Discharge Water Quality Models of Storm Runoff in a Catchment

The relationships between the water qualities of nitrogen and phosphorous contents in the discharge water and the discharge of storm runoff of an experimental catchment including terraced paddy field are analyzed based on experiment results of the catchment. By summarizing the currently related research on water quality models, the water quality models of different components of storm runoff of the catchment are presented and verified with the experiment data of water quality analyses and the corresponding discharge of the storm runoffs during 3 storms. Through estimating the specific discharge of storm runoff, the specific load of different components of nitrogen and phosphorus in the discharge water of the catchment can be forecasted by the models. It is found that the mathematical methods of linear regression are very useful for analysis of the relationship between the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus and the water discharge of storm runoff. It is also found that the most content of the nitrogen (75%) in the discharge water is organic, while half of the content (49%) of phosphorus in the discharge water is inorganic.

Hydrological Processes of Storm Runoff from Catchments of Different Land Uses

In this paper, a novel and efficient study on the hydrological processes of storm runoff from catchments of different land uses is conducted. The motivation is to precisely simulate the hydrological processes of storm runoff in the agricultural catchments with different patterns of land uses, i.e., forest, paddy, and upland, respectively. As it is discussed in this paper, different land use leads to different characteristics of storm runoff. In order to understand the changes in the hydrological processes of storm runoff from catchments of different land uses, the effects of rainfall intensity, initial soil moisture deficit, evapotranspiration rate, percolation rate, and retention capacity on hydrological processes of the catchments are taken into consideration. According to the principle of water balance, a general model to connect the separate hydrological processes is developed; then, the individual hydrological process is studied in detail： Firstly, the daily evaporation is calculated according to the relation between the actual evapotranspiration and the potential evapotranspiration rate; Secondly, the retention of storm runoff is plotted against the total rainfall, and the maximum storage is calculated; Thirdly, the percolation rate is calculated for each catchment.

Influence of Land Use/Cover Change on Storm Runoff—A Case Study of Xitiaoxi River Basin in Upstream of Taihu Lake Watershed

Land use/cover change (LUCC) is one of the main boundary conditions which influence many hydrologic processes. In view of the importance of Taihu Lake Watershed in China and the urgency of discovering the impacts of LUCC on storm runoff, two flood events under five land cover scenarios in the Xitiaoxi River Basin of the upstream of Taihu Lake watershed were simulated by distributed hydrologic modeling system HEC-HMS. The influences of each land cover on storm runoff were discussed. It was concluded that under the same rainstorm the ascending order of runoff coefficient and peak flow produced by the 5 different land covers were woodland, shrub, grassland, arable land, and built-up land; the descending order of swelling time were woodland, shrub, grassland, arable land, and built-up land. Scenario of built-up land was the first to reach peak flow, then arable land, grassland, shrub, and woodland. There were close relationships between the runoff coefficients produced by the 5 different land covers. The degrees of impacts on runoff coefficient of land cover change modes were sorted by descending: woodland to built-up land, shrub to built-up land, grassland to built-up land, arable land to built-up land, woodland to arable land, shrub to arable land, arable land to grassland, shrub to grassland, grassland to arable land, and woodland to shrub. Urbanization will contribute to flood disaster, while forestation will mitigate flood disaster.

Distributions of typical contaminant species in urban short-term storm runoff and their fates during rain events:A case of Xiamen City

The pollutants in urban storm runoff, which lead to an non-point source contamination of water environment around cities, are of great concems. The distributions of typical contaminants and the variations of their species in short term storm runoff from different land surfaces in Xiamen City were investigated. The concentrations of various contaminants, including organic matter, nutrients （i.e., N and P） and heavy metals, were significantly higher in parking lot and road runoff than those in roof and lawn runoff. The early runoff samples from traffic road and parking lot contained much high total nitrogen （TN 6-19 mg/L） and total phosphorus （TP 1-3 mg/L）. A large proportion （around 60%） of TN existed as total dissolved nitrogen （TDN） species in most runoff. The percentage of TDN and the percentage of total dissolved phosphorus remained relatively stable during the rain events and did not decrease as dramatically as TN and TP. In addition, only parking lot and road runoff were contaminated by heavy metals, and both Pb （25-120 μg/L） and Zn （0.1-1.2 mg/L） were major heavy metals contaminating both runoff. Soluble Pb and Zn were predominantly existed as labile complex species （50%-99%）, which may be adsorbed onto the surfaces of suspended particles and could be easily released out when pH decreased. This would have the great impact to the environment.

Stormwater Runoff Pollution in a Rural Township in the Hilly Area of the Central Sichuan Basin,China

Stormwater runoff in rural townships has a high potential for water quality impairment but little information is available on strormwater runoff pollution from rural townships.To investigate the characteristics of runoff pollution in a rural township,a catchment(2.32 ha) in Linshan Township,Sichuan,China was selected to examine runoff and quality parameters including precipitation,flow rate,and total nitrogen(TN),dissolved nitrogen(DN),total phosphorus(TP),dissolved phosphorus(DP),particulate phosphorus(PP),chemical oxygen demand(COD) and suspended solid(SS) in 12 rainfall events occurring between June 2006 and July 2007.Results show that the annual pollutant loads were 47.17 kg ha-1 for TN,6.64 kg ha-1 for TP,1186 kg ha-1 for COD,and 4297 kg ha-1 for SS.DN and PP were the main forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in stormwater runoff.TP,COD and SS showed medium mass first flushes,in which nearly 40% of the total pollutant masses were transported by the first 30% of total flow volume.The peak of pollutant concentration appeared before the peak of runoff due to the first flush of accumulative pollutants in impervious areas and drainage ditches.The EMC values of TN,TP,DN and PP were negatively correlated to the maximum rainfall intensity,precipitation,total flow volume,and runoff duration(P<0.05,n=12),while EMC of COD and SS were not related to any rainfall characteristics.The FF30(FF,First Flush) for TN,TP,COD and SS were positively correlated to the maximum rainfall intensity(P<0.05,n=12),and TP was also positively correlated to the average rainfall intensity(P<0.05,n=12),indicating that the magnitude of first flush increased with the rainfall intensity in the Linshan Township.

Rainfall-runoff modeling for storm events in a coastal forest catchmen t using neural networks

The process of transformation of rainfall into runoff over a catchment is very complex and highly nonlinear and exhibits both tempor al and spatial variabilities. In this article, a rainfall-runoff model using th e artificial neural networks (ANN) is proposed for simula ting the runoff in storm events. The study uses the data from a coa stal forest catchment located in Seto Inland Sea, Japan. This article studies the accuracy of the short-term rainfall forecast obta ined by ANN time-series analysis techniques and using antecedent rainfa ll depths and stream flow as the input information. The verification results from the proposed model indicate that the approach of ANN rai nfall-runoff model presented in this paper shows a reasonable agreement in rainfall-runoff modeling with high accuracy.

Assessment of Land Erosion and Sediment Accumulation Caused by Runoff after a Flash-Flooding Storm Using Topographic Profiles and Spectral Indices

This research deals with the characterization of areas associated with flash floods and erosion caused by severe rainfall storm and sediment transport and accumulation using topographic attributes and profiles, spectral indices (SI), and principal component analysis (PCA). To achieve our objectives, topographic attributes and profiles were retrieved from ASTER-V2 DEM. PCA and nine SI were derived from two Landsat-OLI images acquired before and after the flood-storm. The images data were atmospherically corrected, sensor radiometric drift calibrated, and geometric and topographic distortions rectified. For validation purposes, the acquired photos during the flood-storm, lithological and geological maps were used. The analysis of approximately 100 colour composite combinations in the RGB system permitted the selection of two combinations due to their potential for characterizing soil erosion classes and sediment accumulation. The first considers the “Intensity, NDWI and NMDI”, while the second associates form index (FI), brightness index (BI) and NDWI. These two combinations provide very good separating power between different levels of soil erosion and degradation. Moreover, the derived erosion risk and sediment accumulation map based on the selected spectral indices segmentation and topographic attributes and profiles illustrated the tendency of water accumulation in the landscape, and highlighted areas prone to both fast moving and pooling water. In addition, it demonstrated that the rainfall, the topographic morphology and the lithology are the major contributing factors for flash flooding, catastrophic inundation, and erosion risk in the study area. The runoff-water power delivers vulnerable topsoil and contributes strongly to the erosion process, and then transports soil material and sediment to the plain areas through waterpower and gravity. The originality of this research resides in its simplicity and rapidity to provide a solid basis strategy for regional policies to address the real causes of problems and risks in developing countries. Certainly, it can help in the improvement of the management of water regulation structures to develop a methodology to maximize the water storage capacity and to reduce the risks caused by floods in the Moroccan Atlas Mountain (Guelmim region).

Environmental Factors, Constraints and Risks of Rainwater Runoff in Commune II of Maradi (Republic of Niger)

The Urban Commune of Maradi in Niger experienced increasingly frequent flooding following rainy episodes generating volumes and water flows that are difficult to control in recent years. This study aims to determine the impacts of runoff water in Commune II of Maradi City and to assess the role of urban planning in runoff management, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of urban sanitation in Maradi. The methodological approach used consisted of: 1) an interpretation of documentary data, 2) gathering information on runoff at several sites in the study area, and 3) interviews and questionnaires with local communities. This approach made it possible to understand the degree of vulnerability of the populations to flooding and then to propose sustainable solutions to reduce the vulnerability of the affected populations, through the implementation of effective urban rainwater management practices (USWMP). The results show that the impacts of runoff are mainly related to the lack of adequate storm water drainage networks in the area, but also to the nature of the habitats. Geomorphological factors such as the nature of the soil, the slope of the terrain and the altitude increase the degree of risk. In addition, the inadequacy and dilapidation of the drainage systems of the canals and above all the anarchic occupation of the land linked to accelerated urbanization are the cause of flooding by stagnation of rainwater. A phenomenon now linked to numerous deteriorations of urban equipment, the runoff of rainwater in the city of Maradi carries so many pollutants that municipalities, businesses and individuals should put in place pollution prevention measures.

Impacts of water quality variation and rainfall runoff on Jinpen Reservoir,in Northwest China

The seasonal variation characteristics of the water quality of the Jinpen Reservoir and the impacts of rainfall runoff on the reservoir were investigated. Water quality monitoring results indicated that, during the stable stratification period, the maximum concentrations of total ni- trogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, total organic carbon, iron ion, and manganese ion in the water at the reservoir bottom on September 6 reached 2.5 mg/L, 0.12 mg/L, 0.58 mg/L, 3.2 mg/L, 0.97 mg/L, and 0.32 rag/L, respectively. Only heavy storm runoff can affect the main reservoir and cause the water quality to seriously deteriorate. During heavy storms, the stratification of the reservoir was destroyed, and the reservoir water quality consequently deteriorated due to the high-turbidity particulate phosphorus and organic matter in runoff. The turbidity and concentrations of total phosphorus and total organic carbon in the main reservoir increased to 265 NTU, 0.224 mg/L, and 3.9 mg/L, respectively. Potential methods of dealing with the water problems in the Jinpen Reservoir are proposed. Both in stratification and in storm periods, the use of measures such as adjusting intake height, storing clean water, and releasing turbid flow can be helpful to safeguarding the quality of water supplied to the water treatment plants.

产流模式空间分布对城市雨洪过程模拟的影响

通过耦合网格产流计算模型(GRGM)和暴雨洪水管理模型(SWMM)汇流计算模块构建了GRGM-SWMM模型。以贾鲁河中牟水文站控制流域(包括郑州市中心城区)为研究区,基于18场实测暴雨洪水资料探究了产流模式空间分布对洪水过程模拟精度的影响。结果表明:研究区超渗产流模式空间分布面积占比高达72%,城市下垫面仍以超渗产流模式为主;相较于仅考虑超渗产流计算的SWMM,考虑超渗、蓄满和混合等不同产流模式空间分布的GRGM-SWMM模型场次洪水产流量、流量过程模拟精度明显提高,产流量模拟相对误差平均降低33.26%、决定系数平均提高0.089,流量过程模拟均方根误差平均降低5.13 m^(3)/s、纳什效率系数和决定系数分别平均提高0.227、0.207。

查图法与公式法在尾矿库洪水计算中的应用

文章系统阐述了暴雨径流查算图表法和小流域推理公式法计算洪水的计算过程。对云南山区某尾矿坝流域面积内按200年及500年防洪标准分别采用暴雨径流查算图表法和小流域推理公式法进行洪水计算,通过分析计算结果得出小流域推理公式法计算结果略小于暴雨径流查算图表法。暴雨径流查算方法计算洪水过程为单峰陡涨陡落,符合云南山区性河流的洪水特性,并且考虑推理公式采用的参数是基于全国综合而定的,不一定适合该地区,另外,从防洪安全角度考虑,采用暴雨径流查算法计算的成果更为合理。

Green roofs for storm water management:a review

The rapid urbanization and industrialization involve an unsustainable use of natural systems,leading to various problems in cities.The urban hydrological system experiences fluctuating amount of surface runoff water when it rains heavily.It has been suggested that green roofs significantly mitigate storm water runoff generation even in tropical climate.Green roofs have become popular due to its proven benefits by mitigating urban heat island effects and protecting biodiversity.The annual rainfall and runoff relationship for green roofs is determined by the depth of the substrate.Water retention capacity mostly depends on substrate's physical conditions such as dry or wetness.Generally 6 mm to 12 mm rainfall is required for dry substrate to initiate runoff whereas response of wet conditions is mostly straight.Besides,there are some other factors affecting runoff dynamics such as type of a green roof and its slope,age of green roof,type of vegetation,soil moisture characteristics,weather.The review indicates that there is not much research in green roofs performance over storm water runoff;hence there is a need for further research.This paper reviews and addresses the role of green roofs in urban storm water management.

Assessment of the Contribution of Road Runoffs to Surface Water Pollution in the New Juaben Municipality, Ghana

Road runoffs were sampled from five highways and five urban roads located in the New Juaben Municipality during the late storm events in the month of November 2014 and the early storm events in January 2015. A variety of water quality parameters such as, pH, temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), aqueous concentrations of Chloride (Cl-), Phosphate (), Nitrate () and Sulphate () ions as well as the total concentrations of some selected heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr) were analysed for both periods. Although the results for the studied parameters, particularly the heavy metals varied for both sampling periods, the general trend indicated an increase in accumulation from November 2014 to January 2015. This was attributed to vehicular deposition as well as other natural and anthropogenic depositions on the road surfaces during the antecedent dry weather period between the two sampling months. The highest increase in pollutant loadings was associated with the heavy metals and some physico-chemical parameters such as TSS, TDS, EC and turbidity. Generally, EC, TDS, TSS and turbidity were above the permissible limits of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of Ghana for both sampling periods. However, almost all the mean concentrations of heavy metals recorded for both road runoffs and the control samples were within the permissible limits of the Ghana EPA with some few exceptions.

面向复杂情景的SWMM水质参数敏感性分析

为了研究多种降雨情景下不同下垫面类型的水质参数敏感性,采用修正Morris筛选法解析了SWMM的水质参数敏感性总体特征,阐明了不同降雨强度和下垫面类型对水质参数敏感性的影响程度,揭示了各水质指标的高敏感参数分异特征。结果表明:高敏感及敏感参数数量及敏感性随降雨强度增大而增加,暴雨条件下道路和绿地水质参数敏感性水平显著升高,而降雨峰现时间滞后会导致部分高敏感水质参数的敏感性降低,敏感性从高到低依次为径流指数、最大积累量、冲刷系数、速率常数、半饱和常数;下垫面类型对高敏感及敏感水质参数数量的影响程度高于降雨条件;屋顶的敏感性参数数量及其敏感性总体较大,主要受下垫面面积占比和透水性影响,农田氨氮的径流指数敏感性显著高于化学需氧量、总磷、总氮,与肥料水解及氨氮流失过程有关。

深圳新城公园低影响开发改造工程效果

暴雨管理模型用于评价中国广东省深圳市新城公园低影响开发改造工程的径流控制效果.采用实测数据进行模型参数率定与验证,研究不同降雨条件下的场次径流总量削减率、径流峰值削减率、峰现时刻延后时间、年径流总量控制率及影响因素.模拟结果表明,当以2~50 a一遇的短历时设计降雨事件进行模拟时,改造后的径流过程线相对平缓,径流峰值削减率为30.4%~47.2%,峰现时刻延后了17~26 min;当以监测场次降雨事件和连续多年降雨事件作为模型输入时,改造后的径流总量控制率分别为70.7%~94.8%和79.8%.研究表明,深圳新城公园低影响开发改造工程对高频降雨条件下产生的径流总量、径流峰值具有良好的削减作用,对低频降雨条件下产生的径流总量及峰值削减效果有限,新城公园低影响开发设施长期运行工况下的雨水径流控制效果依然显著.

洪水对长江口风暴潮的影响

河口地区容易遭受洪水和风暴潮复合作用的影响。通过对长江大通站流量长周期序列分析,采用FVCOM建立三维河口风暴潮模型,研究了长江口风暴潮对径流的响应。结论如下:1)长江口天文高潮位(风暴高潮位)随径流的增加而抬升,两者线性关系极强,可为河口洪水和风暴潮的预报提供参考。2)对于给定的天文潮(风暴潮)情景,水位增长率只与站点所在位置有关,且越往上游水位增长率越大。3)风暴增水在江阴段取得峰值,在江阴以上的感潮河段随着流量增大而减小,在江阴以下的河口段变化不明显。

基于GIS构建邯郸市某区SWMM雨洪模型的方法研究

以河北省邯郸市某区雨水管网为例,通过建立GIS管网、划分子汇水区、构建地面高程图、绘制土地利用类型图及计算模型参数,借助GIS空间数据及融合理论和SWMM产流、汇流理论搭建雨洪模型,模拟4种不同重现期的降雨情境,验证模型的准确性,分析模型运行后雨水管网排水能力。结果表明,该方法建立模型的准确性高、适用性强,连续性误差均在5%以内,可直观反映雨洪情况。

基于SWMM的银川市金凤区雨洪模拟及LID效果评估

针对城市内涝及非点源污染问题,从海绵城市建设的角度出发,以银川市金凤区作为研究区域,采用SWMM建立雨洪模型,选取设计雨峰系数为0.4的5种降雨重现期和降雨重现期为0.5 a的4种雨峰系数共9场降雨,评估研究区在下凹式绿地、透水铺装、雨水花园、下凹式绿地组合透水铺装及雨水花园组合透水铺装5种LID方案下对径流及4种污染物的控制效果。模拟结果表明:随着重现期的增大,5种方案的径流控制率及污染物负荷削减率均有所减小;下凹式绿地组合透水铺装方案的削减效果最为显著,重现期为0.5~5 a时,该方案径流控制率均大于65%,污染物负荷削减率均大于45%;重现期为10 a时,径流控制率及TSS、COD、TP与TN负荷削减率分别为61.38%、42.86%、58.23%、44.03%和55.95%;重现期为0.5 a时,随着雨峰系数的增大,5种LID方案的径流控制率及污染物负荷削减率的变化均不明显。LID方案对中小重现期降雨有较好的控制效果,但因组合方案各措施间受到相互作用及不透水面积等因素的影响,并未达到“1+1>2”的叠加效应,最优方案还需深入研究。

城镇暴雨初期雨水产流与产污模拟研究

降雨过程中形成的污染已成为重要的城市面源污染,尤其是降雨初期雨水对城市地表的冲刷导致大量的污染物排放入水体,造成城市河流的冲击性污染。当城镇遭遇暴雨时,下垫面硬化和污染物积蓄使得初雨污染峰值过程更剧烈,对河流的水质影响更为严重。本文采用暴雨洪水管理模型(storm watermanagementmodel,SWMM)平台对具有不同下垫面特性的城镇流域开展暴雨条件下的径流模拟,在此基础上开展面源污染产生过程模拟,对比研究不同下垫面特性对产流、产污过程的影响。结果表明:降雨强度越大,径流产流速度越快,径流峰值流量越大;流域中建成区占比越高,产生的径流量越大,单位面积产污量线性增大。建成区占比高的流域产污过程线较尖瘦(峰值相对较大但历时较短),受支流汇流历时影响,干流产流过程线形状比支流宽胖(峰值相对较小但历时较长),干流峰值比支流滞后10~14 h。暴雨后期地面冲刷的污染物浓度随时间降低,干流的产污过程峰值相对于支流滞后不显著。研究成果可为城镇初期雨水污染防治的技术实施提供理论支撑,对消除城镇黑臭水体和维护河流水环境健康具有指导意义。

虾稻共作产汇流过程中TANK-MIKE 11耦合模型的应用

以构建的适合于平原灌区虾稻共作田降雨-径流过程模拟的TANK-MIKE 11耦合模型为工具,对四湖流域典型虾稻共作田区进行区域排涝影响研究。模拟了在不同降雨标准下,虾稻田种植面积占比、虾稻田上限排水深等条件变化对四新垸农排区径流的影响,结果表明:在不同历时暴雨重现期下,相较于50%现有虾稻共作种植面积,当虾稻田面积为10%与90%时,外排水量分别增加6%~28%和减少3%~18%;在各种设计暴雨下,相较于1.2 m虾沟上限排水深,1.3m时洪峰流量减小3.01%~5.62%。1.4 m时洪峰流量减小5.79%~10.36%。