Effect of flow stress—strain relation on forming limit of 5754O aluminum alloy

A modified Swift type flow stress—strain relation was presented in order to describe the uniaxial tension test curve reasonably. The FLD-strain （forming limit diagram made up of limit strain） of 5754O aluminum alloy sheet was calculated based on the two flow stress—strain relations using Yld2000-2d yield function. By comparing the theoretical and experimental results, it is found that the calculated FLD-strain based on the modified Swift flow stress—strain relation can reasonably describe the experimental results. However, though the common Voce flow stress—strain relation can describe the deformation behavior during homogenous deformation phase accurately, the FLD-strain calculated based on it is obviously lower than the experimental result. It is concluded that the higher the hardening rate of sheet metal is, the higher the forming limit is. A method for determining the reasonable flow stress—strain relation is recommended for describing the material behavior during inhomogenous phase and the forming limit of sheet metal.

One-dimensional large-strain consolidation of soft clay with non-Darcian flow and nonlinear compression and permeability of soil

Geometrical nonlinearity of the soft soil and the deviation of water flow in the soft clay from Darcy's law have been well recognized in practice. However, the theory of consolidation, which can account for both the geometrical nonlinearity and the non-Darcian flow, has not been reported so far. In this contribution, a model for the consolidation of soft clay which can allow for these two factors simultaneously is proposed. Utilizing the finite difference method, the numerical model for this problem is developed. With the numerical model, the effects of the geometrical nonlinearity and the non-Darcian flow on the consolidation of the soft soil are investigated. The results show that when the self-weight stress is calculated by the same method, the rate of the non-Darcian consolidation for the large-strain case is larger than that for the small-strain case, but the difference between them is limited. However, the difference between the consolidation rates caused by the non-Darcian and Darcian flows is significant. Therefore, when the geometrical nonlinearity of the soft clay is considered in calculating the consolidation settlement, due to the complexity of the large-strain assumption, the small-strain assumption can be used to replace it if the self-weight stress for the small-strain assumption is calculated by considering its sedimentation. However, due to the aforementioned large difference between the consolidation rates with consideration of the non-Darcian flow in soft clay or not, it is better to consider the non-Darcian flow law for both the small and large stain assumptions.

Generalizing J_2 flow theory: Fundamental issues in strain gradient plasticity

It has not been a simple matter to obtain a sound extension of the classical J2 flow theory of plasticity that incorporates a dependence on plastic strain gradients and that is capable of capturing size-dependent behaviour of metals at the micron scale. Two classes of basic extensions of classical J2 theory have been proposed： one with increments in higher order stresses related to increments of strain gradients and the other characterized by the higher order stresses themselves expressed in terms of increments of strain gradients. The theories proposed by Muhlhans and Aifantis in 1991 and Fleck and Hutchinson in 2001 are in the first class, and, as formulated, these do not always satisfy thermodynamic requirements on plastic dissipation. On the other hand, theories of the second class proposed by Gudmundson in 2004 and Gurtin and Anand in 2009 have the physical deficiency that the higher order stress quantities can change discontinuously for bodies subject to arbitrarily small load changes. The present paper lays out this background to the quest for a sound phenomenological extension of the rateindependent J2 flow theory of plasticity to include a de- pendence on gradients of plastic strain. A modification of the Fleck-Hutchinson formulation that ensures its thermo- dynamic integrity is presented and contrasted with a comparable formulation of the second class where in the higher or- der stresses are expressed in terms of the plastic strain rate. Both versions are constructed to reduce to the classical J2 flow theory of plasticity when the gradients can be neglected and to coincide with the simpler and more readily formulated J2 deformation theory of gradient plasticity for deformation histories characterized by proportional straining.

A QUASI-FLOW CONSTITUTIVE MODEL WITH STRAIN-RATE DEPENDENCE

In this paper,the proposed is a quasi-flow constitutive model with strain-rate sen- sitivity for elastic plastic large deformation.The model is based on the Quasi-flow Corner theory, and is suitable for the sheet metal forming process simulation with a variable punch machine velocity. Uniaxial tensile tests and deep-drawing tests of a circular blank with square punch are carried out and numerically simulated.The consistency between the experimental and the numerically simulated results shows the validity of the present new constitutive model.

Phenomenological modelling of flow behaviour of 20MnMoNi55 reactor pressure vessel steel at cryogenic temperature with different strain rates

In the present study a phenomenological constitutive model is developed to describe the flow behaviour of 20MnMoNi55 low carbon reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel at sub-zero temperature under different strain rates. A set of uniaxial tensile tests is done with the variation of strain rates and temperature ranging from 10^-4s^-1 to 10^-1s^-1 and -80℃ to 140℃ respectively. From the experimental data, family of flow curves at different temperatures and strain rates are generated and fitted exponentially. The strain rate and temperature dependence of the coefficients of the exponential flow curves are extracted from these curves and characterised through a general phenomenological constitutive coupled equation. The coefficients of this coupled equation are optimised using genetic algorithm. Finite element simulation of tensile tests at different strain rates and temperatures are done using this coupled equation in material model of Abaqus FEA software and validated with experimental results. The novelties of proposed model are:(a) it can predict precisely the flow behaviour of tensile tests (b) it is a simple form of equation where fitting parameters are both function of strain rate ratio and temperature ratio,(c) it has ability to characterize flow behaviour with decreasing subzero temperatures and increasing strain rates.

Flow stress model considering the transformation-induced plasticity effect and the inelastic strain recovery behavior

On the basis of continuum mechanics and the Mori-Tanaka mean field theory, a micro-mechanical flow stress model that considered both the transformation-induced plasticity （TRIP） effect and the inelastic strain recovery behavior of TRIP multiphase steels was presented. The relation between the volume fraction of constituent phases and plastic strain was introduced to characterize the transformation-induced plasticity effect of TRIP steels. Loading-unloading-reloading uniaxial tension tests of TRIP600 steel were carried out and the strain recovery behavior after unloading was analyzed. From the experimental data, an empirical elastic modulus expression is extracted to characterize the inelastic strain recovery. A comparison of the predicted flow stress with the experimental data shows a good agreement. The mechanism of the transformation-induced plasticity effect and the inelastic recovery effect acting on the flow stress is also discussed in detail.

Straining流对柱状晶体在三元过冷熔体中生长的影响

研究了三元过冷熔体中柱状晶体在非等温条件下受straining流作用的生长问题,给出了柱状晶体生长形态的近似解析表达式.发现流入的straining流加快了界面的生长速度,而流出的straining流减缓了界面的生长速度,即straining流使得柱状晶体的界面发生变形.同时发现,随着流动速度的增大,界面变形也更为显著.通过比较straining流对纯熔体、二元熔体、三元熔体中柱状晶体界面的影响,发现相比于纯熔体,柱状晶体在稀合金熔体中的界面形态受straining流的影响更大.

DYNAMIC STRAIN AGING BEHAVIOR OF K40S ALLOY

The dynamic strain aging behavior during tensile tests of K40S alloy has been investigated in the temperature range of 25-1100℃ with the strain rate range from 10-4 to 10-3s-1. The results show that four different types of serration, identified as A, B, C and E type serration were observed in the temperature range of 300-600℃. The strain exponents for onset of the serrated flow were calculated as 1.21, 2.19 and 1.61, and the activation energies as 121, 40 and 67kJ/mol for E, B and C type serration respectively. The main mechanism for dynamic strain aging discussed in light of the strain exponent and the activation energy.

Effect of strain,strain rate and temperature on workability of AZ80 wrought magnesium alloy

The hot deformation behavior of AZ80 wrought magnesium alloy was studied in the temperature range of 523-673 K and the strain rate range of 0.01-10 s-1 using hot compression tests.Through the flow stresses behavior,the processing maps were calculated and analyzed according to the dynamic materials model.The stable,metastable and unstable regimes were clarified.The optimum processing conditions were suggested as following:the DRX regions in Domain #1-0.25,Domain #2-0.25,Domain #1-0.45,Domain #2-0.45,Domain #3-0.45,Domain #1-0.65 and Domain #1-0.85,and the DRV regions in Domain #3-0.25 and Domain #4-0.45.In each "safe" DRX domain,it is preferable to conduct hot working in the small region around efficiency peak point.The strain has a great influence on the processing maps.The whole area of the "safe" domains increases with the increase of true strain from 0.25 to 0.65,while it decreases with the increase of true strain from 0.65 to 0.85.The results of kinetic analysis reveal that the values of apparent activation energy in all the domains are higher than that for self-diffusion in pure magnesium (135kJ/mol),and the deformation mechanism in all the domains is likely to be cross-slip.

EFFECT OF PRECIPITATION HARDENING ON SERRATED FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN AN Al－Li ALLOY

ＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＰＲＥＣＩＰＩＴＡＴＩＯＮＨＡＲＤＥＮＩＮＧＯＮＳＥＲＲＡＴＥＤＦＬＯＷＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲＩＳＴＩＣＳＩＮＡＮＡｌ－ＬｉＡＬＬＯＹＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＰＲＥＣＩＰＩＴＡＴＩＯＮＨＡＲＤＥＮＩＮＧＯＮＳＥＲＲＡＴＥＤＦＬＯＷＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥ...

AN ANALYSIS MODEL OF PULSATILE BLOOD FLOW IN ARTERIES

Blood flow in artery was treated as the flow under equilibrium state (the steady flow under mean pressure)combined with the periodically small pulsatile flow.Using vascular strain energy function advanced by Fung,the vascular stress_strain relationship under equilibrium state was analyzed and the circumferential and axial elastic moduli were deduced that are expressed while the arterial strains around the equilibrium state are relatively small, so that the equations of vessel wall motion under the pulsatile pressure could be established here.Through solving both the vessel equations and the linear Navier_Stokes equations,the analytic expressions of the blood flow velocities and the vascular displacements were obtained.The influence of the difference between vascular circumferential and axial elasticities on pulsatile blood flow and vascular motion was discussed in details.

THE VOID-SIZE EFFECT ON PLASTIC FLOW LOCALIZATION IN THE GURSON MODEL

Recent studies have shown that the size of microvoids has a significant effect on the void growth rate.The purpose of this paper is to explore whether the void size effect can influence the plastic flow localization in ductile materials.We have used the extended Gurson's dilatational plasticity theory,which accounts for the void size effect,to study the plastic flow localization in porous solids with long cylindrical voids.The localization model of Rice is adopted,in which the material inside the band may display a different response from that outside the band at the incipient plastic flow localization.The present study shows that it has little effect on the shear band angle.

热变形参数对TB15钛合金动态再结晶行为的影响

采用热模拟压缩试验机对TB15钛合金进行变形温度为810~930℃、应变速率为0.001~10 s^(-1)、压下量为60%的等温热压缩试验,研究了热变形参数对TB15钛合金动态再结晶行为的影响。结果表明:TB15钛合金不同应变速率下的应力-应变曲线呈现出不同特征。随应变速率增大,流动软化曲线呈现“V”型特征。当应变速率在0.001~0.1 s^(-1)范围时,随变形温度升高和应变速率减小,动态再结晶(DRX)体积分数和DRX晶粒尺寸增大,且DRX晶粒尺寸增幅较DRX体积分数更加显著。在低应变速率变形时,原始β晶粒被小角度晶界分成形状规整的多边形亚晶粒,小角度晶界通过连续吸收位错和渐进晶格旋转的方式向大角度晶界转变从而实现连续动态再结晶。随着应变速率增大,再结晶晶粒形核位置从原始β晶粒内部逐渐向晶界附近转移,在原始β晶界形成均匀细小的“项链状”再结晶晶粒,此时易于由晶界弓弯机制引发不连续动态再结晶。

Mechanical Behavior of Polyurethane Polymer Materials under Triaxial Cyclic Loading:A Particle Flow Code Approach

Polyurethane polymer grouting materials were studied with conventional triaxial tests via the particle flow code in two dimensions（PFC^（2D）） method, and the simulation results agreed with the experimental data. The particle flow code method can simulate the mechanical properties of the polymer. The triaxial cyclic loading tests of the polymer material under different confining pressures were carried out via PFC^（2D） to analyze its mechanical performance. The PFC^（2D） simulation results show that the value of the elastic modulus of the polymer decreases slowly at first and fluctuated within a narrow range near the value of the peak strength; the cumulative plastic strain increases slowly at first and then increases rapidly; the peak strength and elastic modulus of polymer increase with the confining pressure; the PFC^（2D） method can be used to quantitatively evaluate the damage behavior of the polymer material and estimate the fatigue life of the materials under fatigue load based on the number and the location of micro-cracks. Thus, the PFC^（2D） method is an effective tool to study polymers.

多孔介质各向异性动态渗透率模型

基于迂曲毛细管网络模型,推导建立了各向异性渗透率与岩石正应变间的关系式,即各向异性动态渗透率模型(ADPM),采用孔隙尺度流动模拟对模型进行了验证,并对单轴应变过程进行了计算,分析了变形过程中影响不同方向渗透率变化的主要因素。研究表明:层状油气藏开采的单轴应变过程中,有效面孔率对各方向的渗透率影响规律一致,随着有效面孔率的减小,渗透率对应变的敏感程度增大;垂直于压缩方向的渗透率对应变的敏感程度随迂曲度的增加而减小,沿压缩方向的渗透率对应变的敏感程度随迂曲度的增加而增大。初始各方向迂曲度相同的层状油气藏,在压力下降的过程中,迂曲度对各方向渗透率变化幅度的相对关系起决定性作用,迂曲度小于1.6时,岩石水平方向渗透率的降幅要高于垂向渗透率,迂曲度大于1.6时则相反,传统动态渗透率模型无法表征这一现象。经孔隙尺度模拟实验数据的验证,新模型拟合精度高,可以有效表征不同方向变形对各方向渗透率的影响。

基于SHPB技术测试典型金属动态压缩性能的尺寸效应分析

为探究金属材料在SHPB动态测试中的尺寸效应问题,该文选用3种具有典型晶体结构的金属材料2A12铝合金(面心立方,FCC)、45钢(体心立方,BBC)以及TC4钛合金(密排六方,HCP),分别加工成具有相同长径比(0.8)、不同尺寸(Φ10 mm×8 mm,Φ5 mm×4 mm,Φ2 mm×1.6 mm)的圆柱形压缩试样,并采用三组不同杆径的SHPB装置(杆径分别为Φ19 mm、Φ12.7 mm、Φ5 mm)进行动态力学性能测试。结果表明:在金属材料的动态压缩力学性能测试中,所用试样的尺寸在满足一定要求时方可获得其稳定的塑性流动应力,对于绝大多数金属建议采用直径大于5 mm的试样进行测试;采用微型SHPB装置配合小尺寸试样所测得材料的塑性流动应力偏低;对应变率敏感的材料,其尺寸效应也更为显著;被测试样的塑性流动应力或与试样的应力三轴度(即一维应力程度)相关。该文意在分析SHPB测试中的尺寸问题以期对相关学者和工程技术人员准确地获取金属材料的动态实验数据提供参考。

基于应变的应变硬化指数演化行为研究

为准确描述变形过程中双相高强钢板的应力应变关系,针对3种双相高强钢板应变硬化指数的演化行为进行了试验研究与理论模型预测。借助单向拉伸试验机和自主研发的DIC应变测量系统,获得了3种材料的真实应力-真实应变曲线,基于经典的Hollomon流动应力模型,得到了其应变硬化指数的演化历程,发现3种材料应变硬化指数与真实应变呈非线性变化关系。为了更好地预测应变硬化指数的演化行为,提出了可以描述其值变化的非线性数学模型,并结合经典的Hollomon流动应力模型,提出了基于n值变化的修正的Hollomon-n流动应力模型,最后通过3种材料的真实应力-真实应变曲线验证了所提出模型的有效性。

考虑双对数模型下非达西渗流的软土一维大应变固结分析

鉴于目前半对数模型难以较好地描述大应变软土的非线性压缩和渗透关系的现状,引入适用于软土大应变的双对数压缩渗透模型,建立了考虑非达西渗流的饱和软土地基一维大应变固结方程,并给出了有限差分数值解,通过与室内试验和解析解对比,验证了解答的可靠性。在此基础上,分析了渗流参数、双对数压缩和渗流非线性关系参数和外荷载对固结性状的影响。结果表明:压缩指数I_(c)一定时,渗透参数越大,土层固结越慢;渗透参数一定时,压缩指数I_(c)越大,土层固结越慢;外荷载q_(u)越大,土层的沉降量就越大,超静孔隙水压力消散越快,土层的固结速率也越快;最后,对大、小应变固结理论下差分解对比分析,发现土体发生较大应变时,小应变固结理论将不再适用,此时应采用大应变固结理论开展计算。

考虑虚拟边界与应力耦合的页岩渗透率模型

为探讨页岩气开采过程中页岩渗透率的变化情况,基于毛细管层序模型,采用虚拟边界与应力耦合相结合的方法,按照一定权重系数将应力推导黏性流动和克努森扩散相加,建立了页岩纳米孔体相气体传输模型。结果表明:新建渗透率模型计算曲线与试验实测值吻合较好,可以较好揭示页岩纳米孔体相气体流动情况;与Lu模型和S&D模型相比,新建模型考虑虚拟边界与应力的耦合,表观渗透率模型计算曲线与试验结果更为吻合,且能很好地反映实测值与孔隙压力所呈现的变化规律,具有较好的优越性;页岩力学参数(弹性模量、泊松比)、Langmuir应变常数及裂隙压缩系数对页岩渗透率起抑制作用,主要表现为其值越大,页岩渗透率越小;初始渗透率对页岩渗透率起促进作用,表现为其值越大,页岩渗透率越大。研究成果可为页岩气开发提供理论支撑。

无创左室压力应变曲线在冠心病心肌缺血诊断中的价值

目的以冠状动脉血流储备分数(fraction flow reservation,FFR)为金标准,采用无创左室压力应变环(pressure strain loop,PSL)评价心肌做功相关参数对冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(coronary artery disease,CAD)心肌缺血的诊断价值。方法前瞻性纳入2020年12月至2021年12月在复旦大学附属中山医院就诊的53例临床疑似CAD患者,均进行超声心动图检查、有创冠状动脉造影和FFR测量。根据冠脉造影结果将患者分为心肌缺血组(FFR≤0.8,24例)和非心肌缺血组(FFR>0.8,29例)。采用PSL进行脱机分析,获得左室整体做功指数(global work index,GWI)、整体有效功(global constructive work,GCW)、整体无效功(global wasted work,GWW)、整体做功效率(global work efficiency,GWE)、整体正向功(global positive work,GPW)及整体收缩期有效功(global systolic constructive work,GSCW)等心肌做功参数值,进行两组间比较。采用ROC曲线分析心肌做功参数对心肌缺血的诊断效能。结果在18、16和12节段水平,与非心肌缺血组相比,心肌缺血组GWI、GCW、GPW、GSCW均降低(P<0.001)。ROC曲线显示,GWI、GCW、GPW、GSCW在18节段水平AUC分别为0.803(95%CI 0.679~0.927)、0.807(95%CI 0.687~0.928)、0.822(95%CI 0.708~0.936)、0.819(95%CI 0.703~0.935)。其中,GWI最佳截断值为1676.3 mmHg%,预测心肌缺血的灵敏度、特异度和准确度分别为70.8%、86.2%和79.2%;GCW最佳截断值为1999.4mmHg%,预测心肌缺血的灵敏度、特异度和准确度分别为75.0%、82.8%和79.2%。结论采用PSL分析心肌做功对CAD心肌缺血人群有较好的筛查作用。