The oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is the essential module in energy conversion and storage devices such as electrolyzer,rechargeable metal–air batteries and regenerative fuel cells.The adsorption energy scaling relat...The oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is the essential module in energy conversion and storage devices such as electrolyzer,rechargeable metal–air batteries and regenerative fuel cells.The adsorption energy scaling relations between the reaction intermediates,however,impose a large intrinsic overpotential and sluggish reaction kinetics on OER catalysts.Developing advanced electrocatalysts with high activity and stability based on non-noble metal materials is still a grand challenge.Central to the rational design of novel and high-efficiency catalysts is the development and understanding of quantitative structure–activity relationships,which correlate the catalytic activities with structural and electronic descriptors.This paper comprehensively reviews the benchmark descriptors for OER electrolysis,aiming to give an in-depth understanding on the origins of the electrocatalytic activity of the OER and further contribute to building the theory of electrocatalysis.Meanwhile,the cutting-edge research frontiers for proposing new OER paradigms and crucial strategies to circumvent the scaling relationship are also summarized.Challenges,opportunities and perspectives are discussed,intending to shed some light on the rational design concepts and advance the development of more efficient catalysts for enhancing OER performance.展开更多
Secondary storage spaces with very complex geometries are well developed in Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the Tarim Basin,which is taken as a study case in this paper.It is still not clear how the secondary stora...Secondary storage spaces with very complex geometries are well developed in Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the Tarim Basin,which is taken as a study case in this paper.It is still not clear how the secondary storage space shape influences the P-＆ S-wave velocities （or elastic properties） in complex carbonate reservoirs.In this paper,three classical rock physics models （Wyllie timeaverage equation,Gassmann equation and the Kuster-Toks z model） are comparably analyzed for their construction principles and actual velocity prediction results,aiming at determining the most favourable rock physics model to consider the influence of secondary storage space shape.Then relationships between the P-＆ S-wave velocities in carbonate reservoirs and geometric shapes of secondary storage spaces are discussed from different aspects based on actual well data by employing the favourable rock physics model.To explain the influence of secondary storage space shape on V P-V S relationship,it is analyzed for the differences of S-wave velocities between derived from common empirical relationships （including Castagna＇s mud rock line and Greenberg-Castagna V P-V S relationship） and predicted by the rock physics model.We advocate that V P-V S relationship for complex carbonate reservoirs should be built for different storage space types.For the carbonate reservoirs in the Tarim Basin,the V P-V S relationships for fractured,fractured-cavernous,and fractured-hole-vuggy reservoirs are respectively built on the basis of velocity prediction and secondary storage space type determination.Through the discussion above,it is expected that the velocity prediction and the V P-V S relationships for complex carbonate reservoirs should fully consider the influence of secondary storage space shape,thus providing more reasonable constraints for prestack inversion,further building a foundation for realizing carbonate reservoir prediction and fluid prediction.展开更多
Effective storage of healthcare information is the foundation of the rapid development of electronic health recorder （EHR）. This paper presents a research on the data model of EHR storage, focusing on solving the co...Effective storage of healthcare information is the foundation of the rapid development of electronic health recorder （EHR）. This paper presents a research on the data model of EHR storage, focusing on solving the complex and abstract information model and data types in HL7 V3（Health Level 7 Version 3.0） as well as HL7 localizing storage. Using health-care information exchange and sharing standards may settle the problem of interoperability between heterogeneous systems. HL7 is the most widely accepted and used standard. HL7 standardizes the information format in the process of transmission. Nevertheless, it can not guide the storage of health-care data directly. HL7 V3 developed an abstract information model-reference information model （RIM） and data types in it are complex. In this paper, we propose an approach on converting from the abstract HL7 V3 information model to the relational data model. Our approach resolves RIM＇s complex relationships and its data types and localizes the HL7 V3.展开更多
Crystal structure determines electrochemical energy storage characteristics;this is the underlying logic of material design.To date,hundreds of electrode materials have been developed to pursue superior performance.Ho...Crystal structure determines electrochemical energy storage characteristics;this is the underlying logic of material design.To date,hundreds of electrode materials have been developed to pursue superior performance.However,it remains a great challenge to understand the fundamental structure–performance relationship and achieve quantitative crystal structure design for efficient energy storage.In this review,we introduce the concept of crystal packing factor(PF),which can quantify crystal packing density.We then present and classify the typical crystal structures of attractive cathode/anode materials.Comparative PF analyses of different materials,including polymorphs,isomorphs,and others,are performed to clarify the influence of crystal packing density on energy storage performance through electronic and ionic conductivities.Notably,the practical electronic/ionic conductivities of energy storage materials are based on their intrinsic characteristics related to the PF yet are also affected by extrinsic factors.The PF provides a novel avenue for understanding the electrochemical performance of pristine materials and may offer guidance on designing better materials.Additional approaches involve size regulation,doping,carbon additives,and other methods.We also propose extended PF concepts to understand charge storage and transport behavior at different scales.Finally,we provide our insights on the major challenges and prospective solutions in this highly exciting field.展开更多
锂离子电池储能电站火灾事故频繁发生且损失严重,对锂离子电池储能电站火灾风险开展研究可有效预防火灾的发生。首先根据物理-事理-人理(WSR)理论,构建锂电池特性、消防设施、安全管理和人员因素4个一级指标、12个二级指标和32个三级指...锂离子电池储能电站火灾事故频繁发生且损失严重,对锂离子电池储能电站火灾风险开展研究可有效预防火灾的发生。首先根据物理-事理-人理(WSR)理论,构建锂电池特性、消防设施、安全管理和人员因素4个一级指标、12个二级指标和32个三级指标的锂离子电池储能电站火灾风险评价指标体系;然后运用序关系分析(G1)法确定各评价指标的主观权重,采用CRITIC法(Criteria Importance Though Intercriteria Correlation,CRITIC)确定客观权重,基于拉格朗日乘法优化后的最小信息熵原理确定组合权重,并结合云模型理论建立锂离子电池储能电站火灾风险评价模型。以某磷酸铁锂储能电站为例开展火灾风险等级评价,结果表明:储能电站火灾风险综合云特征值为(71.3104,1.2142,0.2568),火灾风险等级处于“中风险”,在运行环境和防火设计等方面存在较严重的问题并亟需改进。评价结果与实际火灾风险等级相符,实例证明锂离子电池储能电站火灾风险评价模型能够较准确地反映储能电站火灾风险情况,为锂离子电池储能电站火灾预防与风险管控提供参考。展开更多
We show that absorbed and stored electromagnetic energy are proportional to the reflection group delay in highly reflective dispersive dielectric mirrors over the high-reflectivity band. Our theoretical considerations...We show that absorbed and stored electromagnetic energy are proportional to the reflection group delay in highly reflective dispersive dielectric mirrors over the high-reflectivity band. Our theoretical considerations are verified by numerical simulations performed on different dielectric mirror structures. The revealed pro- portionality between group delay and absorbed energy sets constraint on the application of ultrabroadband and/or dispersive dielectric mirrors in broadband or widely tunable, high-power laser systems.展开更多
基金support from the U.S.Department of the Army and U.S.Army Future Commandsupport from the U.S.Army Research Laboratory Senior Research Fellowship Program。
文摘The oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is the essential module in energy conversion and storage devices such as electrolyzer,rechargeable metal–air batteries and regenerative fuel cells.The adsorption energy scaling relations between the reaction intermediates,however,impose a large intrinsic overpotential and sluggish reaction kinetics on OER catalysts.Developing advanced electrocatalysts with high activity and stability based on non-noble metal materials is still a grand challenge.Central to the rational design of novel and high-efficiency catalysts is the development and understanding of quantitative structure–activity relationships,which correlate the catalytic activities with structural and electronic descriptors.This paper comprehensively reviews the benchmark descriptors for OER electrolysis,aiming to give an in-depth understanding on the origins of the electrocatalytic activity of the OER and further contribute to building the theory of electrocatalysis.Meanwhile,the cutting-edge research frontiers for proposing new OER paradigms and crucial strategies to circumvent the scaling relationship are also summarized.Challenges,opportunities and perspectives are discussed,intending to shed some light on the rational design concepts and advance the development of more efficient catalysts for enhancing OER performance.
基金co-supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2011CB201103)the National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2011ZX05004003)
文摘Secondary storage spaces with very complex geometries are well developed in Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the Tarim Basin,which is taken as a study case in this paper.It is still not clear how the secondary storage space shape influences the P-＆ S-wave velocities （or elastic properties） in complex carbonate reservoirs.In this paper,three classical rock physics models （Wyllie timeaverage equation,Gassmann equation and the Kuster-Toks z model） are comparably analyzed for their construction principles and actual velocity prediction results,aiming at determining the most favourable rock physics model to consider the influence of secondary storage space shape.Then relationships between the P-＆ S-wave velocities in carbonate reservoirs and geometric shapes of secondary storage spaces are discussed from different aspects based on actual well data by employing the favourable rock physics model.To explain the influence of secondary storage space shape on V P-V S relationship,it is analyzed for the differences of S-wave velocities between derived from common empirical relationships （including Castagna＇s mud rock line and Greenberg-Castagna V P-V S relationship） and predicted by the rock physics model.We advocate that V P-V S relationship for complex carbonate reservoirs should be built for different storage space types.For the carbonate reservoirs in the Tarim Basin,the V P-V S relationships for fractured,fractured-cavernous,and fractured-hole-vuggy reservoirs are respectively built on the basis of velocity prediction and secondary storage space type determination.Through the discussion above,it is expected that the velocity prediction and the V P-V S relationships for complex carbonate reservoirs should fully consider the influence of secondary storage space shape,thus providing more reasonable constraints for prestack inversion,further building a foundation for realizing carbonate reservoir prediction and fluid prediction.
基金supported by Dongguan City Medical and Health Research Project under Grant No. 200910515018Guangdong Provincial Department Cooperation Project under Grant No. 2009B090300362+1 种基金Sichuan Province Science & Technology Pillar Program under Grant No.2010SZ0062the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No. ZYGX2009X016
文摘Effective storage of healthcare information is the foundation of the rapid development of electronic health recorder （EHR）. This paper presents a research on the data model of EHR storage, focusing on solving the complex and abstract information model and data types in HL7 V3（Health Level 7 Version 3.0） as well as HL7 localizing storage. Using health-care information exchange and sharing standards may settle the problem of interoperability between heterogeneous systems. HL7 is the most widely accepted and used standard. HL7 standardizes the information format in the process of transmission. Nevertheless, it can not guide the storage of health-care data directly. HL7 V3 developed an abstract information model-reference information model （RIM） and data types in it are complex. In this paper, we propose an approach on converting from the abstract HL7 V3 information model to the relational data model. Our approach resolves RIM＇s complex relationships and its data types and localizes the HL7 V3.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52202327)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(22ZR1471300)the Key Research Program of Frontier Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.QYZDJ-SSW-JSC013 and KGZD-EW-T06).
文摘Crystal structure determines electrochemical energy storage characteristics;this is the underlying logic of material design.To date,hundreds of electrode materials have been developed to pursue superior performance.However,it remains a great challenge to understand the fundamental structure–performance relationship and achieve quantitative crystal structure design for efficient energy storage.In this review,we introduce the concept of crystal packing factor(PF),which can quantify crystal packing density.We then present and classify the typical crystal structures of attractive cathode/anode materials.Comparative PF analyses of different materials,including polymorphs,isomorphs,and others,are performed to clarify the influence of crystal packing density on energy storage performance through electronic and ionic conductivities.Notably,the practical electronic/ionic conductivities of energy storage materials are based on their intrinsic characteristics related to the PF yet are also affected by extrinsic factors.The PF provides a novel avenue for understanding the electrochemical performance of pristine materials and may offer guidance on designing better materials.Additional approaches involve size regulation,doping,carbon additives,and other methods.We also propose extended PF concepts to understand charge storage and transport behavior at different scales.Finally,we provide our insights on the major challenges and prospective solutions in this highly exciting field.
文摘锂离子电池储能电站火灾事故频繁发生且损失严重,对锂离子电池储能电站火灾风险开展研究可有效预防火灾的发生。首先根据物理-事理-人理(WSR)理论,构建锂电池特性、消防设施、安全管理和人员因素4个一级指标、12个二级指标和32个三级指标的锂离子电池储能电站火灾风险评价指标体系;然后运用序关系分析(G1)法确定各评价指标的主观权重,采用CRITIC法(Criteria Importance Though Intercriteria Correlation,CRITIC)确定客观权重,基于拉格朗日乘法优化后的最小信息熵原理确定组合权重,并结合云模型理论建立锂离子电池储能电站火灾风险评价模型。以某磷酸铁锂储能电站为例开展火灾风险等级评价,结果表明:储能电站火灾风险综合云特征值为(71.3104,1.2142,0.2568),火灾风险等级处于“中风险”,在运行环境和防火设计等方面存在较严重的问题并亟需改进。评价结果与实际火灾风险等级相符,实例证明锂离子电池储能电站火灾风险评价模型能够较准确地反映储能电站火灾风险情况,为锂离子电池储能电站火灾预防与风险管控提供参考。
基金supported by the National Development Agency of Hungary in the ELI hELIOS preparatory project under Grant No. ELI-09-1-2010-0010
文摘We show that absorbed and stored electromagnetic energy are proportional to the reflection group delay in highly reflective dispersive dielectric mirrors over the high-reflectivity band. Our theoretical considerations are verified by numerical simulations performed on different dielectric mirror structures. The revealed pro- portionality between group delay and absorbed energy sets constraint on the application of ultrabroadband and/or dispersive dielectric mirrors in broadband or widely tunable, high-power laser systems.
