Stormwater Runoff Pollution in a Rural Township in the Hilly Area of the Central Sichuan Basin,China

Stormwater runoff in rural townships has a high potential for water quality impairment but little information is available on strormwater runoff pollution from rural townships.To investigate the characteristics of runoff pollution in a rural township,a catchment(2.32 ha) in Linshan Township,Sichuan,China was selected to examine runoff and quality parameters including precipitation,flow rate,and total nitrogen(TN),dissolved nitrogen(DN),total phosphorus(TP),dissolved phosphorus(DP),particulate phosphorus(PP),chemical oxygen demand(COD) and suspended solid(SS) in 12 rainfall events occurring between June 2006 and July 2007.Results show that the annual pollutant loads were 47.17 kg ha-1 for TN,6.64 kg ha-1 for TP,1186 kg ha-1 for COD,and 4297 kg ha-1 for SS.DN and PP were the main forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in stormwater runoff.TP,COD and SS showed medium mass first flushes,in which nearly 40% of the total pollutant masses were transported by the first 30% of total flow volume.The peak of pollutant concentration appeared before the peak of runoff due to the first flush of accumulative pollutants in impervious areas and drainage ditches.The EMC values of TN,TP,DN and PP were negatively correlated to the maximum rainfall intensity,precipitation,total flow volume,and runoff duration(P<0.05,n=12),while EMC of COD and SS were not related to any rainfall characteristics.The FF30(FF,First Flush) for TN,TP,COD and SS were positively correlated to the maximum rainfall intensity(P<0.05,n=12),and TP was also positively correlated to the average rainfall intensity(P<0.05,n=12),indicating that the magnitude of first flush increased with the rainfall intensity in the Linshan Township.

Discharge Water Quality Models of Storm Runoff in a Catchment

The relationships between the water qualities of nitrogen and phosphorous contents in the discharge water and the discharge of storm runoff of an experimental catchment including terraced paddy field are analyzed based on experiment results of the catchment. By summarizing the currently related research on water quality models, the water quality models of different components of storm runoff of the catchment are presented and verified with the experiment data of water quality analyses and the corresponding discharge of the storm runoffs during 3 storms. Through estimating the specific discharge of storm runoff, the specific load of different components of nitrogen and phosphorus in the discharge water of the catchment can be forecasted by the models. It is found that the mathematical methods of linear regression are very useful for analysis of the relationship between the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus and the water discharge of storm runoff. It is also found that the most content of the nitrogen (75%) in the discharge water is organic, while half of the content (49%) of phosphorus in the discharge water is inorganic.

Distributions of typical contaminant species in urban short-term storm runoff and their fates during rain events:A case of Xiamen City

The pollutants in urban storm runoff, which lead to an non-point source contamination of water environment around cities, are of great concems. The distributions of typical contaminants and the variations of their species in short term storm runoff from different land surfaces in Xiamen City were investigated. The concentrations of various contaminants, including organic matter, nutrients （i.e., N and P） and heavy metals, were significantly higher in parking lot and road runoff than those in roof and lawn runoff. The early runoff samples from traffic road and parking lot contained much high total nitrogen （TN 6-19 mg/L） and total phosphorus （TP 1-3 mg/L）. A large proportion （around 60%） of TN existed as total dissolved nitrogen （TDN） species in most runoff. The percentage of TDN and the percentage of total dissolved phosphorus remained relatively stable during the rain events and did not decrease as dramatically as TN and TP. In addition, only parking lot and road runoff were contaminated by heavy metals, and both Pb （25-120 μg/L） and Zn （0.1-1.2 mg/L） were major heavy metals contaminating both runoff. Soluble Pb and Zn were predominantly existed as labile complex species （50%-99%）, which may be adsorbed onto the surfaces of suspended particles and could be easily released out when pH decreased. This would have the great impact to the environment.

Impacts of water quality variation and rainfall runoff on Jinpen Reservoir,in Northwest China

The seasonal variation characteristics of the water quality of the Jinpen Reservoir and the impacts of rainfall runoff on the reservoir were investigated. Water quality monitoring results indicated that, during the stable stratification period, the maximum concentrations of total ni- trogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, total organic carbon, iron ion, and manganese ion in the water at the reservoir bottom on September 6 reached 2.5 mg/L, 0.12 mg/L, 0.58 mg/L, 3.2 mg/L, 0.97 mg/L, and 0.32 rag/L, respectively. Only heavy storm runoff can affect the main reservoir and cause the water quality to seriously deteriorate. During heavy storms, the stratification of the reservoir was destroyed, and the reservoir water quality consequently deteriorated due to the high-turbidity particulate phosphorus and organic matter in runoff. The turbidity and concentrations of total phosphorus and total organic carbon in the main reservoir increased to 265 NTU, 0.224 mg/L, and 3.9 mg/L, respectively. Potential methods of dealing with the water problems in the Jinpen Reservoir are proposed. Both in stratification and in storm periods, the use of measures such as adjusting intake height, storing clean water, and releasing turbid flow can be helpful to safeguarding the quality of water supplied to the water treatment plants.

Green roofs for storm water management:a review

The rapid urbanization and industrialization involve an unsustainable use of natural systems,leading to various problems in cities.The urban hydrological system experiences fluctuating amount of surface runoff water when it rains heavily.It has been suggested that green roofs significantly mitigate storm water runoff generation even in tropical climate.Green roofs have become popular due to its proven benefits by mitigating urban heat island effects and protecting biodiversity.The annual rainfall and runoff relationship for green roofs is determined by the depth of the substrate.Water retention capacity mostly depends on substrate's physical conditions such as dry or wetness.Generally 6 mm to 12 mm rainfall is required for dry substrate to initiate runoff whereas response of wet conditions is mostly straight.Besides,there are some other factors affecting runoff dynamics such as type of a green roof and its slope,age of green roof,type of vegetation,soil moisture characteristics,weather.The review indicates that there is not much research in green roofs performance over storm water runoff;hence there is a need for further research.This paper reviews and addresses the role of green roofs in urban storm water management.

Environmental Factors, Constraints and Risks of Rainwater Runoff in Commune II of Maradi (Republic of Niger)

The Urban Commune of Maradi in Niger experienced increasingly frequent flooding following rainy episodes generating volumes and water flows that are difficult to control in recent years. This study aims to determine the impacts of runoff water in Commune II of Maradi City and to assess the role of urban planning in runoff management, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of urban sanitation in Maradi. The methodological approach used consisted of: 1) an interpretation of documentary data, 2) gathering information on runoff at several sites in the study area, and 3) interviews and questionnaires with local communities. This approach made it possible to understand the degree of vulnerability of the populations to flooding and then to propose sustainable solutions to reduce the vulnerability of the affected populations, through the implementation of effective urban rainwater management practices (USWMP). The results show that the impacts of runoff are mainly related to the lack of adequate storm water drainage networks in the area, but also to the nature of the habitats. Geomorphological factors such as the nature of the soil, the slope of the terrain and the altitude increase the degree of risk. In addition, the inadequacy and dilapidation of the drainage systems of the canals and above all the anarchic occupation of the land linked to accelerated urbanization are the cause of flooding by stagnation of rainwater. A phenomenon now linked to numerous deteriorations of urban equipment, the runoff of rainwater in the city of Maradi carries so many pollutants that municipalities, businesses and individuals should put in place pollution prevention measures.

城市建成区海绵容量评估与排水系统优化设计

低影响开发理念成为解决我国城市化所带来的洪涝灾害、面源污染、水生态破坏等城市水问题的新思路。灰-绿基础设施联用可同时达到削减径流量和污染负荷的目的。但区域本底海绵容量、绿色基础设施调蓄量与关键设计参数缺乏定量依据。该研究通过SWMM模型模拟、数值计算和现场实测评估研究区域本底海绵容量,结合综合径流系数法明确了研究区域水敏感区分级,其海绵容量分级为优、良、中、差、极差5级的子汇水区占比分别为8.6%、9.1%、24.6%、55.0%和2.7%,绝大部分子汇水区分级为中和差;结合现场实测和RECARGA模型模拟,明确了绿色基础设施海绵容量及灰色基础设施入流参数,结果表明:相较于填料厚度变化,绿色基础设施对降雨量大小的响应更为明显。从排水管道系统优化和灰-绿组合排水系统优化两个方面进行了系统方案设计,构建了灰-绿联用雨水调蓄技术路径,为其关键设计参数的选取和管道改造方案的制定提供了有效依据。

基于低影响开发理念的给水厂设计

为应对因雨水径流量改变而导致的水安全问题,以合肥某给水厂为例,探讨利用低影响开发技术调节厂区径流的可能性,并建立基于SWMM的水文模型,校核调控效果。结果表明:分散式布设下凹式绿地、雨水花园、绿色屋顶、透水铺装4种LID措施,在5 a重现期内,厂区地表径流削减率平均值达到61.95%,地表下渗率平均提高36.90%,洪峰流量平均减小73.59%,节点积水量平均减少79.74%,年径流总量控制率达到77.27%,比目标年径流总量控制率提高2.27%,降低了厂区内涝风险,为安全生产提供了保障。

基于SWMM-MIKE21耦合模型的圩区海绵城市建设效果评估研究

该研究基于SWMM模型和MIKE21模型的耦合使用,针对江苏省连云港市徐圩新区的海绵城市建设进行了水文和水质的综合评估。通过SWMM模型模拟陆地雨洪管理和MIKE21模型模拟湖泊水动力及水质,实现了两模型在水动力水质模块中的耦合,主要分析了雨洪控制、径流减量、污染负荷减少以及水质的改善。研究结果显示,模型拟合精度高(MSE为0.787,MAPE为6.72%),表明模型能够准确反映出海绵城市建设的效果。实施海绵设施后,徐圩新区的年径流总量控制率达到76.92%,面源污染负荷由80%降至40%,湖泊的最高水位降低了0.02 m,水质得到显著改善。这一耦合模型的应用有效评估了海绵城市建设的综合效益,为类似区域提供了科学的技术参考和实践指导,对促进区域水安全和水环境持续改善具有重要的实际意义。

上海城市降水径流营养盐氮负荷及空间分布

在野外采样和室内化学分析的基础上 ,研究了上海市区、郊区各不同功能区内降水径流中营养元素氮的含量水平及其空间分布差异。研究结果表明 ,城市降水径流中营养元素氮具有较高的含量水平 ,其中TIN、NH4 -N、NO3-N的均值含量分别为 7.45、3 .14、2 .98和 1.33mg/L ,与同期河流水体中氮含量相比 ,降水径流中营养元素氮对河流水中氮含量水平具有重要的贡献 ,反映城市降水径流是一种不容忽略的非点污染源。从城市降水径流中营养元素氮负荷的空间分布来看 ,在工业区、交通要道 ,氮含量普遍偏高 ,而在居民居住区和商业区 ,氮含量普遍较低 ;此外 ,市区和郊区相比 。

社区尺度绿色基础设施暴雨径流消减模拟研究

当前快速的城市化进程导致了城市地区内涝事件频繁发生。绿色基础设施是减轻城市洪涝的有效措施之一。SWMM(Storm Water Management Model)等模型的复杂性使得规划管理者对模型的操作和应用存在困难,而且缺乏对绿色基础设施径流消减机制的展现。目前的研究中,比较单个与综合绿色基础设施配置径流消减效果的研究相对较少。基于水量平衡和城市水文过程,开发了社区尺度绿色基础设施消减作用的暴雨径流模型,并以北京市一典型社区为例,模拟研究了一年一遇和五年一遇两种暴雨条件下不同绿色基础设施配置对暴雨径流流量和峰值的消减效率。结果表明:用两场野外监测的降雨和径流数据验证模型得到的决定系数分别为0.68和0.71,纳什效率系数分别达到0.99和0.96,表明模型是可靠的。在一年一遇和五年一遇两种暴雨条件下,将常规绿地改造成5 cm深度的下凹式绿地,径流量分别减少了8.23%和23.30%,径流峰值分别减少了20.31%和29.11%;在建造300 m3调蓄池的情景下,径流量分别减少了84.90%和20.97%,径流峰值分别减少了88.99%和0.10%;在50%的不透水地表铺装透水砖情景下,径流量分别减少了46.51%和38.52%,径流峰值分别减少了39.96%和35.48%。3种绿色基础设施都可以较好的消减社区暴雨径流,但是随着暴雨强度的增强,下凹式绿地的消减效果略增强,调蓄池的消减效果变差,透水砖铺装的消减效果较稳定。综合3种措施对暴雨径流具有显著消减效果,可以100%消减一年一遇暴雨产生的径流,在五年一遇设计暴雨条件下,分别消减75.47%的总径流量和64.52%的径流峰值。

厦门市城市绿地雨洪减排效应评价

城市绿地在对雨水的渗透、滞留和调蓄方面具有非常显著的作用,能够有效削减城市的雨洪流量,缓解内涝压力.以海绵城市试点——厦门市为典型区,在日降雨数据、土地利用数据、土壤类型数据、城市绿地空间分布数据和城市建成区空间范围数据等多源数据的支撑下,系统评价了厦门市建成区城市绿地的雨洪减排效应.其中,雨洪减排效应的实物量通过SCS(Soil Conservation Service)模型进行评估,价值量则利用替代市场法进行估算.结果表明:2010年厦门市单位城市绿地削减的雨洪径流深为262. 28 mm,削减的雨洪径流总量为4 385. 40×10~4m^3,减排服务价值为2. 75×108元;2015年单位城市绿地削减的雨洪径流深为335. 77 mm,削减的雨洪径流总量为7 634. 37×10~4m^3,减排服务价值为5. 49×108元.城市绿地面积、降水量及其时程分配是影响城市绿地雨洪减排效应的关键因子,在其共同驱动下,2015年厦门市城市绿地的雨洪减排效应较2010年显著增加.研究显示,SCS模型在数据输入和参数率定等方面具有显著优势,能够在地理空间上连续模拟厦门市整个建成区的产流量,进而实现行政区单元和城市绿地类型单元雨洪减排效应的双重评价,3种城市绿地类型(乔木、灌木和草本)单位面积的雨洪减排效应并无明显差异,受绿地面积支配,厦门市80%的城市绿地雨洪减排效应由乔木绿地产生.

城市降雨径流污染初始冲刷效应对BMPs选择的启示

指出城市降雨径流污染初始冲刷效应(FFE)在城市非点源污染的研究中占有重要地位。综述FFE的判定及大小定量化方法、季节性FFE的概念和污染物的相态对FFE的影响。FFE初中期雨水径流污染物浓度高的特性,为选择经济高效的最佳管理措施(BMPs)提供了理论依据和重要启示。结合FFE及冲刷过程中污染物的形态提出的工程BMPs,能使资源配置和污染控制效果达到最优化,为城市公共管理部门的决策和实践提供建议。

雨水干管污染物输送规律研究

根据城市汇水面源头污染物的径流冲刷规律 ,进一步从理论上推导分析了降雨径流通过任意多个雨水口汇入雨水干管后的污染物输送数学模型及规律 ,并结合现场取样分析数据对输送规律进行了验证 ,分析了部分实测数据与理论模型存在一定偏差的原因。基本掌握了城市雨水管系中污染物的输送规律 。

城市非点源污染管理的制度、信息和决策支撑

城市非点源污染对中国水环境的威胁日益加剧。制度不健全、信息基础薄弱和缺少决策支撑是当前城市非点源污染管理的主要制约因素。短期内,改善城市非点源污染管理的首要任务是夯实信息基础。从长远来看,制度的完善是落实城市非点源污染管理的根本保障。发达国家在信息基础建设和制度设计方面的成果和经验对于中国城市非点源污染管理工作有重要的参考价值。此外,先进的决策支撑技术是管理获得预期成效的重要保障。国际上决策支撑技术研究的最新发展动态值得国内相关领域借鉴。

北京城区河湖水系治理中的问题与建议

简要地回顾北京市近20年河湖水系治理历程中所取得的成就,分析存在的一些主要问题,根据对城区雨水径流非点源污染总量的粗略估算,指出城市雨水径流非点源污染是导致整治后的河湖水系水质恶化最主要的污染因素;结合发达国家对河湖水系治理的一些经验对北京市河湖水系的治理提出几点建议,以期为彻底治理河湖水系的污染提供新的思路,也可供其他城市在治理城市水系污染时参考。

海绵城市理念下城市透水性铺装的应用研究

海绵城市是应对我国快速城镇化过程中出现的严重水环境问题而提出的一种新理念,透水性铺装技术是低影响开发雨水系统的重要手段。首先,对城市下塾面硬化带来的弊端进行了分析,然后,从海绵城市的角度提出了透水性铺装对恢复城市良性水文循环机制的作用。在此基础上对透水铺装材料的物理特性、适用范围、后期养护、设计流程等方面进行了系统论述,以期为在海绵城市建设中更好地应用透水铺装提供借鉴。

城市雨水管网降雨径流污染特征及对受纳水体水质的影响

以北京市城区和近郊区选取的2个不同下垫面类型的汇水小流域为代表,在2008—2009年共进行了4场降雨过程的雨水管网出口和下游受纳水体水质同步监测.研究结果表明,分流制雨水管网降雨径流污染严重,其中悬浮物浓度高于城市污水,COD、氨氮、总磷和总氮浓度略低于城市污水,但明显高于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)中的Ⅴ类标准,以及《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)中的一级B标准;木樨园小流域由于绿地面积比例小,道路面积比例大,城乡结合部地带环境卫生相对较差,雨水管网降雨径流各污染物的EMC浓度比西蒲小流域高21.4%—246.5%.雨水管网降雨径流存在一定程度的初期冲刷效应;雨水管网降雨径流中COD和总磷与悬浮物之间具有较强的相关性.管网降雨径流使受纳水体污染物浓度升高16.9%—541.7%,其中悬浮物、COD和氨氮升高幅度最大.增加城市绿地可明显降低降雨径流中的悬浮颗粒物及其携带的有机污染物的含量.

SWMM模型在城市不透水区地表径流模拟中的参数识别与验证

为了研究城市不透水下垫面的降雨径流过程和污染负荷,以屋面为例,选择径流管理模型SWMM,采用独立场次实测数据,应用基于不确定性分析的HSY算法和Monte Carlo采样方法对模型中的水文水力和水质参数进行识别和验证.结果表明,地表不透水区径流模型中主要包含6个关键参数,分别为不透水区初损填洼深度（S-imperv）、不透水区曼宁系数（N-imperv）,指数累积方程中的最大可能累积值（max buildup）、累积常数（rate constant）,指数冲刷方程中的冲刷系数（coefficient）和冲刷指数（exponent）.水文水力参数的识别可以最小二乘法偏差作为目标函数,水质参数的识别可以场次污染负荷和污染物峰值浓度作为目标函数.参数识别结果为N-imperv0.012-0.025,S-imperv0-0.7,max buildup15-30,rate constant 0.2-0.8,coefficient 0.01-0.05,exponent 1.0-1.2.参数的区域灵敏度由大到小排序为coefficient、S-imperv、N-imperv、max buildup、exponent、rate constant.识别后的参数可以通过模型验证,但是在模拟一些雨型特殊的降雨径流污染物浓度曲线时,仍然存在一定的困难.

不同水生植物在暴雨湿地中的水质净化作用

选择菖蒲、芦苇、美人蕉、鸢尾和水花生(空心莲子草)5种典型的湿地水生植物,以武汉动物园猩猩馆流域为研究区域,通过三年的长期定位试验,研究了这5种典型水生植物对暴雨径流湿地中氮、磷等不同污染物的吸收能力、养分负荷变化、吸附解析性能以及去除贡献率。结果表明,水生植物对氮、磷的吸附能力主要与水生植物的生物量有关,随着生物量的增加逐渐升高。在降雨量逐渐减少的情况下,植物体吸收的氮磷占流域年输入总氮的百分比可以从7.8%升高到35.9%,占流域输入总磷的百分比从21.8%升高到69.4%。在这5种典型水生植物中,芦苇对湿地中氮的吸收能力最强,鸢尾对湿地中磷的吸收能力最强;芦苇和菖蒲茎叶中的氮、磷、钾元素含量要高于根系中的养分含量;不同的植物种类在腐烂时污染物的释放量差异较大,其中鸢尾释放量最大,其次是菖蒲和美人蕉,芦苇释放量最少;而菖蒲对水中高锰酸盐指数和TP的吸附量最大,其次是鸢尾、美人蕉和芦苇。