THE STUDIES OF THE STRESS WAVE THEORY ON ROCKBURST UNDER HIGH STRATA STRESS

Through the analysis of the occurring and developing process of the rockburst under the high strata stress, it points out that the action of stress wave is the key factor to affect the rockburst process. The characteristics of stress wave as well as its relation with the strata stress and the mechanism of its causing rockburst are explained. Finally, the preventing measures of the rockburst caused by the stress wave are put forward.

Calculation and analysis of stress in strata under gob pillars

Aiming at the difficulty in stress analysis for strata under pillars with actual bearing conditions, an approach was proposed to apply multi-sectional linear approximation to the characteristic curves of pillar loads, and stress of strata was calculated under pillars with linear load by calculation method for uniform load. This approach leads to a rapid analyzing method for strata stress under pillars with any form of loads. Through theoretical analysis, strata stress expressions for pillars under linear bearing conditions are obtained. In addition, two concepts, stress increase factor and stress factor, are proposed for the approximate analysis of strata stress by uniform load approximation method. It is also found that the stress increase factor of strata is related to the strata stress factor and the ratio of the minimum load on the pillar' two ends to the maximum one; and the distribution features of stress factors and the sizes of their influencing areas in strata influenced by overlying pillars are obtained. Combining with the gob pillar conditions of Jurassic coal seam in Tongxin Coal Mine, it is demonstrated that the results obtained by stress distribution analysis of the strata stress in non-influencing areas of pillars with linear bearing through uniform load approximation are in basic accordance with the results obtained for pillars under linear bearing condition. Therefore, it is feasible and accurate to calculate stress in non-influencing area in strata under pillars with linear bearing condition by uniform load calculation method.

冲击载荷下叠合岩层巷道围岩的应力演化数值模拟研究——基于岩层运动并行计算系统StrataKing

煤系地层属于典型的层状沉积岩层,这在传统连续介质模型中不能被较好反映。为了探究冲击载荷下叠合岩层巷道围岩的应力演化规律,采用以拉格朗日元与离散元耦合连续-非连续方法为基础发展的岩层运动并行计算系统StrataKing,基于理想化模型分析了巷道上表面附近应力波的叠加。阐明了应力波叠加导致顶板开裂机理,并且探讨了冲击载荷幅值的影响规律。研究发现:在原始压应力波传至巷道上表面附近测点后,该测点的最大主应力刚开始呈下降-上升-下降的变化趋势,这是由原始压、拉应力波不同时刻的叠加不同导致的;由于次级应力波的波长较原始应力波的小,次级压、拉应力波的单独作用更明显,它们的叠加使巷道上表面附近测点能产生更低和更高的最大主应力,甚至导致顶板开裂;冲击载荷幅值越大,近似阶梯增长阶段中拉裂纹平均发展速度越快,巷道围岩最终开裂范围越大,巷道围岩平衡越困难。

STRATA应力吸收层在我国的首次应用

结合工程实践,介绍STRATA应力吸收层的施工工艺。针对湖北夏天炎热冬天寒冷的气候特点,建议高等级公路罩面优先选择STRATA应力吸收层。

STRATA应力吸收层抗疲劳特性研究

通过柔性道面足尺试验对旧水泥混凝土路面上 3种不同加铺层结构进行了裂缝开展的温度疲劳特性研究。结果表明 ,旧水泥混凝土路面 + STRATA应力吸收层 +沥青混凝土的路面结构形式具有优良的抗温度疲劳反射裂缝的能力。

STRATA应力吸收层对加铺层荷载及温度应力的影响分析

STRATA应力吸收层是一种用于防止沥青加铺层反射裂缝的新型沥青混合料,它采用特殊聚合物对沥青进行改性,具有高弹性、不透水及抗裂性能好的优点。采用三维有限元法对设置DTRATA应力吸收层的标准加铺层结构与另两种未设置STRATA应力吸收层的对比加铺层结构进行应力分析,计算结果表明:在旧水泥混凝土路面与沥青加铺层之间设置STRATA应力吸收层后,加铺层结构的荷载应力与温度应力均有较大幅度的降低。

Finite layer and triangular prism element method to subsidence prediction and stress analysis in underground mining

The application of the finite layer & triangular prism element method to the 3D ground subsidence and stress analysis caused by mining is presented. The layer elements and the triangular prism elements have been alternatively used in the numerical simulation system, the displacement pattern, strain matrix, elastic matrix, stiffness matrix, load matrix and the stress matrix of the layer element and triangular prism element have been presented. By means of the Fortran90 programming language, a numerical simulation system based on finite layer & triangular prism element have been built up, and this system is suitable for subsidence prediction and stress analysis of all mining condition and mining methods. Comparing with the infinite element method, this approach dramatically reduces the size of the set of equations that need to be solved, and greatly reduces the amount of data preparation required. It not only saves the internal storage, and the computation time, but also decreases the cost.

水泥路面罩铺沥青混合料方案-STRATA系统及常用方法分析

为了给水泥路面罩铺沥青混合料工程提供科学、有效、经济的处置方法,在湖北武(汉)黄(石)高速公路大修工程中采用了格栅、烧毛土工布、美国科氏公司专有技术STRA-TA系统,比较各种方法优、劣,撰此文供同行分享、指正。

Movement and deformation laws of the overlying strata in paste filling stope

We combined the similar simulation with numerical simulation to analyze the movement and deforma- tion features of overlying strata caused by paste backfill mining, study the movement and deformation laws of the overlying strata in paste backfill mining, structural movement of the stope strata as well as the stope stress distribution laws. Furthermore, authors also explored the key factors to the movement and deformation of the overlying strata in paste backfill mining. The results indicate that a caving zone existed in the bending zone only in the overlying strata of the paste backfill mining. Compared with the roof caving mining, the degree of stress concentration and area of influence in the paste filling stope were apparently smaller. And the degree of destruction and area of the overlying strata decreased prominently. Also, there was no apparent strata behavior in the working face. Lastly, the filling ratio was the key to control the movement and deformation of the overlying strata. Combined with a specific engineering example, the author proved the reliability of the simulation results and provided a theoretical basis for the further extension of the paste backfill mining.

STRATA应力吸收层系统性能验证研究及其应用

基于3个典型工程的Strata应力吸收层系统的应用实践,并以这3个实体工程为依托,进行了Strata应力吸收层系统车辙试验,温度型、荷载型反射裂缝疲劳试验研究和验证。试验研究结果表明,Strata反射裂缝吸收层的模量足以抵抗车辙的产生,并且具有优良的延缓反射裂缝能力。

Breaking process and mining stress evolution characteristics of a high-position hard and thick stratum

Based on the boundary support conditions of overlying high-position,hard and thick strata,a Winkler foundation beam mechanical model was built.Computational expressions for the characteristics and position of the bending moment for high-position,hard and thick strata were constructed by theoretical analysis,and the initial breaking position of high-position,hard and thick strata was also analyzed.The breaking process and evolution law of mining stress in high-position,hard and thick strata were studied by similar material simulation tests.Studies show that:due to the foundation deformation effect of the lower strata,the initial break position in high-position,hard thick layers is in the middle of goaf;vertical tension fractures first occur under the middle surface,then tilt tension fractures form at both sides and a non-uniform thickness of the fracture structure forms and produces subsidence deformation;behind the coal wall tilt fractures extend and eventually complete the migration.Mining stress produces obvious changes before and after the breakage of the high,hard and thick stratum;high stress concentration forms in front of the coal wall before breakage and fracture stress concentration significantly reduces after migration.Coal seam mining under high-position,hard thick strata can easily induce dynamic phenomena.

STRATA技术在武黄高速公路上的应用

为寻求水泥路面使用耐久、经济合理的罩面方式 ,美国科氏公司针对水泥路面加铺沥青混凝土的反射裂缝问题研究开发了 STRATA系统。笔者引进该技术在武黄高速公路修筑了 2 km试验段 。

采动力学与岩层控制关键理论及工程应用

研究岩体采动力学响应和岩层控制技术对促进煤炭安全高效开采、保障能源稳定供给具有重要意义,是实现煤炭资源科学开采的理论基础。矿山岩体灾害(围岩变形、冲击地压等)频发,其形成-演化-发生全过程与采动力演化分布、岩层运动、开采扰动和能量演化密切相关。基于实用矿山压力控制理论,提出并阐述了采场岩层控制进展与控制准则,建立了定量分析的力学模型和设计方法,发展了针对性的岩体灾害控制技术,并创新研制了配套试验研究装备。采动力学与岩层控制理论将岩层控制分为采场岩层控制和巷道围岩控制;提出控制或利用采动岩层运动改变致灾条件,给出“给定变形”和“限定变形”准则;调控“3S”因素准则(围岩应力环境、围岩结构属性、围岩支护结构)改变围岩自稳能力。以岩体灾害控制为目标,提出了以“应力主控”为核心的释能主控技术;建立了岩体灾害控制大小原理和弱面判据(安全系数K、冲击危险性系数U);研发了采场矿压机械模拟试验系统、采动力试验系统和蠕变及动力扰动冲击加载试验系统,实现了实验室尺度还原采动力作用下岩体变形-破裂-运动过程,为研究采动力作用下岩体力学响应提供了试验装备;分别从采场岩层控制、地质软岩巷道控制、工程软岩巷道控制及冲击地压控制4个方向进行了工程案例研究,相关研究成果在工程应用中得到了验证。

Strata应力吸收层在旧路改造中的应用

在江西省南昌县芳湖路改造工程中,为最大程度减少罩面后产生的反射裂缝病害,采用了Strata应力吸收层+沥青混凝土的加铺改造技术。通过对加铺方案的甄选比对,材料性能分析及施工措施,验证了该材料在防反射裂缝性能方面较其他加铺技术有更大的优势,为其广泛应用提供了参考依据。

非均厚“弓形”巨厚关键层动静载作用机制

巨厚关键层破裂运动是诱发矿山动力灾害的重要因素,探究其厚度变化对采动应力分布及破裂动载的影响,对明确巨厚关键层采场动、静载来源及冲击矿压孕育机制具有重要意义,是冲击矿压风险预测及灾害防控的理论基础。以陕西彬长矿区某矿非均厚“弓形”巨厚关键层为研究对象,综合理论分析与数值仿真计算,剖析了巨厚关键层“弓形”形态下伏煤岩体采动应力异常集中的力学原理,探明了“弓形”形态对巨厚关键层破裂特征的影响规律,揭示了“弓形”形态下伏区域动静载叠加致灾机制,据此提出了“弓形”巨厚关键层破裂致灾风险预测方法。结果表明,“弓形”巨厚关键层底部凸起导致下伏煤岩体垂直应力异常集中,相较于均匀厚度巨厚关键层,该区域煤岩体垂直应力额外增加22.1 MPa,增幅比例高达56%,此为下伏煤岩体高静载形成的根本原因。同时,伴随着开采范围的扩大以及非均厚“弓形”巨厚关键层运动,造成其底部内凹拐角区出现显著的高应力集中现象,导致该区域岩石发生破裂及弹性能快速释放,此为强动载形成主要原因。在上述非均厚“弓形”巨厚关键层动静载叠加作用下,煤柱大巷区域极易出现冲击矿压。基于此,准确识别并定位了非均厚“弓形”巨厚关键层影响下采动覆岩动载形成来源及发生区位,结合巨厚关键层分布式光纤原位监测结果,以光纤断裂高度为监测指标,验证了巨厚关键层破裂及动载荷形成之间的内在联系。

地质力学层定量划分方法及其超深层油气勘探开发应用

超深层油气高效勘探开发是当前全球能源地质研究关注的焦点,“地质力学层与油气勘探开发”是国际前沿研究领域,形成地质力学层的有效划分方法,对超深油气高效勘探和效益开发具有理论和实际意义。现今地应力状态影响天然裂缝有效性,裂缝发育分布影响岩石力学性质,而岩石力学性质又控制着现今地应力的分布,但当前“岩石力学层理论”不能完整涵盖三者之间耦合联系。为此,基于水平最小主应力、水平主应力差、弹性模量、现今地应力优势方位与天然裂缝走向的夹角、天然裂缝密度和应力集中系数等6种参数,构建储层地质力学层指标,形成一种地质力学层定量划分方法。基于塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉苏构造带大北区块W井的实例分析,表明该井目的层白垩系巴什基奇克组垂向呈现强地质力学非均质性,储层地质力学层与气层发育段具有较好的对应关系。因此,借助地质力学层划分结果,可指导超深层油气甜点层段的优选。

基于固体声弹理论的地震反射透射研究进展

多期沉积埋深及成岩过程使地下储层介质具有复杂初始地应力,应力范围跨度大且分布方向复杂.初始地应力对储层介质岩石物理与地震波传播响应具有显著影响.地震反射透射系数方程可以量化储层性质与地球物理观测数据的关系,构建考虑初始地应力作用的地震反射透射系数方程有利于更好理解深部储层界面处地震波传播特征,为深层油气勘探奠定理论基础,正逐渐受到国内外学者的关注.当前已提出的相关理论模型主要从固体声弹理论出发,考虑初始应力与地震波扰动引起的微小固体应变,聚焦岩石物理与地震反射透射参数化的理论方法研究,在应力诱导各向异性参数反演、地应力预测、油气储层识别等方面开展了初步实际应用探索.本文首先介绍固体声弹理论核心内容,然后介绍了基于声弹理论的地震反射透射模型、基本假设及其阶段性应用进展,讨论了方程的局限性以及在地震勘探领域的发展方向.

软硬交替地层超深竖井围护结构受力和变形特性

研究区地层条件以“硬岩”(泥质粉砂岩、岩屑砂岩)与“软岩”(泥岩)互层为特征,形成了明显的软硬交替地层,使竖井的受力与变形尤为复杂。采用Flac3D数值模拟方法对竖井开挖施工全过程进行研究,详细分析了施工过程中圆形地连墙和内衬的受力及变形特性,结果表明:1)在基坑开挖过程中,当开挖深度高于或处于“硬岩”时,地连墙在该软硬分界面位置处产生反弯点,向坑外发生弯曲变形,而当坑内“硬岩”被挖除后,整体向坑内产生水平位移。2)地连墙的环向应力和水平位移变形规律为“E”型,地连墙的最大环向应力和水平位移总是集中在“软岩”深度范围内,而在“硬岩”深度范围内环向应力和水平位移最小;同时,地连墙的最大弯矩总是出现在软岩岩层交界面深度附近。3)内衬的环向应力和水平位移变形规律为“阶梯”型增长,但在“硬岩”深度处出现减小;内衬受坑内岩体隆起影响明显,最大弯矩总是出现在内衬底部,同时向坑外产生位移。

黄土-泥岩交界区隧道衬砌受力及围岩破坏模式分析

为研究黄土-泥岩交界区隧道衬砌受力特性及围岩破坏模式,以某隧道为工程背景,通过现场监测及数值模拟,对衬砌受力进行了分析。结果表明,围岩压力集中于仰拱,最大值出现在右拱脚;外侧钢拱架应力主要集中于交界面附近拱肩处;钢拱架应力及二衬混凝土应变受混凝土强度发展影响较大,衬砌施作初期,混凝土及拱架均承受较大压应力,随着混凝土强度逐渐提高,应力逐渐减小,仰拱处出现拉应力;围岩塑性区主要分布于交界面附近拱肩及仰拱位置;地下水沿边墙破碎围岩渗流并汇集于仰拱,基底泥岩塑性区易扩大。研究结果可为黄土-泥岩交界地层隧道设计与施工提供参考。

震动波CT成像技术在《矿山压力与岩层控制》教学中的应用实践

基于新常态和新工科背景下采矿工程和智能采矿工程专业的人才培养要求,文章分析了《矿山压力与岩层控制》课程传统教学模式中存在的问题,以课程回采工作面采动应力场分布教学为例,通过引入震动波CT成像新技术,提出并采用课堂理论教学+案例实践教学相融合的教学模式,转变“被动灌输”为“主动学习”,提高学生学习参与度和教学效果,增强学生对专业知识学习研究兴趣,为未来从事专业科学研究和工程项目技术管理奠定坚实基础。