Influence of screw length and diameter on tibial strain energy density distribution after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Postoperative tunnel enlargement has been frequently reported after anterior cruciate ligament（ACL）reconstruction.Interference screw,as a surgical implant in ACL reconstruction,may influence natural loading transmission and contribute to tunnel enlargement.The aims of this study are（1）to quantify the alteration of strain energy density（SED）distribution after the anatomic single-bundle ACL reconstruction;and（2）to characterize the influence of screw length and diameter on the degree of the SED alteration.A validated finite element model of human knee joint was used.The screw length ranging from 20 to 30 mm with screw diameter ranging from 7 to 9 mm were investigated.In the post-operative knee,the SED increased steeply at the extra-articular tunnel aperture under compressive and complex loadings,whereas the SED decreased beneath the screw shaft and nearby the intra-articular tunnel aperture.Increasing the screw length could lower the SED deprivation in the proximal part of the bone tunnel;whereas increasing either screw length or diameter could aggravate the SED deprivation in the distal part of the bone tunnel.Decreasing the elastic modulus of the screw could lower the bone SED deprivation around the screw.In consideration of both graft stability and SED alteration,a biodegradable interference screw with a long length is recommended,which could provide a beneficial mechanical environment at the distal part of the tunnel,and meanwhile decrease the bone-graft motion and synovial fluid propagation at the proximal part of the tunnel.These findings together with the clinical and histological factors could help to improve surgical outcome,and serve as a preliminary knowledge for the following study of biodegradable interference screw.

Damage Identification in Beam-Type Structures Using Pseudo Strain Energy Density and Grey Relation Coefficient

Based on pseudo strain energy density (PSED) and grey relation coefficient (GRC), an index is proposed to locate the damage of beam-type structures in time-domain. The genetic algorithm (GA) is utilized to identify the structural damage severity of confirmed damaged locations. Furthermore, a systematic damage identification program based on GA is developed on MATLAB platform. ANSYS is employed to conduct the finite element analysis of complicated civil engineering structures, which is embedded with interface technique. The two-step damage identification is verified by a finite element model of Xinxingtang Highway Bridge and a laboratory beam model based on polyvinylidens fluoride (PVDF). The bridge model was constructed with 57 girder segments, and simulated with 58 measurement points. The damaged segments were located accurately by GRC index regardless of damage extents and noise levels. With stiffness reduction factors of detected segments as variables, the GA program evolved for 150 generations in 6 h and identified the damage extent with the maximum errors of 1% and 3% corresponding to the noise to signal ratios of 0 and 5%, respectively. In contrast, the common GA-based method without using GRC index evolved for 600 generations in 24 h, but failed to obtain satisfactory results. In the laboratory test, PVDF patches were used as dynamic strain sensors, and the damage locations were identified due to the fact that GRC indexes of points near damaged elements were smaller than 0.6 while those of others were larger than 0.6. The GA-based damage quantification was also consistent with the value of crack depth in the beam model.

Structural Damage Identification via Pseudo Strain Energy Density and Wavelet Packet Transform

Based on strain signals, a new time-domain methodology for detecting the beam local damage has been developed. The pseudo strain energy density （PSED） is defined and used to build two major damage indexes, the average pseudo strain energy density （APSED） and the average pseudo strain energy density rate （APSEDR）. Probability and mathematical statistics are utilized to derive a standardized damage index. Furthermore, by applying the analytic relation between the strain energy release rate and the stress intensity factor, an analytic solution of crack depth is derived. For the dynamic strain signals, the wavelet packet transform is used to pre-process measured data. Finally, a numerical simulation indicates that this method can effectively identify the damage location and its absolute severity.

Energy consumption in rock fragmentation at intermediate strain rate

In order to determine the relationship among energy consumption of rock and its fragmentation, dynamic strength and strain rate, granite, sandstone and limestone specimens were chosen and tested on large-diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) equipment with half-sine waveform loading at the strain rates ranging from 40 to 150 s- 1. With recorded signals, the energy consumption, strain rate and dynamic strength were analyzed. And the fragmentation behaviors of specimens were investigated. The experimental results show that the energy consumption density of rock increases linearly with the total incident energy. The energy consumption density is of an exponent relationship with the average size of rock fragments. The higher the energy consumption density, the more serious the fragmentation, and the better the gradation of fragments. The energy consumption density takes a good logarithm relationship with the dynamic strength of rock. The dynamic strength of rock increases with the increase of strain rate, indicating higher strain rate sensitivity.

Safety Evaluation of Concrete Structures Based on a Novel Energy Criterion

In this article,the post-peak softening stage of the constitutive relation and the elastic stiffness degradation of concrete are investigated,and a highly reasonable constitutive relation curve is proposed.At the material level,the energy change in the concrete failure process is studied based on the different stress-strain curves of concrete under uniaxial tension and compression.The concrete failure criterion based on elastic strain energy density is deemed suitable and consistent with the experimental phenomena.The hysteresis phenomenon(lags behind the peak strength)is also discussed.At the structure level,the strength reduction method is employed for the stability analysis,the energy change in the failure process of the Long Xi-Kou Dam is examined,and the results show that the dam failure criterion based on elastic strain energy shows a greater significance in practical applications compared with other conventional structural failure criteria in engineering.This criterion is objective and can avoid subjective arbitrariness.

Low-S train and High-Energy KVPO_(4)F Cathode with Multifunctional Stabilizer for Advanced Potassium-Ion Batteries

KVPO_(4)F with excellent structural stability and high operating voltage has been identified as a promising cathode for potassium-ion batteries(PIBs),but limits in sluggish ion transport and severe volume change cause insufficient potassium storage capability.Here,a high-energy and low-strain KVPO_(4)F composite cathode assisted by multifunctional K_(2)C_(4)O_(4)electrode stabilizer is exquisitely designed.Systematical electrochemical investigations demonstrate that this composite cathode can deliver a remarkable energy density up to 530 Wh kg^(-1)with 142.7 mAh g^(-1)of reversible capacity at 25 mA g^(-1),outstanding rate capability of 70.6 mAh g^(-1)at 1000 mA g^(-1),and decent cycling stability.Furthermore,slight volume change(~5%)and increased interfacial stability with thin and even cathode-electrolyte interphase can be observed through in situ and ex situ characterizations,which are attributed to the synergistic effect from in situ potassium compensation and carbon deposition through self-sacrificing K_(2)C_(4)O_(4)additive.Moreover,potassium-ion full cells manifest significant improvement in energy density and cycling stability.This work demonstrates a positive impact of K_(2)C_(4)O_(4)additive on the comprehensive electrochemical enhancement,especially the activation of high-voltage plateau capacity and provides an efficient strategy to enlighten the design of other high-voltage cathodes for advanced high-energy batteries.

Effect of Elastic Strains on Adsorption Energies of C,H and O on Transition Metal Oxides

Platinum(Pt)-based noble metal catalysts(PGMs)are the most widely used commercial catalysts,but they have the problems of high cost,low reserves,and susceptibility to small-molecule toxicity.Transition metal oxides(TMOs)are regarded as potential substitutes for PGMs because of their stability in oxidizing environments and excellent catalytic performance.In this study,comprehensive investigation into the influence of elastic strains on the adsorption energies of carbon(C),hydrogen(H)and oxygen(O)on TMOs was conducted.Based on density functional theory(DFT)calculations,these effects in both tetragonal structures(PtO_(2),PdO_(2))and hexagonal structures(ZnO,CdO),along with their respective transition metals were systematically explored.It was identified that the optimal adsorption sites on metal oxides pinpointed the top of oxygen or the top of metal atom,while face-centered cubic(FCC)and hexagonal close-packed(HCP)holes were preferred for the transition metals.Furthermore,under the influence of elastic strains,the results demonstrated significant disparities in the adsorption energies of H and O between oxides and transition metals.Despite these differences,the effect of elastic strains on the adsorption energies of C,H and O on TMOs mirrored those on transition metals:adsorption energies increased under compressive strains,indicating weaker adsorption,and decreased under tension strains,indicating stronger adsorption.This behavior was rationalized based on the d-band model for adsorption atop a metallic atom or the p-band model for adsorption atop an oxygen atom.Consequently,elastic strains present a promising avenue for tailoring the catalytic properties of TMOs.

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES OF (CdSe)_n/(ZnSe)_m STRAINED-LAYER SUPERLATTICES

The electronic structures of (CdSe)n/(ZnSe)m strained-lager soperfattice (SLS) were investigated by the recursion method in the tight-bindiop opproximation. The total,local, and partial density of states were calculated for n=1, m=5.The total density of states (TDOS) for bulk CdSe, ZnSe and n=1, 3, m=1, 3, 5, for SLS were investigated.Fermi energy, the band gap, the valence of an atom, and the ionization potential and the electron affinity were discassed.

The Minimum Energy Principle in Description of Nonlinear Properties of Orthotropic Material

In this paper the conception of theoretical determine the relations between material experimental characteristics is presented. On the base of stress-strain relations for nonlinear elastic anisotropic material and geometrical interpretation of deformation state, the general form of strain energy density function was introduced. Using this function and variational methods the relations between material characteristics were achieved. All considerations are illustrated by a short theoretical example.

川滇主要断裂带应力应变积累速率的三维有限元模拟:初步结果

川滇地区构造活动强烈,活动断裂众多,强震活动频繁.了解主要活动断裂的应力应变积累速率对于评估该区的长期地震危险性具有重要参考作用.本文新建立川滇地区及其主要活动断裂的三维黏弹性有限元模型,其中考虑了该区的岩石圈结构分层以及介质在水平和深度方向的不均匀性;采用1996—2018年的平均GPS水平速度场约束模型的侧边界,同时考虑川滇地块深部介质的拖曳力过程,模拟计算了构造加载作用下模型的动力学响应——区域变形特征和断裂的应力积累速率.模拟的位移场能很好拟合GPS观测的速度场,模拟的水平主应力方向在川滇块体和华南块体西缘与地震震源主应力方向相符,反映所建模型与模拟结果有较好的可信度.尝试将模拟的应力积累速率与基于GPS/GNSS观测的应变速率相结合,计算能反映区域地壳应变积累程度的弹性应变能密度分布;讨论了主要断裂带的背景应力、弹性应变能密度和库仑应力积累速率与M≥6.0地震发生的关系.结果显示除了模型边界附近的应力奇异地带外,川滇其余地区1996年以来M≥6.0地震大多数发生在模拟应力积累速率高或次高的断裂带(段),以及弹性应变能密度积累速率中偏高的断裂带(段).在模拟的背景应力速率高而且库仑应力增长快的龙门山断裂带南段和鲜水河断裂带最南段,分别在本文写作和定稿阶段发生2022年6月1日四川芦山M6.1地震和2022年9月5日四川泸定M6.8地震.认为研究区具有类似高或者次高的模拟应力和弹性应变能密度积累速率、但至今无强震发生和记录的断裂带(段),潜在的地震危险性需要关注.

锚索丝轴向受力-破断能量聚散演化与吸能防护机理

针对深部高应力巷道顶板锚索在拉伸、剪切、扭转等复合作用下,积聚应变能瞬间释放,引发锚索抽丝破断弹射事故,严重影响煤矿安全生产。以张集矿1421(3)锚索支护巷道为工程背景,运用理论分析、数值模拟、实验室试验相结合的研究方法,揭示锚索-围岩能量孕育演化机制与锚索防护装置吸能防护机理。结果表明:由锚索丝单轴拉伸试验与全量本构模型得到锚索丝破断应变能密度为55 MJ/m^(3),锚索丝破断弹射释放能量与锚索丝破断长度、轴力、直径呈正相关。根据数值模拟,锚索距顶板0.6 m处剪切应力集中,易发生锚索抽丝破断弹射,长度0.8 m锚索丝弹射初速度为102 m/s。通过仿真模拟结合强度理论,原方案锚索吸能防护装置冲击荷载极限为20 m/s,增加锚索防护装置底座护壁使冲击荷载极限提升至200 m/s,有效解决锚索丝冲击防护装置偏转失效问题。基于锚索防护装置静态拉伸试验与自由落体冲击试验对数值模拟结果进行可靠性验证,获得防护装置最大吸能阈值为1189 J;无护壁防护装置弹簧底座在冲击力作用下产生侧向偏移,弹簧底部剪切破坏;增加弹簧底座护壁,可有效约束底座偏移,充分发挥弹簧拉伸吸能特性,防止弹簧剪切损伤后失效,试验结果与数值模拟结果相符。研究成果为同规格锚索巷道支护设计、锚索抽丝破断弹射与防护提供借鉴。

聚氨酯-泡沫铝复合材料的性能研究

目的制备一种具有可恢复阻尼机制的聚氨酯-泡沫铝(PU-AF)减震复合材料,研究PU-AF减震复合材料的阻尼机制,泡沫铝体积质量对PU-AF静态压缩力学性能、吸能性能的影响。方法将制备的PU-AF复合材料在万能材料试验机上进行单调循环压缩试验,由应力-应变曲线研究复合材料的阻尼机制和吸能性能。结果当泡沫铝体积质量为0.70~0.85 g/cm 3时,在相同应变值下,随着泡沫铝体积质量的增加,PU-AF复合材料的屈服强度、弹性模量均增大。吸能效率在应变为30%以后有所降低,最佳吸能效率对应的应变为25%~35%。结论聚氨酯可以显著提高复合材料的应变恢复率;PU-AF是一种很好的减震复合材料。

考虑微裂纹力学行为的岩石单轴压缩损伤模型

针对目前岩石压缩损伤模型未能很好地同时考虑微裂纹滑移与扩展对岩石总变形的贡献、微裂纹复合扩展准则及岩石损伤程度对被激活裂纹数量影响等不足,基于细观力学对微裂纹在单轴压缩荷载下的滑移及扩展机理展开研究。首先根据微裂纹滑移模型及能量平衡原理,建立了岩石单轴压缩应力应变关系,并认为微裂纹服从Weibull分布模型;进而以应变能密度准则作为微裂隙扩展判据,采用迭代法求解复合型断裂的翼裂纹扩展长度,并获得用翼裂纹扩展长度表示的岩石损伤变量演化方程,由此提出了一个新的岩石单轴压缩损伤模型,并验证了其合理性;最后,采用参数敏感性分析研究了微裂纹长度及摩擦系数和岩石断裂韧度对岩石力学特性的影响。结果表明:由本模型预测得到的岩石单轴压缩峰值强度与试验结果吻合较好,说明了其合理性。同时发现随着微裂纹长度增加及其摩擦系数减小、岩石断裂韧度增加,岩石单轴抗压峰值强度及峰值应变均随之减小。当微裂纹长度由60μm增加到120μm时,岩石单轴抗压峰值强度近似线性降低;而当微裂纹摩擦系数由0.5增加到0.8及岩石断裂韧度由0.3 MPa·m^(1/2)增加到0.6 MPa·m1/2时,岩石单轴抗压峰值强度均是先缓慢增加,而后迅速增加。本研究为岩石压缩损伤本构模型的建立提供了一条新的思路,具有重要的理论意义。

一维六方准晶非周期平面内中心开口裂纹的平面热弹性问题

考虑裂纹内部介质的热传导率,研究了一维六方准晶非周期平面内含中心开口裂纹的平面热弹性问题.利用Fourier积分变换技术,得到了热应力、裂纹尖端处的热应力强度因子和应变能密度因子的封闭解.数值结果讨论了裂纹内部介质的热传导率、外载荷及声子场-相位子场耦合系数对热应力强度因子和应变能密度因子的影响.结果表明,声子场-相位子场耦合系数对裂纹扩展影响较大.当声子场载荷较小或热流密度较大时,裂纹不易扩展,热流密度在裂纹尖端处会出现集中热效应.随着裂纹内部介质热传导率的增大,热流密度逐渐增加而热应力强度因子逐渐减小.该文所得结果为准晶热力学性质的实际应用提供了理论依据,进而可用于优化准晶元器件的设计和制备.

圆柱结构中的环向SH波及洞体内表面波不存在性讨论

目前有关圆柱结构中的环向SH波研究仅限于实心柱体与圆柱壳体结构。由于无法直接获得圆柱洞体中传播的SH表面波的解析解,对比研究了实心柱体和多种不同类型的圆柱壳体中的环向SH波,从波结构、应变能密度幅值分布与壳体厚度的关系讨论洞体内SH表面波的存在性。建立柱坐标系下均匀弹性材料与功能梯度材料环向SH波的波动方程;分别求得方程的贝塞尔函数解和幂级数渐近解;进一步计算得到其频散曲线、波结构与应变能密度幅值。结果表明:幂级数方法可用于计算圆柱型结构中的变系数波动方程,且具有较高的精度;圆柱型结构中环向SH波的能量集中在外表面或次外表面,并随着壳体厚度的增加,能量集中现象更为明显;通过应变能密度幅值分布规律推论出圆柱洞体内表面无法传播环向SH表面波。最后,针对均质结构和梯度结构,采用反证法证明了无法得到满足洞体内SH表面波衰减条件的解析解,从而证明了该推论。

基于Berkovich压痕应变能量密度的钢材断裂韧性评价方法

为改善压痕法测试断裂韧性过程中测量标准不同和精度不足的问题,基于临界压痕能量(Critical indentation energy, CIE)法,提出了基于Berkovich压痕应变能量密度(Strain energy density, SED)评估钢材断裂韧性的方法。同时考虑弹性和塑性能量并修正临界总压深,评价了9种钢材的韧性。结果表明,发现仅考虑塑性能量所测量韧性的相对误差在5%~20%,而本文同时考虑弹性和塑性能量所测量韧性的相对误差在5%以内。同时,确定临界总压深的拟合范围需要避开材料近表面弹性模量上升的区域,改善了基于CIE法使用Berkovich压头评估钢材断裂韧性的精确度。

采矿诱发断层滑移失稳机制与能量释放规律研究

为研究采矿诱发断层滑移失稳机制与能量释放规律,通过对现场围岩节理裂隙调查和钻孔取芯开展试验,获得了岩体节理裂隙产状分布及围岩基本力学参数,采用Hoek-Brown强度准则对不同层位岩体的力学参数进行修正,以离散断裂网络(Discrete Fracture Network,DFN)形式将节理裂隙数据导入FLAC3D软件,构建精细化数值模型并进行了模拟分析。研究表明:将岩体库仑破裂应力增量ΔCFS作为断层滑移失稳的定量判据,可有效预测断层的滑移失稳区域;当主应力沿断层上盘方向进行偏转时,ΔCFS随着偏转角度与断层倾角增大而降低,断层周边岩体不易发生损伤破坏;当主应力沿着断层下盘方向进行偏转时,ΔCFS随着偏转角度与断层倾角增大而增大,断层周边岩体的损伤破坏程度加剧;断层滑移失稳分可以为3个阶段,即滑移蓄能阶段、稳定滑移阶段与滑移弱化阶段;断层周边岩体应变能密度集中区为断层滑移失稳时能量释放位置,岩体应变能密度分布呈现出积聚—向下扩散—重新积聚现象;利用断层滑移失稳的能量公式,可估算出断层滑移失稳时的能量释放大小。

基于小冲杆试验评价钛合金的高温拉伸性能

基于能量密度等效理论,提出依据塑性弯曲阶段载荷-位移曲线,获取均匀连续、各向同性的钛合金圆片试样应力-应变曲线的小冲杆试验新方法;采用该方法预测得到不同名义屈服强度和硬化指数组合工况下假想材料的应力-应变数据,并与有限元预设曲线进行对比;基于小冲杆试验获得的TC4合金在室温、高温(400℃)下的载荷-位移曲线,采用上述方法获得该合金的真应力-真应变曲线,并与单轴拉伸真应力-应变曲线进行对比。结果表明:预测得到的假想材料应力-应变数据与有限元预设曲线之间的符合优度均高于0.96;预测获得的室温和400℃下TC4合金的真应力-真应变曲线与单轴拉伸曲线之间的符合优度均高于0.97,屈服强度和抗拉强度的最大相对误差分别为4.86%和4.63%,验证了该新方法的有效性。

Multiscale Study on Low Temperature Crack Resistance Mechanism of Steel Slag Asphalt Mixture

The objective of this paper was to study low temperature crack resistance mechanism of steel slag asphalt mixture(SAM).Thermal stress restrained specimen test(TSRST)and three-point bending test were carried out to evaluate the low-temperature crack resistance of SAM and basalt asphalt mixture(BAM).Based on the digital image correlation technique(DIC),the strain field distribution and crack propagation of SAM were analyzed from the microscopic point of view,and a new index,crack length factor(C),was proposed to evaluate the crack resistance of the asphalt mixture.The crystal phase composition and microstructure of steel slag aggregate(SA)and basalt aggregate(BA)were studied by X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)to explore the low-temperature crack resistance mechanism of SAM.Results show that the low-temperature crack resistance of SAM is better than that of BAM;SAM has good integrity and persistent elastic deformation,and its bending failure mode is a hysteretic quasi-brittle failure;The SA surface is evenly distributed with pores and has surface roughness.SA has the composition phase of alkaline aggregate-calcite(CaCO3),so it has good adhesion to asphalt,which reveals the mechanism of excellent low-temperature crack resistance of SAM.

含半椭圆形裂纹轴的刚度特性研究

运用断裂力学理论,推导了含半椭圆形裂纹轴的刚度计算公式,研究了在全开的静态下半椭圆形前缘直裂纹和45°斜裂纹深度比、裂纹变形比等参数对轴刚度的影响。计算结果表明:裂纹深度的增大使半椭圆形前缘裂纹轴的刚度变化幅度较大,当裂纹深度较小时,刚度变化缓慢;但当裂纹深度大于轴半径一半时,裂纹轴全部载荷作用的影响都要考虑;随着裂纹变形比增大,半椭圆形前缘裂纹的刚度均减小;半椭圆形前缘裂纹垂直方向的位移随裂纹变形比增大而增大。计算结果与实验共同验证了半椭圆形前缘裂纹轴的动力特性。