A vector sum analysis method for stability evolution of expansive soil slope considering shear zone damage softening

Slope stability analysis is a classical mechanical problem in geotechnical engineering and engineering geology.It is of great significance to study the stability evolution of expansive soil slopes for engineering construction in expansive soil areas.Most of the existing studies evaluate the slope stability by analyzing the limit equilibrium state of the slope,and the analysis method for the stability evolution considering the damage softening of the shear zone is lacking.In this study,the large deformation shear mechanical behavior of expansive soil was investigated by ring shear test.The damage softening characteristic of expansive soil in the shear zone was analyzed,and a shear damage model reflecting the damage softening behavior of expansive soil was derived based on the damage theory.Finally,by skillfully combining the vector sum method and the shear damage model,an analysis method for the stability evolution of the expansive soil slope considering the shear zone damage softening was proposed.The results show that the shear zone subjected to large displacement shear deformation exhibits an obvious damage softening phenomenon.The damage variable equation based on the logistic function can be well used to describe the shear damage characteristics of expansive soil,and the proposed shear damage model is in good agreement with the ring shear test results.The vector sum method considering the damage softening behavior of the shear zone can be well applied to analyze the stability evolution characteristics of the expansive soil slope.The stability factor of the expansive soil slope decreases with the increase of shear displacement,showing an obvious progressive failure behavior.

Influences of strain softening and seepage on elastic and plastic solutions of circular openings in nonlinear rock masses

Considering the influence of strain softening, the solutions of stress, displacement, plastic softening region radius and plastic residual region radius were derived for circular openings in nonlinear rock masses subjected to seepage. The radial stress distribution curve, ground reaction curve, and relation curve between plastic softening region radius and supporting force in three different conditions were drawn respectively. From the comparisons among these results for different conditions, it is found that when the supporting force is the same, the displacement of tunnel wall considering both seepage and strain softening is 85.71% greater than that only considering seepage. The increase values of radial displacement at 0.95 m and plastic softening region radius at 6.6 m show that the seepage and strain softening have the most unfavorable effects on circular opening stability in strain softening rock masses.

Damage constitutive model for strain-softening rock based on normal distribution and its parameter determination

Firstly, using the damage model for rock based on Lemaitre hypothesis about strain equivalence, a new technique for measuring strength of rock micro-cells by adopting the Mohr-Coulomb criterion was developed, and a statistical damage evolution equation was established based on the property that strength of micro-cells is consistent with normal distribution function, through discussing the characteristics of random distributions for strength of micro-cells, then a statistical damage constitutive model that can simulate the full process of rock strain softening under specific confining pressure was set up. Secondly, a new method to determine the model parameters which can be applied to the situations under different confining pressures was proposed, by deeply studying the relations between the model parameters and characteristic parameters of the full stress-strain curve under different confining pressures. Therefore, a unified statistical damage constitutive model for rock softening which can reflect the effect of different confining pressures was set up. This model makes the physical property of model parameters explicit, contains only conventional mechanical parameters, and leads its application more convenient. Finally, the rationality of this model and its parameters-determining method were identified via comparative analyses between theoretical and experimental curves.

Ground reaction curves for circular excavations in non-homogeneous,axisymmetric strain-softening rock masses

Fast methods to solve the unloading problem of a cylindrical cavity or tunnel excavated in elasto-perfectly plastic, elasto-brittle or strain-softening materials under a hydrostatic stress feld can be derived based on the self-similarity of the solution. As a consequence, they only apply when the rock mass is homogeneous and so exclude many cases of practical interest. We describe a robust and fast numerical technique that solves the tunnel unloading problem and estimates the ground reaction curve for a cylindrical cavity excavated in a rock mass with properties depending on the radial coordinate, where the solution is no longer self-similar. The solution is based on a continuation-like approach(associated with the unloading and with the incremental formulation of the elasto-plastic behavior), fnite element spatial discretization and a combination of explicit sub-stepping schemes and implicit techniques to integrate the constitutive law, so as to tackle the diffculties associated with both strong strain-softening and elasto-brittle behaviors. The developed algorithm is used for two practical ground reaction curve computation applications. The frst application refers to a tunnel surrounded by an aureole of material damaged by blasting and the second to a tunnel surrounded by a ring-like zone of reinforced(rock-bolted) material.

Principle of Interaction between Plastic Volumetric and Shear Strains and the Constitutive Model for Geotechnical Materials

Here is proposed the principle of interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains, revealing the main origin of generating the complexity and variety of deformations for geotechnical materials. Here are also explained the manners of the interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains and the conditions of generating shear dilatancy. It is demonstrated that dependency of the stress path exists and is a combination of effects of this interaction. According to this principle, it is theoretically proved that the space critical state line exists, and is unique and independent of the stress history. Based on this principle, the constitutive models that are able completely and accurately to characterize the basic behavior features for geotechnical materials have been constructed within the framework of thermodynamics. What is determined is a general expression of the constitutive relation as well as the inequality of the dissipative potential increment for obeying the second law of thermodynamics.

Analysis of progressive failure of pillar and instabilitycriterion based on gradient-dependent plasticity

A mechanical model for strain softening pillar is proposed considering the characteristics of progressive shear failure and strain localization. The pillar undergoes elastic, strain softening and slabbing stages. In the elastic stage, vertical compressive stress and deformation at upper end of pillar are uniform, while in the strain softening stage there appears nonuniform due to occurrence of shear bands, leading to the decrease of load-carrying capacity. In addition, the size of failure zone increases in the strain softening stage and reaches its maximum value when slabbing begins. In the latter two stages, the size of elastic core always decreases. In the slabbing stage, the size of failure zone remains a constant and the pillar becomes thinner. Total deformation of the pillar is derived by linearly elastic Hookes law and gradient-dependent plasticity where thickness of localization band is determined according to the characteristic length. Post-peak stiffness is proposed according to analytical solution of averaged compressive stress-average deformation curve. Instability criterion of the pillar and roof strata system is proposed analytically (using) instability condition given by Salamon. It is found that the constitutive parameters of material of pillar, the geometrical size of pillar and the number of shear bands influence the stability of the system; stress gradient controls the starting time of slabbing, however it has no influence on the post-peak stiffness of the pillar.

Strength and elastic properties of sandstone under different testing conditions

A laboratory experimental program performed on Wuhan sandstones was presented under monotonic loading, partial cyclic loading during loading path and sine wave cyclic loading with different strain rates to compare uniaxial compression strength and elastic properties (elastic modulus and Poisson ratio) under different conditions and influence of pore fluid on them. When the loading strain rates are 10^(-5), 10^(-4) and 10^(-3)/s, uniaxial compression strengths of dry sandstones are 82.3, 126.6 and 141.6 MPa, respectively, and that of water saturated sandstones are 70.5, 108.3 and 124.1 MPa, respectively. The above results show that the uniaxial compression strength increases with the increase of strain rate, however, variation of softening coefficient is insignificant. Under monotonic loading condition, tangent modulus increases with an increment of stress (strain) to a maximum value at a certain stress level, beyond which it starts to decline. Under the partial cyclic loading during loading path condition, unloading or reloading modulus is larger than loading modulus, and unloading and reloading moduli are almost constants with respect to stress level, especially unloading modulus. Under the sine wave cyclic loading condition, tangent modulus and Poisson ratio display asymmetric 'X' shape with various strain, and the average unloading modulus is larger than the average loading modulus.

Theoretical analysis of a new segmented anchoring style in weakly cemented soft surrounding rock

According to the tensile failure of rock bolt in weakly cemented soft rock, this paper presents a new segmented anchoring style in order to weaken the cumulative effect of anchoring force associated with the large deformation. Firstly, a segmented mechanical model was established in which free and anchoring section of rock bolt were respectively arranged in different deformation zones. Then, stress and displacement in elastic non-anchoring zone, elastic anchoring zone, elastic sticking zone, softening sticking zone and broken zone were derived respectively based on neural theory and tri-linear strain softening constitutive model of soft rock. Results show that the anchoring effect can be characterized by a supporting parameter b. With its increase, the peak value of tangential stress gradually moves to the roadway wall, and the radial stress significantly increases, which means the decrease of equivalent plastic zone and improvement of confining effect provided by anchorage body. When b increases to 0.72, the equivalent plastic zone disappears, and stresses tend to be the elastic solutions. In addition, the anchoring effect on the displacement of surrounding rock can be quantified by a normalization factor δ.

基于统计损伤修正的冻结砂—黏混合土改进Duncan-Chang模型

为描述冻结砂—黏混合土的偏应力—应变关系,进行不同含砂量冻结砂—黏混合土的冻土三轴压缩试验。基于改进的Duncan-Chang模型(D-C模型),引入统计损伤理论,拟合三轴压缩试验结果,分别建立以Mises强度准则和应变发展为微元强度变量的统计损伤修正模型,对比计算结果与试验数据。结果表明:冻结砂—黏混合土偏应力峰值随含砂量的增加而增加,偏应力—应变曲线由应变硬化型逐渐过渡到应变软化型的临界含砂量为50%。当含砂量介于20%~60%时,基于统计损伤理论的修正改进D-C模型能有效拟合应变硬化型曲线和具有轻微应变软化现象的偏应力—应变曲线。当含砂量为90%时,基于应变发展的统计损伤修正模型的偏应力峰值与试验结果相差3%,具有较强适用性。该结果为不同微元强度变量的统计损伤修正模型提供参考。

考虑应变软化的鸡场镇降雨型滑坡数值分析

降雨入渗改变斜坡渗流场的同时也降低了土体强度,极易诱发滑坡。滑坡过程中,滑带土体常呈现应变软化现象。以应变软化模型为基础的双参数强度折减法的研究,目前处于起步阶段,以往研究及分析滑坡稳定性时均忽略了渗流场的影响。六盘水地区红棕色土保水性强,有明显的应变软化特征,该地曾发生多次大中型滑坡。根据红棕色土特点研究致灾机理,有利于滑坡的防治。针对六盘水鸡场镇周家坡滑坡建立三维地质模型,基于非饱和土流固耦合理论建立了坡体流场与应力场相互作用的数学模型,利用有限元和考虑土体应变软化的双参数强度折减法,对滑坡进行雨水渗流和稳定性模拟。结果表明:在降雨后雨水多在表层土中沿坡面切向和横向流入下缘和冲沟,并非全部垂直入渗。相对上缘其他区域,冲沟底部饱和度上升明显,强度下降最大。随降雨时间的延长,坡体内形成沿冲沟的塑性贯通区,使得滑坡稳定性大幅下降。降雨过程中对比经典折减法和考虑应变软化的双折减法所得稳定系数由偏小转为偏大,但差距均在4%以内。由此可见,红棕色土应变软化对滑坡稳定性负面影响不显著,且随降雨而减弱,建议对此类滑坡的防治重点在降低冲沟土体渗透性。研究结果可为同类滑坡的防治提供一定的理论依据。

结构性土中圆柱孔扩张不排水解答及结构退化影响分析

圆孔扩张理论为桩基挤土位移预测和旁压试验结果分析等提供了理论依据,而现有解答中缺乏对土体结构影响的系统分析.基于考虑胶结作用的模型Cemented-CASM,推导了反映土体应力-应变关系的弹塑性刚度矩阵,在此基础上联立硬化法则和大应变理论,得到了不排水条件下结构性土中圆柱孔扩张问题的弹塑性解答.在不考虑土体结构性时,将退化解答与已有修正剑桥模型解答进行比较;在考虑结构性影响时,与旁压试验数值模拟结果比较,验证了解答的可靠性.通过参数分析说明了结构性及其退化对圆柱孔扩张过程的影响,结果表明:与重塑土相比,结构性土中扩孔引起的有效应力和孔隙水压力更大,而孔周塑性范围更小;随着结构的破坏,孔周土体表现出应变软化特征,径向应力随到孔壁距离的减小呈先增后减的变化趋势;土体结构完全破坏时,其有效应力与重塑土中趋于一致;土体结构性越强,相同扩孔压力或孔径变化下结构退化越快,软化特征越明显.

浅层膨胀土及其纤维改良土的剪切强度特性

与膨胀土工程灾害密切相关的浅层膨胀土受到的围压通常较低,其力学特性有别于高围压下的情形.通过三轴剪切试验比较高、低围压下膨胀土的剪切行为及剪切强度的非线性特征,探讨聚丙烯纤维改良浅层膨胀土的剪切特性及加固机理.结果表明,浅层膨胀土剪切强度具有明显的非线性,可用幂函数表征.随着土体中水的质量分数增大和围压减小,膨胀土剪切强度非线性更加明显.采用高围压下的抗剪强度参数试验结果会导致浅层饱和膨胀土的黏聚力被高估225.7%、内摩擦角被低估42.5%.掺入纤维后膨胀土的剪切强度明显提高,提升幅度与土体中的三维纤维网状结构的形成度有关.增大纤维长度可以有效降低剪切强度衰减率,继而消弱膨胀土的应变软化效应;过长的纤维在膨胀土内容易弯曲和扭折,会导致纤维-膨胀土界面作用随着土体变形而逐渐劣化.

冻融条件下冰碛土力学特性试验及模型研究

青藏高原地区的冰碛土多处于季节性冻土区,而冰碛土在冻融循环作用下,容易引发地质灾害和影响工程建设,因此研究冻融循环作用后冰碛土力学性质和强度劣化对该区域工程的安全建设有重大的意义。对藏东南地区冰碛土开展冻融循环后的三轴压缩试验,并采用邓肯-张模型及修正邓肯-张模型对冻融后冰碛土的适用性进行验证,同时探讨了模型参数与冻融循环次数的关系。结果表明:(1)高围压下,冻融后试样表现出更明显的应变软化现象;(2)冻融循环次数与土体内摩擦角无显著相关性,而黏聚力呈负指数型函数衰减,这与直剪试验结果一致;(3)采用邓肯-张模型预测冻融作用下冰碛土的应力-应变曲线,低围压下模拟精度较高,模型参数K和冻融循环次数呈负指数函数关系;(4)修正邓肯-张模型可以较好反映试样的应变软化特性,但对于试样破坏后的残余强度阶段,理论值与试验结果相差很大,可靠度低。该研究以期为寒区工程建设提供基础性参考。

不同桩-土界面摩擦系数对水平荷载下大直径单桩变形特性影响研究

为研究不同桩-土界面摩擦系数对水平荷载下大直径单桩变形特性的影响,根据现场试验及室内循环剪切试验结果,采用Abaqus软件及可考虑软土软化效应的本构模型进行数值模拟。结果表明:提高桩-土界面摩擦系数可在一定程度上减少桩顶位移,其减少程度与桩土相对位移呈正相关。桩-土界面摩擦系数变化区间为0.1~0.5,在水平静载作用下,桩-土界面摩擦系数对桩顶位移的影响随荷载的增大而增大,随桩径的增大而减小。水平循环荷载作用下,桩-土界面摩擦系数对桩顶位移及桩周土体软化程度的影响随荷载峰值、荷载频率、循环次数的增大而增大,桩顶位移减小值最大可达25.85%,桩周土体软化程度最大可达17%。

应变软化对土坡稳定性影响的数值模拟

土质边坡在降雨、自重等因素的共同作用下表现出应变软化特性,对土质边坡的长期稳定性具有一定影响。本研究利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立二维土质边坡模型,在应变软化本构过程中只改变应变软化参数,开展了边坡的渐进破坏过程的数值模拟。结果表明,坡脚处首先出现软化破坏,并伴随着塑性剪切破坏,破坏过程由坡脚向坡顶逐渐发展,直至土坡完全失稳。应变软化参数对土坡稳定性产生显著影响,随着网格尺寸、峰值塑性应变、残余内摩擦角及残余黏聚力的减小,土坡的动能、总应变能及位移总体上呈增大的趋势。本方法简单可靠,效率较高,能够较好地模拟土质边坡应变软化特性,切合工程实际。

基于能量耗散理论的深部巷道围岩松动圈范围分析

以某矿上组煤一采区回风大巷穿层4号煤层为背景,基于能量耗散理论进行巷道围岩松动圈范围研究分析,基于能量平衡方程和围岩松动圈能量分析理论建立拱形巷道能量耗散力学模型,确定巷道围岩松动圈破坏范围与能量耗散量呈正相关关系。基于摩尔-库伦应变软化本构模型,开发了基于FLAC3D软件能量耗散fish程序并进行数值模拟,确定了模型巷道能量耗散范围平均为5.9 m,结合现场钻孔成像试验,确定了大巷围岩松动圈破坏范围分别为5.9 m和6.04 m,证明了能量耗散理论能够较好适用于围岩松动圈范围的分析研究。

网格精度与对称性对深部岩体分区破裂化的影响

【目的】深部岩体工程开挖卸荷后,围岩普遍存在分区破裂化现象,容易导致隧洞大变形、大范围塌方、涌水等工程事故,利用数值模拟软件可以较好地重现该现象,但数值模拟网格质量会对模拟结果产生较大影响,为保证模拟结果的相对可靠,有必要对其进行研究分析。【方法】基于深部岩体应变软化模型,建立深埋多隧洞数值模型,研究网格对称性与网格精度对围岩分区破裂形态、破裂带数目、破裂范围的影响。【结果】结果表明,网格的对称性和精度会对围岩分区破裂化模拟结果产生较大影响,非对称网格及粗糙网格会使分区破裂数值模拟结果产生较大误差。【结论】网格划分过程中要注意网格的对称性以及单元尺寸的选取,本研究对类似研究具有一定的参考价值。

The Three-Stage Model Based on Strain Strength Distribution for the Tensile Failure Process of Rock and Concrete Materials

A three-stage model is introduced to describe the tensile failure process of rock and concrete materials.Failure of the material is defined to contain three stages in the model,which include elastic deformation stage,body damage stage and localization damage stage.The failure mode change from uniform body damage to localization damage is expressed.The heterogeneity of material is described with strain strength distribution.The fracture factor and intact factor,defined as the distribution function of strain strength,are used to express the fracture state in the failure process.And the distributive parameters can be determined through the experimental stress-strain curve.

土石混合体大型直剪设备研发与应变锁骨强度特征试验研究

土石混合体是一种介于均质土体和碎裂岩体之间的特殊工程地质材料,在我国分布广泛。本文总结了国内外现有的主要大型直剪仪的设计参数与功能优势,在克服传统直剪试验中存在的正应力不恒定、垂直荷载偏心、剪切破坏面固定及液压系统不稳定等缺陷基础上,研发了基于多尺度、蠕变、冻融与渗流多物理场控制条件下的SRM-1000型电机伺服控制大型土工抗剪强度实验设备,实现了直剪试验、斜剪试验、叠剪试验、冻融循环试验等功能。分别采用不同含石量(0、30%、50%、70%)、不同颗粒尺寸(L1、L2、L3、L4)试样,在不同垂直压力(50 kPa、200 kPa、300 kPa、400 kPa)条件下开展了直剪变形与强度特性测试。采用铝丝监测了剪切带内块石间的力链结构特性,研究了块石压密、滑移、错动导致剪缩或剪胀的变化规律,揭示了不同条件下土石混合体的应变硬化与应变锁固强度特征。

考虑岩石微缺陷影响的损伤本构模型

为准确描述岩石应力—应变曲线非线性过程,提出了考虑岩石微缺陷影响的损伤本构模型。首先对含微缺陷岩石进行分析,把含微缺陷岩石抽象成不含微缺陷的岩石骨架部分和微缺陷部分。岩石微缺陷包括初始空隙和岩石受载新增的微裂纹,微缺陷只能产生应变,不能承受应力。初始空隙产生的应变反映压密阶段的非线性特征,新增的微裂纹产生的应变反映岩石峰后阶段应变软化,用修正系数b来表示新增微缺陷的影响,假设岩石骨架部分的损伤符合Weibull概率分布,最后推导出基于微裂纹的损伤本构模型,并给出参数Vm、n、F0、m和b的确定方法,对模型参数进行讨论。用砂岩和苏长岩试验数据进行验证,结果显示试验数据与理论结果相吻合。