Numerical modeling of destress blasting for strata separation

Destress blasting(DB)implemented along the perimeter of safety pillars is a special application of destressing in coal longwall mining.The goal is to separate relatively more deformed mined areas from safety pillars,such as shaft pillars or cross-cut pillars,to reduce the transfer of high stresses to the protective pillar.This case study aims to numerically simulate selected destress blasts in the Czech part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin and examine its impact on stress transfer to the safety pillar area.To separate the area between the protective pillar and the longwall(LW),two fans of five 93-mm blast holes(length of 93e100 m)were drilled from the gate roads into the overburden strata.Each set of blast holes was fired separately in two stages without time delay.The explosive charge(gelatin-type of explosive)of each stage is 3450 kg.The two DB stages were fired when the longwall face was approximately 158 m and 152 m away from the blast.A 3D mine-wide model is built and validated with in situ stress measured with hydrofracturing.Mining and destressing in three 5-m thick coal seams are simulated in the region.Numerical modeling of DB is successfully conducted using a rock fragmentation factor a of 0.05 and a stress reduction/dissipation factor β of 0.95.Buffering of transfer of additional stress from the mining area into the safety pillar is evaluated by comparison of yielding volume before and after DB.It is shown that yielding volume drops after DB by nearly 80%in the area of the destressing panel and near the safety shaft pillar.

Optimization strategy and procedure for coal bed methane separation

Coal bed methane （CBM） has a huge potential to be purified to relieve the shortage of natural gas meanwhile to weaken the greenhouse effect. This paper proposed an optimal design strategy for CBM to obtain an integrated process configuration consisting of three each single separation units, membrane, pressure swing absorption, and cryogenics. A superstructure model was established including all possible network configurations which were solved by MINLP. The design strategy optimized the separation unit configuration and operating conditions to satisfy the target of minimum total annual process cost. An example was presented for the separation of CH4/N2 mixtures in coal bed methane （CBM） treatment. The key operation parameters were also studied and they showed the influence to process configurations.

A Non-linear Non-ideal Model of Simulated Moving Bed Chromatography for Chiral Separations

A non-linear non-ideal model, taking into account non-linear competitive isotherms, axial dispersion, film mass transfer, intraparticle diffusion, and port periodic switching, was developed to simulate the dynamics of simulated moving bed chromatography (SMBC). The model equations were solved by a new efficient numerical technique of orthogonal collocation on finite elements with periodical movement of concentration vector. The simulated SMBC performance is in accordance with the experimental results reported in the literature for separation of l,1'-bi-2-naphthol enantiomers using SMBC. This model is useful for design, operation, optimization and scale-up of non-linear SMBC for chiral separations with significant non-ideal effects, especially for high solute concentration and small intraparticle diffusion coefficient or large chiral stationary phase particle.

Prediction of upper limit position of bedding separation overlying a coal roadway within an extra-thick coal seam

Failure of the surrounding rock around a roadway induced by roof separation is one major type of underground roof-fall accidents.This failure can especially be commonly-seen in a bottom-driven roadway within an extra-thick coal seam("bottom-driven roadway"is used throughout for ease of reference),containing weak partings in their roof coal seams.To determine the upper limit position of the roof interlayer separation is the primary premise for roof control.In this study,a mechanical model for predicting the interlayer separation overlying a bottom-driven roadway within an extra-thick coal seam was established and used to deduce the vertical stress,and length,of the elastic,and plastic zones in the rock strata above the wall of the roadway as well as the formulae for calculating the deflection in different regions of rock strata under bearing stress.Also,an approach was proposed,calculating the stratum load,deflection,and limiting span of the upper limit position of the interlayer separation in a thick coal seam.Based on the key strata control theory and its influence of bedding separation,a set of methods judging the upper limit position of the roof interlayer separation were constructed.In addition,the theoretical prediction and field monitoring for the upper limit position of interlayer separation were conducted in a typical roadway.The results obtained by these two methods are consistent,indicating that the methods proposed are conducive to improving roof control in a thick coal seam.

CFD-DEM simulation of fluid-solid flow of a tapered column separation bed

Research on recycling waste Printed Circuit Boards(PCB) is at the forefront of preventing environmental pollution and finding ways to recycle resources.The Tapered Column Separation Bed(TCSB) is invented aiming at disposing the problem that fine particles of waste printed circuit boards cannot be separated efficiently so as to obtain further insight about the underlying mechanisms and demonstrate the separation feasibility in the tapered column separation bed.In this work,a Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) coupled with Discrete Element Method(DEM) model for two-phase flow has been extended to simulate the fluid-solid flow in the tapered column separation bed.Its validity is demonstrated by its successful capturing the key features of particles' flow pattern,velocity,the pressure distribution,the axial position with time and axial force for particles with different densities.Simulation results show that the plastic particles and resin particles become overflow,while copper particles,iron particles and aluminum particles successively become underflow,with a discharge water flow rate of 1 m^3/h,an obliquity of 30°.The simulated results agree reasonably well with the experimental observation.Using this equipment to separate waste PCBs is feasible,theoretically.

Unsymmetrical load effect of geologically inclined bedding strata on tunnels of passenger dedicated lines

In order to study the unsymmetrical load effect in geological bedding strata for the Muzhailing tunnel on the Lanzhou-Chongqing passenger dedicated line in China, we investigated the deformation, mechanical response and pressure of the surrounding rock and the mechanical characteristics of bolts of the tunnel. The results suggest that open zones appear at arch and invert where joints open up, when layered stratum is horizontal, or when the dip angle of in- clined bedding is small. Open zones occur perpendicular to a joint. The failure mode is bending disjunction at the arch tain shear displacement, and lead to obvious geological bedding unsymmetrical load. The failure mode is shear damage. For the joint dip angle in the range of 75-90°, the failure mode is flexural crushing at the wall and vertical shear rup- ture above the arch. The restraining effect of two sides weakens for vertical dip. On the whole, shear failure instabilitytrend would occur and the tunnel collapses evenly. When the angle between the bolt and structure plane is greater than 23°, bolts can enhance the shearing stiffness of joint plane. Unfortunately, in the general purpose graph of tunnel for 250 km/h of passenger dedicated lines, the bolts have equal length and spacing. The rationale behind this is worthy offurther study. For inclined bedding, the surrounding rock pressure at the left wall is more than that at the right wall. In addition, lining is likely to be damaged at left shoulder and side wall. With the dip angle increasing, the unsymmetrical load gradually achieves symmetry. Asymmetry design for support is recommended to reduce the unsymmetrical load on lining disturbed by excavation.

Effect of bubbles addition on teetered bed separation

To improve the separation efficiency of a conventional Teetered Bed Separator(TBS) in beneficiation of fine coal with a wide size range,an Aeration TBS(A-TBS) was proposed in this investigation.The bubbles were introduced to A-TBS by a self-priming micro-bubble generator.This study theoretically analyzed the effect of bubbles on the difference in hindered settling terminal velocity between different density particles,investigated the impact of superficial water velocity(V_(SW)) and superficial gas velocity(V_(Sg)) on bed fluidization,and compared the performance of the TBS and A-TBS in treating 1-0.25 mm size fraction particles.The results show that the expansion degree of fluidized bed which was formed by different size particles or has different initial height,is increased by the introduction of bubbles.Compared with the TBS,at the same level of clean coal ash content,the A-TBS shows an increase in the combustible recovery of clean coal,ash content of tailings,and practical separation density by 5.26%,6.56%,and 0.088 g/cm3 respectively,while it shows a decrease in the probable error(E_p) and V_(SW) by 0.031 and 3.51 mm/s,respectively.The addition of bubbles at a proper amount not only improves the separation performance of TBS,but also reduces the upward water velocity.

Rock Pressure on Tunnel with Shallow Depth in Geologically Inclined Bedding Strata

The method to calculate rock pressure to which the lining structure of tunnel with shallow depth is subjected in geologically inclined bedding strata is analyzed and put forward. Both the inclination angle of bedding strata as well as the internal friction angle of bedding plane and its cohesion all exert an influence upon the magnitude of the asymmetric rock pressure applied to tunnel. The feature that rock pressure applied to tunnel structure varies with the incUnation angle of bedding strata is discussed, At last, the safety factor, which is utilized to evaluate the working state of tunnel lining structure, is calculated for both symmetric and asymmetric lining structures. The calculation results elucidate that the asymmetric tunnel structure can be more superior to bear rock pressure in comparison with the symmetric one and should be adopted in engineering as far as possible.

Separation of phosphatidylcholine from soybean phospholipids by simulated moving bed

A simulated moving bed (SMB), equipped with eight silica-gel columns, was used to separate phosphatidylcholine (PC) from soybean phospholipids. The effects of flow rate in Sections 2 (Q2) and 3 (Q3), switching time, feed flow rate and feed concentration on the operating performance parameters: purity, recovery, productivity and desorbent consumption were studied. Operating conditions leading to more than 90% purity in both outlet streams have been identified, together with those achieving optimal performance. Regions leading to complete separation are observed and explained theoretically. As the mass-transfer effect was not considered, the triangle theory only gives initial guesses for the optimal operating conditions.

Equivalent materials simulation experimental study on bed separations developing and mining subsidence in constant humidity and constant temperature conditions

A new experiment was made on the developing of bed separations and mining subsidence from Tangshan T2192 working face by equivalent materials simulation.The overburden deformation and the developing of bed separations with working face advanc- ing was simulated by a new model.The results show that the maximum value of bed separations moved forward gradually along with the working face advancing;the maxi- mum value of bed separations is 0.31～0.50 times of mining thickness.The key strata have a great influence upon surface subsidence during the overburden movement process.The mechanics parameters of new experiment are fitted with results in fields perfectly.

Mechanics Principle and Engineering Application of Split Layer and Bed Separation of Mining Overburden

To control land surface subsidence caused the underground mineral exploitation and the catastrophic phenomena such as serious damage of buildings, waterbodies, cultivated lands, railways, bridges caused by land subsidence, bed separation grouting technology of overburden is put forward. To provide theoretical support for the technology, the characteristics and the mechanics mechanism of mining overburden from layer-split to formation of bed separation are studied. On the basis of elastic sheet board theory, calculation formula of rock sheet deflection is presented, and the mechanics criteria of the separation formation and the calculation formula of bed separation volume are set up. Finally, the applications and technics of bed separation grout technology of mining overburden to control land subsidence in china are introduced.

陕西省煤矿典型水灾隐患特征及治理技术

陕西省煤炭资源丰富,2022年煤炭产量达7.46亿t,是我国主要产煤省份之一。由于全省煤矿区地质及水文地质条件差异明显,煤矿水灾类型多样,随着近年煤炭开采强度的增大,水灾事故时有发生,防治水形势较为严峻。以煤炭赋存条件为基础,系统总结区域水文地质结构特征,界定典型水灾类型及各类水灾影响区域分布,论述典型水灾的形成机理及特征,并提出了相应的防控技术。研究表明:(1)陕西省主要煤炭产区分为陕北、黄陇、渭北三大区,陕北侏罗纪煤田主要有顶板松散沙层水灾隐患、厚层砂岩水灾隐患、溃水溃沙灾害,局部区域分布有烧变岩对煤矿造成水灾隐患;黄陇煤田主要受顶板巨厚砂岩水灾隐患、离层溃水隐患、泥砂溃涌灾害隐患威胁;陕北石炭—二叠纪煤田和渭北煤田,主要受到煤层底板奥陶系灰岩水灾隐患威胁。(2)陕北侏罗系煤田顶板水灾隐患主要为顶板含水层受开采导水裂隙带扰动形成,导水裂隙波及砂岩含水层或松散沙层可形成持续大流量涌水,部分区域充水强度较大,在短时间水量较大超过排水系统能力时造成顶板水灾,在薄基岩区域垮落带直接导通松散沙层时可转变为溃水溃沙灾害,导水裂隙带影响到烧变岩富水区域时可形成瞬时水量大且持续的烧变岩水灾;黄陇煤田顶板巨厚砂岩含水层受采动导水裂隙带波及形成高强度持续涌水并可能形成顶板水灾,当含水层下部隔水层厚度较大时,可能形成离层溃水灾害,当近煤层顶板岩层松软遇水易崩解时可转变为泥砂溃涌灾害;陕北石炭—二叠纪煤田和渭北煤田,煤层开采底板扰动破坏带或断层等构造导通奥陶系灰岩含水层时,会引发极为严重的底板突水灾害,该类灾害具突发性强、瞬时水量大的特征。(3)各区域的顶板水灾隐患治理技术主要包括钻孔疏泄、注浆治理、开采参数控制等,底板水灾隐患治理技术主要包括区域注浆加固及封堵等;烧变岩水灾隐患主要采取帷幕注浆与钻孔探放有机结合的防治技术。

煤矿覆岩离层注浆减沉技术研究及应用

针对门克庆煤矿11-3101工作面铁路下压煤问题,为提高煤炭资源回收率,应用离层注浆减沉技术减小地表下沉,通过室内试验测试了不同配比充填料浆的流变特性,确定了合适的料浆配比,同时构建采动覆岩离层演变力学模型,提出了离层动态发育位置及离层开度预测方法。研究结果表明:11-3101工作面从下往上将会产生四个离层,分别位于工作面顶板上方45.42、228.38、337.19、363.99 m处;离层开度从下到上依次为2.62、1.49、1.39和1.33 m,开度随着层高的增长而递减;注浆压力为6.5 MPa,注采比大于45%时,地表倾斜变形值小于3 mm/m,现场监测结果显示铁路路基最大沉降量仅58.72 mm,注浆减沉效果显著。

湿法磁选对粉煤灰中铁和重金属元素的分布影响研究

对煤粉锅炉粉煤灰(FA1灰)和循环流化床锅炉粉煤灰(FA2灰)采用湿法磁选的工艺达到降低其重金属含量的目的。利用扫描电子显微镜、激光粒度仪和X射线衍射仪表征两种粉煤灰在不同磁感应强度和不同磁选溶液浓度条件下磁选前后高磁性和弱磁性部分的形貌、粒度分布和物相分析,同时测定其铁元素和5种重金属元素(Hg、Pb、As、Cr、Cd)的含量变化,发现磁选后两种粉煤灰铁回收率随着磁感应强度增强而逐渐增加,高磁性组中重金属元素含量与弱磁性组有明显差异。结果表明:在磁感应强度为8000 Gs和磁选溶液浓度为20%(质量分数)时,FA1的铁回收率为71.2%,FA2的铁回收率为47.0%。此时FA1磁选后Pb含量差值为0.2 mg/kg、Cr含量差值为9.2 mg/kg、As含量差值为1.1 mg/kg;FA2磁选后Pb含量差值为18.1 mg/kg、Cr含量差值为25.0 mg/kg、As含量差值为9.1 mg/kg。

新型细粒级加重质矿物气固分选流态化密度分布研究

煤炭分选对提升煤炭品质具有重要作用,气固流化床选煤将流态化技术应用于选煤领域,有助于实现煤炭的干法提质。为解决传统Geldart B类加重质流态化分选密度波动大的难题,提出采用Geldart A类细粒级加重质用于流态化分选的思路。系统研究了新型细粒级加重质气固流态化分选床层密度分布特征,探究了床层密度的稳定性和细粒煤分选效果,分析了床层密度方差和分选效率的变化规律。结果表明,细粒级加重质中的床层密度分布更为均匀,轴向密度差异较低;结合床层膨胀行为研究,建立了细粒级加重质流化床床层密度预测模型,密度波动处于±0.1 g/cm 3时可以有效预测床层密度的分布,解决了分选过程中密度调控的难题。

径向流氦氢分离床穿透特性实验与模拟分析

为系统深入研究径向流氦氢分离床的吸附穿透性能,指导结构设计,本研究借助COMSOL Multiphysics软件耦合材料吸氢动力学方程、流体流动动量方程和质量传递方程,建立了径向床穿透数学模型,并结合实验验证了模型的可靠性,利用模型对特性参数进行参数化扫描,分析其对穿透性能的影响。结果表明,穿透实验结果与模拟数据符合较好,模型可靠。通过分析温度、高径比及孔隙率等参数对床体穿透性能的影响,推荐氦氢分离床床体参数如下:床体吸附温度为室温~343 K,在该温度范围内升高温度对传质区长度及出口处浓度-时间曲线影响较小;随着高径比的增加,床体效率明显下降,其中高径比为2.00~8.33时,维持高效率的时间较长;随着孔隙率的增加,床体吸附效率明显下降,考虑床层的吸附效率、压阻效应及粉末的装填难度,粉末孔隙率推荐0.56~0.64。以上结果表明,本研究建立的模型可较好地预测床体的吸附分离性能,可用于床体结构设计以及工艺参数的优化。

气-固脉动流化床加重质混合与分离特性及煤炭分选研究

煤炭是世界的主要能源,细粒煤的高效洁净利用已成为热点之一。试验采用以磁铁矿粉为主要加重质,与石英砂组成的二元加重质进行混合与分离的行为进行理论与试验分析。研究结果表明,0.25~0.15 mm石英砂与0.074~0.15 mm磁铁矿粉组成的二元加重质颗粒在在脉动流化床中整体上分布均匀稳定,离析程度较低,分选密度的宏观调控范围可以达到1.30~1.90 g/cm^(3),保证脉动流化床中密度在较大范围内的调节,符合工业生产的要求。6~3 mm细粒煤的低密度分选试验结果表明,当脉动气流控制在频率流化数N=1.3,f=2.55 Hz时,精煤灰分值为4.47%,此时可能偏差为E=0.11 g/cm^(3),分选效果理想。

西部矿区深埋厚煤层采动覆岩离层发育规律数值模拟研究

为了丰富离层发育规律的研究方法,以石拉乌素矿221_上08工作面为对象,通过分布式光纤(BOTDR)及定点光纤对离层位置进行综合确定,结合颗粒流PFC^(2D)数值模拟,对大采高、大采深条件下采动覆岩离层发育规律进行研究。结果表明:随着工作面推进,离层空间在关键层底部自下而上向主关键层底部发育,离层发育埋深在440、396、376、331、321、296 m附近,层位止于粗砂岩主关键层底部;覆岩运移主要经历下位关键层沉降、上位亚关键层快速沉降、向粗砂岩主关键层底部发展、主关键层运移阶段;离层层位与工作面推进距离呈正比,且离层发育主要分为孕育(Ⅰ)-加速扩容(Ⅱ)-压密阶段(Ⅲ)3个阶段。

顺层偏压挤压性软岩隧道让压预留变形角支护技术研究

针对顺层偏压挤压性软岩隧道的非均匀大变形问题,提出一种基于钢拱架预留变形角的新型让压单元。基于三维精细化建模分析顺层偏压荷载下让压预留变形角支护的承载特性和效果,并应用于中老铁路甘庄隧道,验证新型让压预留变形角支护技术的可行性。研究结果表明:1)顺层偏压荷载下隧道支护结构以弯曲变形为主,传统让压柔性节点在弯矩内力作用下易发生受拉破坏,让压预留变形角能有效释放拱架的弯矩内力,适应更大的弯曲变形;2)顺层偏压荷载作用下,采用让压预留变形角的钢拱架整体应力水平明显降低,拱架整体的承载能力满足强度要求;3)工程现场采用局部扩挖和设置钢拱架让压预留变形角后,隧道变形在断面开挖18 d以后控制在允许范围内,初期支护的应力集中现象减弱,钢拱架主体不再发生弯曲破坏。

顺序式模拟移动床色谱高效纯化低聚异麦芽糖应用研究

[目的]提高低聚糖行业的生产效率。[方法]以50型低聚异麦芽糖浆为原料,利用顺式模拟移动床色谱分离技术对其纯化。通过制备色谱单柱试验筛选出钾离子型树脂为合适的分离介质;根据物料平衡原理和顺序式模拟移动床基本原理近似确定分离工艺的初始操作参数,并对分离条件进行优化。[结果]最佳技术参数为:料液折光率60%、柱温65℃、进样量455 mL、进水量682 mL、进样流量37.4 mL/min、进水流量29.6 mL/min以及总循环流量364 mL/h,在此条件下低聚异麦芽糖出口折光为20.40%,纯度达到90.20%,收率达到85.50%。[结论]自主研制的顺序式模拟移动床色谱分离设备可用于高效纯化低聚异麦芽糖。