The battery management system(BMS)is the main safeguard of a battery system for electric propulsion and machine electrifcation.It is tasked to ensure reliable and safe operation of battery cells connected to provide h...The battery management system(BMS)is the main safeguard of a battery system for electric propulsion and machine electrifcation.It is tasked to ensure reliable and safe operation of battery cells connected to provide high currents at high voltage levels.In addition to efectively monitoring all the electrical parameters of a battery pack system,such as the voltage,current,and temperature,the BMS is also used to improve the battery performance with proper safety measures within the system.With growing acceptance of lithium-ion batteries,major industry sectors such as the automotive,renewable energy,manufacturing,construction,and even some in the mining industry have brought forward the mass transition from fossil fuel dependency to electric powered machinery and redefned the world of energy storage.Hence,the functional safety considerations,which are those relating to automatic protection,in battery management for battery pack technologies are particularly important to ensure that the overall electrical system,regardless of whether it is for electric transportation or stationary energy storage,is in accordance with high standards of safety,reliability,and quality.If the system or product fails to meet functional and other safety requirements on account of faulty design or a sequence of failure events,then the environment,people,and property could be endangered.This paper analyzed the details of BMS for electric transportation and large-scale energy storage systems,particularly in areas concerned with hazardous environment.The analysis covers the aspect of functional safety that applies to BMS and is in accordance with the relevant industrial standards.A comprehensive evaluation of the components,architecture,risk reduction techniques,and failure mode analysis applicable to BMS operation was also presented.The article further provided recommendations on safety design and performance optimization in relation to the overall BMS integration.展开更多
随着人民生活水平的提高和生活节奏的加快,方便快捷、营养美味的畜禽鱼肉类预制菜肴(简称“预制肉”)正逐步成为老百姓餐桌上的常客。然而,肉类食品通常含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪及一定量的还原糖,在预制肉加工及其成品后续贮藏、复热过...随着人民生活水平的提高和生活节奏的加快,方便快捷、营养美味的畜禽鱼肉类预制菜肴(简称“预制肉”)正逐步成为老百姓餐桌上的常客。然而,肉类食品通常含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪及一定量的还原糖,在预制肉加工及其成品后续贮藏、复热过程中不可避免地会发生美拉德反应、脂肪氧化等化学反应,易于导致晚期糖基化终末产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)的形成。过多摄入食源性AGEs会增加人体多种慢性病的发生率。基于肉类食品加工、贮藏过程中2种典型AGEs(羧甲基赖氨酸、羧乙基赖氨酸)的主要形成途径,以预制肉从原辅料到餐桌的全过程为主线,重点介绍了原料肉品质、肉类食品加工过程中常用的调味料及食品添加剂、加热熟制、成品贮藏及复热对预制肉中AGEs形成的影响。在此基础上,进一步探讨了预制肉加工及贮藏过程中AGEs形成的抑制策略,主要包括:采用新鲜的优质原料肉,合理选用调味料和添加剂,尽量缩短贮藏时间,在不影响产品质量安全的前提下尽量降低或缩短加热熟制及复热的温度和时间。通过这些阐述,希望为有效控制预制肉中AGEs的形成提供参考,为消费者提供更安全、更健康的预制肉类食品。展开更多
基金supported by Azure Mining Technology,CCTEG,and the University of Wollongong.
文摘The battery management system(BMS)is the main safeguard of a battery system for electric propulsion and machine electrifcation.It is tasked to ensure reliable and safe operation of battery cells connected to provide high currents at high voltage levels.In addition to efectively monitoring all the electrical parameters of a battery pack system,such as the voltage,current,and temperature,the BMS is also used to improve the battery performance with proper safety measures within the system.With growing acceptance of lithium-ion batteries,major industry sectors such as the automotive,renewable energy,manufacturing,construction,and even some in the mining industry have brought forward the mass transition from fossil fuel dependency to electric powered machinery and redefned the world of energy storage.Hence,the functional safety considerations,which are those relating to automatic protection,in battery management for battery pack technologies are particularly important to ensure that the overall electrical system,regardless of whether it is for electric transportation or stationary energy storage,is in accordance with high standards of safety,reliability,and quality.If the system or product fails to meet functional and other safety requirements on account of faulty design or a sequence of failure events,then the environment,people,and property could be endangered.This paper analyzed the details of BMS for electric transportation and large-scale energy storage systems,particularly in areas concerned with hazardous environment.The analysis covers the aspect of functional safety that applies to BMS and is in accordance with the relevant industrial standards.A comprehensive evaluation of the components,architecture,risk reduction techniques,and failure mode analysis applicable to BMS operation was also presented.The article further provided recommendations on safety design and performance optimization in relation to the overall BMS integration.
文摘随着人民生活水平的提高和生活节奏的加快,方便快捷、营养美味的畜禽鱼肉类预制菜肴(简称“预制肉”)正逐步成为老百姓餐桌上的常客。然而,肉类食品通常含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪及一定量的还原糖,在预制肉加工及其成品后续贮藏、复热过程中不可避免地会发生美拉德反应、脂肪氧化等化学反应,易于导致晚期糖基化终末产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)的形成。过多摄入食源性AGEs会增加人体多种慢性病的发生率。基于肉类食品加工、贮藏过程中2种典型AGEs(羧甲基赖氨酸、羧乙基赖氨酸)的主要形成途径,以预制肉从原辅料到餐桌的全过程为主线,重点介绍了原料肉品质、肉类食品加工过程中常用的调味料及食品添加剂、加热熟制、成品贮藏及复热对预制肉中AGEs形成的影响。在此基础上,进一步探讨了预制肉加工及贮藏过程中AGEs形成的抑制策略,主要包括:采用新鲜的优质原料肉,合理选用调味料和添加剂,尽量缩短贮藏时间,在不影响产品质量安全的前提下尽量降低或缩短加热熟制及复热的温度和时间。通过这些阐述,希望为有效控制预制肉中AGEs的形成提供参考,为消费者提供更安全、更健康的预制肉类食品。