类群为桡足类 ;底栖生物数量和生物量各站点平均值分别为 :数量 2 4 78.0 5m- 2 ,生物量 19.76g/m2 ,最高峰出现在 12月 ,优势类群为水蚯蚓 (数量 )和软体动物 (生物量 )。以浮游生物量粗略估算滤食性鱼类鱼产力为 2× 10 6 kg。

长江鲢、鳙、草鱼和青鱼原种亲鱼标准与检测的研究

主要报导长江原种亲鱼鲢、鳙、草鱼和青鱼的形态特征、年龄生长和繁殖特性。通过可数可量参数的测定，年龄生长、性成熟年龄、繁殖力、成熟系数及卵比重等单项的和相对关系的研究，讨论并提出了原种亲鱼鲢、鳙、草鱼、青鱼的标准参数，可供原种场生产管理，原种检测及种质资源保护作为依据。

水体治理中鲢鳙生物操纵作用的实验研究

针对水体中水蚤类浮游动物的孳生 ,该文提出利用鲢、鳙鱼对其进行生物控制。在 30g/m3 水体的放养生物量下 ,对微型生态系统中鲢、鳙鱼的生物操纵作用进行了实验研究。结果表明 :鲢、鳙鱼的放养 ,尤其是混养可有效抑制水体中水蚤类浮游动物的孳生 ,而且水体中氮、磷等营养物质得到了一定程度的去除、有机物指标下降、溶解氧水平有所提高。在混养系统中 ,浮游藻类尤其是蓝、绿藻的生物量也被控制在较低的水平 ,从而有效控制和缓解了水体富营养化的进程。

草鱼、鲤、鲢、鳙和尼罗罗非鱼肝胰脏和肠道蛋白酶活性的初步探讨

草鱼、鲤、鲢、鳙肝胰脏和肠蛋白酶的最适pH值分别为8.7、8.7、7.6、7.6和8.4、8.7、8.0、8.4。草鱼、鲤和尼罗罗非鱼的肝胰脏蛋白酶活性比肠的高;鲢和鳙的肝胰脏蛋白酶的活性却比肠的低;尼罗罗非鱼胃的蛋白酶活性明显高于肝胰脏和肠的。草鱼、鲤和尼罗罗非鱼的肝胰脏蛋白酶活性明显高于鲢和鳙的;5种鱼的肠蛋白酶活性,鲤最高,尼罗罗非鱼最低,草鱼、鲢、鳙和尼罗罗非鱼间蛋白酶活性无明显差异。草鱼、鲤、鲢和尼罗罗非鱼的肠蛋白酶活性由前向后递减,而鳙的则以中肠活性最高。

水库大型围隔放养鲢鱼、鳙鱼控藻的研究

为减轻水源地水华的发生,在天津于桥水库建立了10个300m2大型围隔,分别放养密度为0,10,30,60g/m3的鲢鱼、鳙鱼进行控藻试验.结果表明,无鱼围隔内的蓝藻比例上升并形成微囊藻水华,各有鱼围隔内蓝藻比例始终保持在低位水平.与此同时,鲢鱼、鳙鱼的滤食导致小型藻类的大量增长进而造成藻类总生物量及叶绿素a不同程度地升高.由此可知,鲢鱼、鳙鱼适用于控制蓝藻水华而非藻类总量.

顶空固相微萃取与GC-MS联用法分析淡水鱼肉气味成分

本文以我国主要食用养殖淡水鱼鲢、鳙、鲫和草鱼为原料,采用涂有聚二甲基硅氧烷-二乙烯苯(PDMS-DVB)涂层的固相微萃取头萃取鱼肉蒸馏后的挥发性成分,在相同的顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)条件和气-质联用仪(GC-MS)检测条件下,分析了鲢、鳙、鲫和草鱼肉中的挥发性成分组成,分别检出鲢、鳙、鲫和草鱼肉中有40、42、42、31种挥发性成分,均以挥发性羰基化合物和醇类为主,其相对百分含量分别为63.33%、72.69%、76.16%和55.40%。感官评定结果表明鲫和鳙的气味相近,四种鱼肉按气味的强弱排列次序为鲫、鳙、鲢、草鱼。推测挥发性羰基化合物和醇类含量越高,气味越强烈。

鲢鳙占优势的千岛湖浮游动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的相关性

为了解以鲢鳙占优势的千岛湖中浮游动物群落结构特征以及与水温、溶解氧等环境因子的关系,采用方差分析、典范对应分析等方法,对千岛湖河流区、过渡区、湖泊区3个地区的浮游动物种类、数量以及环境因子的月变化特征进行了调查。结果表明:2007—2008年,共鉴定出浮游动物115种,其中原生动物16种、轮虫51种、枝角类23种、桡足类25种。浮游动物密度在春季(2007年:840.9/L,2008年:850.5/L)形成高峰;生物量在春季(2007年:1.89mg/L,2008年:0.837 mg/L)和秋季(2007年:1.63 mg/L,2008年:0.802 mg/L)形成双高峰;现存量从河流区至湖泊区依次递减。河流区和过渡区的浮游动物密度均于4 m水层达最大值,湖泊区于8 m水层达到最大值。各位点4～12 m水层的大型浮游甲壳动物优势种透明溞、蚤状溞、球状许水蚤等和小型浮游甲壳动物优势种长额象鼻溞、颈沟基合溞、台湾温剑水蚤等的生物量较高。原生动物、桡足类生物量与溶解氧显著正相关;轮虫、枝角类生物量与总氮、硝态氮、浮游植物生物量极显著正相关。典范对应分析(CCA)表明,溶解氧、温度、总氮、总磷、硝态氮是影响浮游动物时空分布的主要因子。透明溞在2—6月份主要受到以浮游植物为食物的上行效应的影响较大,而其他月份主要受水温的影响较大。

鲢、鳙、银鲫和团头鲂肠道内分泌细胞中3种肽激素的免疫组化研究

应用ＡＢＣ免疫组化技术，用抑胃多肽、５－羟色胺和内啡肽３种哺乳动物抗血清对鲢、鳙、银鲫和团头鲂的肠粘膜中内分泌细胞进行了检测。结果４种鱼的肠粘膜中均有抑胃多肽免疫反应内分泌细胞存在，但未发现５－羟色胺和内啡肽的免疫反应。抑胃多肽免疫反应内分泌细胞主要分布在前肠前段，并单个地散布在肠褶顶部上皮细胞与杯状细胞之间，多呈长梭形。本文比较了不同食性鱼类和其他动物肠道抑胃多肽免疫反应内分泌细胞的分布规律，讨论了用５－羟色胺和内啡肽免疫染色的结果。

鲢、鳙对三角帆蚌池塘藻类影响的围隔实验

以浙江金华汤溪威旺养殖基地的三角帆蚌养殖水体为研究对象,通过围隔实验比较研究了单养鲢、鳙和三角帆蚌的池塘浮游植物密度、生物量和优势种(属)组成等的差异,以及养蚌池混养鲢鳙对水体浮游植物密度、生物量以及优势种变化的影响。结果表明,养蚌(10#)围隔的浮游植物平均密度和生物量均显著高于高密度鲢(12#)围隔(P<0.05),其蓝藻数量及生物量显著高于高密度鲢(12#)和低密度鳙(13#)围隔(P<0.05),绿藻数量则显著低于低密度鲢单养(11#)围隔(P<0.05)。在鱼蚌混养的情况下,单养蚌(10#)围隔浮游植物平均数量显著高于鲢-蚌混养(15#,16#)和鳙-蚌混养(17#,18#)围隔(P<0.05),其蓝藻数量及生物量极显著高于鲢-蚌混养(15#,16#)或鳙-蚌(17#,18#)围隔(P<0.01),其绿藻数量显著低于混养高密度鲢(16#)或低密度鳙(17#)的混养围隔(P<0.05)。研究结果充分说明,鲢、鳙和三角帆蚌三者对水体藻类组成的影响有别,三角帆蚌养殖池中适当混养鲢或鳙可以有效控制蓝藻(铜绿微囊藻)的生长,促进绿藻(四尾栅藻)的生长,并最终有利于三角帆蚌的养殖,混养鲢密度的增加有利于控制藻类生长,而鳙密度的增加促进了裸藻等中大型藻类的生长。

控(微囊)藻鲢、鳙排泄物光能与生长活性

利用叶绿素荧光技术,通过原位培养滤食性鱼类鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)摄食微囊藻(Microcysis)后的排泄物,研究鲢、鳙滤食对藻类光能及生长活性的影响。结果表明,微囊藻经鲢、鳙滤食后,排泄当天,其叶绿素荧光参数PSⅡ最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在光合活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ实际光能转化效率(Yield)和光合电子传递速率(ETR)显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而光化学猝灭(qP)和非光化学猝灭(NPQ)显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。随后,微囊藻的光合活性逐渐恢复,鲢、鳙组的Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Yield和qP分别在第3天和第5天开始呈上升趋势,至实验结束时显著高于对照组,其中鲢组高于鳙组。而NPQ呈下降趋势,第13 d极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。原位培养期间,鲢、鳙组藻细胞密度和叶绿素a(Chl a)浓度呈增长趋势,且鲢组明显高于鳙组;鳙组藻类游离胞外多糖含量增长幅度高于鲢组。实验结束时,鲢、鳙组浮游藻类总生物量分别为对照组7.78、6.55倍,绿藻(Chlorophyta)和硅藻(Bacillariophyta)相对生物量增加,但微囊藻贡献率达93%以上。相关性分析显示,鲢组藻细胞密度、Chl a浓度和胞外多糖含量与Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Yield、ETR、qP均极显著正相关(P<0.01),而与NPQ呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。鳙组藻细胞密度、Chl a浓度和胞外多糖含量仅与ETR呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与NPQ呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。可见,鲢、鳙单次滤食未对微囊藻造成生理上的致命损伤,藻类由于超补偿生长,其光合及生长活性在短期恢复并显著增强,有潜在加速水体富营养化可能,鲢、鳙增殖放流以控制蓝藻水华的措施值得商榷。

长江中下游鲢鳙草青四大家鱼线粒体DNA多样性分析

对长江中、下游湖北石首、江西九江、安徽芜湖三江段鲢、鳙、草鱼、青鱼天然群体共３６５尾鱼的线粒体ＤＮＡ（ｍｔＤＮＡ）的ＮＤ５／６、Ｃｙｔｂ基因和ＤＬｏｏｐ区片段进行了限制性内切酶酶切片段长度多态（ＲＦＬＰ）分析。结果表明：（１）长江中、下游鲢、鳙和青鱼的遗传多样性丰富，草鱼不甚丰富。发现鲢、鳙和青鱼的ｍｔＤＮＡ基因型分别有２８、１９、２７种，草鱼ｍｔＤＮＡ基因型仅见７种；鲢、鳙和青鱼的基因型多样性指数为０６８１、０５８３、０８９０，草鱼的基因型多样性指数为０２３１。（２）鲢群体存在显著的遗传差异和基因型分布有明显的地域性；鳙群体也有显著差异，但基因型分布无区域性；青鱼群体有一些遗传差异，但基因型未见有区域分布；草鱼群体无显著差异，基因型分布亦无区域性。