Health Monitoring-Based Assessment of Reinforcement with Prestressed Steel Strand for Cable-Stayed Bridge

This paper presents the method of reinforcing main girder of reinforced concrete cable-stayed bridge with prestressed steel strands.To verify the effectiveness of external prestressed strand reinforcement method.Static load tests and health monitoring-based assessment were carried out before and after reinforcement.Field load test shows that the deflection and stress values of the main girder are reduced by 10%~20%after reinforcement,and the flexural strength and stiffness of the strengthened beam are improved.The deflection and strain data of health monitoring of the specified section are collected.The deflection of the second span is 4 mm~10 mm,the strain range of the upper edge of the second span is-10με~-40με,and the strain range of the lower edge is 30με~75με.These values show the deflection and strain values fluctuate within a prescribed range,verifying the safety of the bridge.The reinforcement method of prestressed steel strand is feasible and effective.It can provide reference basis for the application of external prestressed strand reinforcement technology in similar projects.

Comparative Study on Structural Redundancy of Cable-Stayed and Extradosed Bridges Through Safety Assessment of Their Stay Cables

This study provides new insights into the comparison of cable-stayed and extradosed bridges based on the safety assessment of their stay cables.These bridges are often regarded as identical structures owing to the use of inclined cables;however,the international standards for bridge design stipulate different safety factors for stay cables of both types of bridges.To address this misconception,a comparative study was carried out on the safety factors of stay cables under fatigue and ultimate limit states by considering the effects of various untoward and damaging factors,such as overloading,cable loss,and corrosion.The primary goal of this study is to describe the structural disparities between both types of bridges and evaluate their structural redundancies by employing deterministic and nondeterministic methods.To achieve this goal,three-dimensional finite-element models of both bridges were developed based on the current design guidelines for stay cables in Japan.After the balanced states of the bridge models were achieved,static analyses were performed for different safety factors of stay cables in a parametric manner.Finally,the first-order reliability method and Monte Carlo method were applied to determine the reliability index of stay cables.The analysis results show that cable-stayed and extradosed bridges exhibit different structural redundancies for different safety factors under the same loading conditions.Moreover,a significant increase in structural redundancy occurs with an incremental increase in the safety factors of stay cables.

Study on longitudinal wind load calculation method of cables for cable-stayed bridge

Along with the expanding of span of cable-stayed bridge,wind load becomes a more and more important controlling factor for bridge the design.A very large proportion of the wind load acting on cables has exceeded that acting on deck.There was not any detailed prescript in Chinese code for calculation of longitudinal wind load on cables due to lack of theoretical research and experiment,and conservative simplified calculation was adopted during design,which leads to conservative and uneconomical design of structures.To resolve this problem,cable force experiment was carried out during the design of Sutong Bridge.By comparing with international research results,the calculation formula of longitudinal wind drag coefficient for cables was advanced to fill the blank of bridge wind resistant code of China,and has already been adopted in the Highway Bridge Wind Resistant Design Code(JTG/T D60-01-2004)with great significance for bridge engineering.

Damage Detection for Long-Span Cable-Stayed Bridge

Based on the updated finite-element model of a cable-stayed bridge, this study investigates the technique of identifying damage existing in cable or girder by means of numerical simulation. The modal analysis is performed to identify the changes in modal fiequencies and curvatures caused by damage, and the static analysis is executed to detect the influence of damage on cable force. The results indicate a relatively significant decrease in frequencies of lower vertical bending modes due to the damage in cable and little change of frequencies due to damage in girder. Different sensitivities to the location of damaged cable are observed from the fiequency changes of different bending modes, which can be used to initially locate the damaged cable. The damage in either cable or girder can be further localized by the most significant change in curvature of girder. The damage occurred in a cable produces a remarkable change in force of nearby cables, whereas the damage in girder brings little change of cable forces. In addition, a pragmatic approach for localizing the damage in girder or cable is proposed based on a comprehensive utilization of the changes in frequency of vertical bending modes, modal curvature of girder, and force in cables.

Technology for long cable erection of a thousand-meter scale cable-stayed bridge

In the background of the construction of Sutong Yangtze River Bridge(short as Sutong Bridge),the cable construction method and techniques of a thousand-meter scale cable-stayed bridge are introduced.Some key construction techniques,such as outspreading cable on deck,installing cable at pylon,pulling and fixing cable at the attachment with decks and cable PE sheath protection are discussed.

Modeling of cable vibration effects of cable-stayed bridges

The analysis of dynamic responses of cable-stayed bridges subjected to wind and earthquake loads generally considers only the motions of the bridge deck and pylons.The influence of the stay cable vibration on the responses of the bridge is either ignored or considered by approximate procedures.The transverse vibration of the stay cables,which can be significant in some cases,are usually neglected in previous research.In the present study,a new three-node cable element has been developed to model the transverse motions of the cables.The interactions between the cable behavior and the other parts of the bridge superstructure are considered by the concept of dynamic stiffness.The nonlinear effect of the cable caused by its self-weight is included in the formulation.Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed model. The impact of cable vibration behavior on the dynamic characteristics of cable-stayed bridges is discussed.

Analysis of precision and error of cable force identification of cable-stayed bridge

In this paper,in order to improve the precision of cable force identification of a practical cable-stayed bridge and consider some precision problems of vibration method in surveying the cable force in the engineering application,firstly,three calculation methods for the cable force measurement are analyzed and contrasted;secondly,using the method of finite element numerical simulation and the theory of the error analysis,the effect of both bending rigidity and constraint conditions on simple formula of vibration method is investigated;and the dependence of the precision of cable frequency identification on spectrum resolution,sampling time,and the number of sampling points is studied;Finally,fundamental frequency method,frequency difference method,and peak value method are applied to the cable force calculation of a practical project;and their computational precision and error are contrasted and analyzed.It is observed that it is essential to take into account the effect of every factor on the precision of the cable force identification and make it possible to identify the cable force more accurate by vibration method;and that it simultaneously provides an effective basis for the development of a high-precision equipment.

Influence of Girder Vibration on Cable Damper's Performance of A Cable-stayed Bridge

The model combined by cable,girder and damper is founded to study the influence of girder vibration on cable damper 's performance of a cable-stayed bridge. The complex mode method and nondimensionalization are used to analyze the relationship between the girder's parameters and the performance of cable-related damper. The results indicate that the performance of cable-related damper will decrease greatly when the girder frequencies are near the frequencies of cable. The smaller absolute displacement of damper's piston caused by the very small vibration phase shift of girder and cable is the physical cause of the negative impact mentioned above.

Analysis of Key Factors in Cable Force Calculation for Cable-Stayed Bridges

Three methods for calculating cable force （analytic method, fitting method and finite element method） are analyzed and compared. The effects of boundary condition, spectrum resolution, sampling time, and number of sampling points on the precision of cable force identification are discussed, and error analysis is conducted. The results of three methods applied to a practical project are significantly less than the design value. Comparatively, the result of finite element method is the closest to the design value. Moreover, their computational precision and error are compared and analyzed. The precision of frequency identification of cables, long cables in particular, is strongly affected by frequency resolution. If the frequency resolution is included in calculating the cable force, the identification error can be reduced greatly.

Design and analysis of a bisected wheel-based cable climbing robot

To inspect inner wires of the cylindrical cables on a cable-stayed bridge, a new bisected wheel-based cable climbing robot is designed. The simple structure and the moving mode are described and the static features of the robot are analyzed. A cable with a diameter of 139 mm is selected as an example to calculate the design parameters of the robot. For safety energysaving landing in the case of electrical system failure, an electric damper based on back electromotive force and a gas damper with a slider-crank mechanism are introduced to exhaust the energy generated by gravity when the robot is slipping down along the cables. A simplified mathematical model is analyzed and the landing velocity is simulated. For the present design, the robot can climb up a cable with diameters varying from 65 to 205 mm with payloads below 3.5 kg. Several climbing experiments performed on real cables confirm that the proposed robot meets the demands of inspection.

Nonlinear Dynamic Reliability of Coupled Stay Cables and Bridge Tower

Nonlinear vibration can cause serious problems in long span cable-stayed bridges.When the internal resonance threshold is reached between the excitation frequency and natural frequency,large amplitudes occur in the cable.Based on the current situation of lacking corresponding constraint criteria,a model was presented for analyzing the dynamic reliability of coupling oscillation between the cable and tower in a cable-stayed bridge.First of all,in the case of cable sag,the d'Alembert principle is applied to studying the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the structure,and resonance failure interval of parametric oscillation is calculated accordingly.Then the dynamic reliability model is set up using the JC method.An application of this model has been developed for the preliminary design of one cable-stayed bridge located on Hai River in Tianjin,and time histories analysis as well as reliability indexes have been obtained.When frequency ratio between the cable and tower is approaching 1∶2,the reliability index is 0.98,indicating high failure probability.And this is consistent with theoretical derivation and experimental results in reference.This model,which is capable of computing the reliability index of resonance failure,provides theoretical basis for the establishment of corresponding rule.

The obstacle crossing ability analysis and improvement of the cable inspection robot

In this paper, the climbing obstacle capability of the previous special cable inspection robot （ Model Number： XS1T-1） is analyzed. Static equations are established to analyze the relationships between the external forces and the maximum height of an obstacle. Parameters affecting the obstacle crossing ability are obtained. According to the analysis results, an innovated small volume, simple structure and light weight climbing mechanism is proposed （Model Number： XS1T-2）. A simplified kinematics model of the mechanism is established. With two powered wheels, the obstacle crossing ability of the XSIT-2 is improved apparently. For the robot moving without deflection, the relationships of two powered input torques are deduced. The comparison of the simulation results clearly shows that the climbing ability of XS1T-2 is obviously improved, and it can meet the demands of inspection.

Cable-Stay Bridges——Investigation of Cable Rupture

As the bridge engineering community sets sails to use longer and longer spans, more and more sophisticated analysis models have to be used in the design process. One of the significant problems represents cable rupture of cable stays. The problem is also addressed in guidelines for cable-stayed bridge design such as PTI （Post-tensioning Institute） Recommendations and EC3 by quasi-static analyses using DAF （dynamic amplification factors） to account dynamic effects, which can be conducted instead ofnsing dynamic analysis. The results show that the value DAF depends on the cable rupture location and on the type and location of the examined state. Dynamic time history analysis is recommended. Some projects examples are highlighted in the paper, where the importance of above mentioned topic has been investigated, following different regulations and approaches. Professional bridge analysis and design sottware solution RM Bridge has been used for all investigations. The application can fulfill all requirements and deliver expected and accurate results. In addition, RM Bridge Sottware also helps engineers as a tool to optimize structure design and increase resistance capacity for each element to ensure the structural safety in service stage.

马鞍山长江公铁大桥2100 MPa高强度钢绞线斜拉索及锚具研制

巢马铁路马鞍山长江公铁大桥副汊航道桥为(58+168+392+168+58)m双塔三索面钢桁梁斜拉桥,斜拉索设计采用抗拉强度2100 MPa、抗疲劳应力幅280 MPa的∅15.2 mm低松弛PE镀锌钢绞线拉索。为保证高强度钢绞线斜拉索的力学及锚固性能,根据其技术指标要求,在1860 MPa钢绞线基础上,研制2100 MPa钢绞线及配套锚具。通过提高钢绞线原材料盘条中C、Si、Mn元素含量及改进钢丝拉拔工艺,选择直径14.0 mm的PQS92Si-HT盘条为2100 MPa钢绞线原材料。为提高钢绞线的锚固性能,夹片选择20CrMnTi钢,夹片长度52 mm、牙高0.45 mm、锥角6°10′、表面粗糙度R a3.2以上且表面硬度不低于56 HRC。根据2100 MPa钢绞线锚具的载荷变化和现行锚具锚板的材料性能,锚板选择40Cr钢,并进行调质处理。对研制的2100 MPa钢绞线及配套锚具进行单孔锚及斜拉索锚具组件疲劳试验及疲劳后静载试验。结果表明:研制的2100 MPa钢绞线及其锚具组件均满足规范要求,可应用于马鞍山长江公铁大桥副汊航道桥。

AS法悬索桥锚靴及拉杆锚固可靠性研究

AS法(空中纺线法)施工的悬索桥,主缆各索股钢丝套接锚固在两岸的锚靴上,锚靴通过拉杆将索股力传递给锚固系统。锚靴与主缆钢丝相互作用后锚靴的承载能力、钢丝小曲率弯折后的应力状态、拉杆安装精度对锚固可靠性的影响均需要定性定量的研究以及试验验证。该文以AS法架设主缆悬索桥——阳宝山特大桥为背景,对锚靴及索股进行了6 150 kN设计荷载下拉杆无偏转状态、拉杆相对于锚固垫板在水平向、竖直向和45°向偏转0.5°共4种工况下的试验研究。结果表明:锚靴承载能力满足设计要求,钢丝小曲率弯折后无异常变形和破坏;锚靴及拉杆构造连接可靠,装配性好,构造采用球面垫圈结构可以保证拉杆具备约1°偏心调节能力,为保证锚靴及拉杆构造设计使用要求,建议拉杆与索股轴向安装控制精度保证在0.5°以内。

考虑风速概率的防风拉线风振疲劳损伤分析

为了掌握大风作用下地锚式防风拉线疲劳损伤特性,以新疆吐鲁番110 kV草杨一线为工程依托,构建了杆塔-导线-防风拉线体系整体有限元模型,分析了大风荷载作用下防风拉线的风振响应,建立了防风拉线线夹出口处节段有限元模型,研究了拉线钢股丝疲劳应力空间分布规律,分析了大风区防风拉线疲劳损伤。研究结果表明:风速对防风拉线轴向变形和应力影响较大,拉线外层钢股丝与内层钢股丝的轴向振幅时程变化具有高度一致性,在大风作用下,拉线外层钢股丝与内层钢股丝轴向振幅时程呈现强烈波动,风速越大,拉线内外层钢股丝的应力波动越大;在风荷载作用下,防风拉线内层钢股丝承受的轴向应力相对较小,而外层钢股丝应力相对较大;随着风速的增大,防风拉线的应力越大,拉线内外层钢股丝的应力波动也愈发剧烈;大风作用下防风拉线内外层钢股丝的疲劳损伤并不相同,拉线内层钢股丝的疲劳损伤小于外层钢股丝的疲劳损伤。

运营期钢绞线斜拉索索套管适应性调整关键技术

为解决钢绞线斜拉桥运营过程中索套管变形过大、塔端露出延伸管,影响钢绞线耐久性等问题,提出将传统的伸缩端从布设在塔端调整为梁端的方案,以减小索套管在自重和温差组合效应下的伸缩长度,使拉索结构趋于稳定,并依托某主跨806 m的双塔四索面全漂浮体系斜拉桥用于现场工程改造实践。工程应用表明:1)采用新方案后索套管线形明显平顺,塔端作为固定端杜绝了索套管运营过程中脱离延伸管的风险,梁端布设伸缩装置可方便后期的养护维修;2)梁端索套管可作为后期钢绞线检查窗口,并起到防火护套的作用,避免车辆火灾导致的斜拉索损伤,提高了拉索结构的整体耐久性;3)该优化方案及相应的施工技术可供同类桥梁索套管的病害处理参考。

Dynamic responses of cable-stayed bridges to vehicular loading including the effects of the local vibration of cables

Stay cables, the primary load carrying components of cable-stayed bridges (CSBs), are characterised by high flexi-bility which increases with the span of the bridge. This makes stay cables vulnerable to local vibrations which may have significant effects on the dynamic responses of long-span CSBs. Hence, it is essential to account for these effects in the assessment of the dynamics CSBs. In this paper, the dynamic responses of CSBs under vehicular loads are studied using the finite element method (FEM), while the local vibration of stay cables is analyzed using the substructure method. A case study of a cable-stayed steel bridge with a center span of 448 m demonstrates that stay cables undergo large displacements in the primary mode of the whole bridge although, in general, a cable’s local vibrations are not obvious. The road surface roughness has significant effects on the interaction force between the deck and vehicle but little effect on the global response of the bridge. Load impact factors of the main girder and tower are small, and the impact factors of the tension of cables are larger than those of the displacements of girders and towers.

宜宾新市金沙江大桥主桥总体设计

宜宾新市金沙江大桥主桥为(304+680+304)m双塔双索面钢桁梁斜拉桥,采用半飘浮体系,在桥塔横梁顶设置含限位功能的纵向阻尼器,两岸边跨各设置1个辅助墩。桥塔采用宝瓶形钢筋混凝土塔,四川岸和云南岸塔高分别为290.2 m和297.5 m,由上、中、下塔柱和上、中、下横梁及下塔柱横向连接隔板组成。主梁采用钢桁梁与钢-混组合桥面板的板桁结合型式,主桁横向中心距28 m,桁高6.8 m,标准节间长6.8 m,上、下弦杆与腹杆呈“N”形布置,采用焊接整体节点。桥面板采用钢-混组合桥面板。斜拉索采用环氧喷涂钢绞线体系,疲劳应力幅280 MPa,斜拉索在主桁上采用锚拉板锚固方式,在桥塔上采用钢锚梁锚固方式。采用桥面全回转吊机进行主桁、横桁单元件安装;钢-混组合桥面板滞后主梁2个节段施工。

风电体外索用1×7-15.2mm钢绞线研制

提高体外索的抗腐蚀性能是提高体外预应力体系寿命的最重要技术之一。给出体外索用钢绞线研制目标。论述了通过采用HDPE紧裹低润滑脂含量的光面钢绞线研发过程,研制的体外索用钢绞线护套厚度均值达到1.86 mm,润滑脂含量均值达到32.3g/m,钢绞线的外观及各项性能指标均达到《风电体外索用钢绞线技术条件》要求。