Unveiling the adaptation strategies of woody plants in remnant forest patches to spatiotemporal urban expansion through leaf trait networks

Background:With the expansion of urban areas,the remnants of forested areas play a crucial role in preserving biodiversity in urban environments.This study aimed to explore the impact of spatiotemporal urban expansion on the networks of leaf traits in woody plants within remnant forest patches,thereby enhancing our understanding of plant adaptive strategies and contributing to the conservation of urban biodiversity.Methods:Our study examined woody plants within 120 sample plots across 15 remnant forest patches in Guiyang,China.We constructed leaf trait networks (LTNs) based on 26 anatomical,structural,and compositional leaf traits and assessed the effects of the spatiotemporal dynamics of urban expansion on these LTNs.Results and conclusions:Our results indicate that shrubs within these patches have greater average path lengths and diameters than trees.With increasing urban expansion intensity,we observed a rise in the edge density of the LTN-shrubs.Additionally,modularity within the networks of shrubs decreased as road density and urban expansion intensity increased,and increases in the average path length and average clustering coefficient for shrubs were observed with a rise in the composite terrain complexity index.Notably,patches subjected to‘leapfrog’expansion exhibited greater average patch length and diameter than those experiencing edge growth.Stomatal traits were found to have high degree centrality within these networks,signifying their substantial contribution to multiple functions.In urban remnant forests,shrubs bolster their resilience to variable environmental pressures by augmenting the complexity of their leaf trait networks.

GRU-integrated constrained soft actor-critic learning enabled fully distributed scheduling strategy for residential virtual power plant

In this study,a novel residential virtual power plant(RVPP)scheduling method that leverages a gate recurrent unit(GRU)-integrated deep reinforcement learning(DRL)algorithm is proposed.In the proposed scheme,the GRU-integrated DRL algorithm guides the RVPP to participate effectively in both the day-ahead and real-time markets,lowering the electricity purchase costs and consumption risks for end-users.The Lagrangian relaxation technique is introduced to transform the constrained Markov decision process(CMDP)into an unconstrained optimization problem,which guarantees that the constraints are strictly satisfied without determining the penalty coefficients.Furthermore,to enhance the scalability of the constrained soft actor-critic(CSAC)-based RVPP scheduling approach,a fully distributed scheduling architecture was designed to enable plug-and-play in the residential distributed energy resources(RDER).Case studies performed on the constructed RVPP scenario validated the performance of the proposed methodology in enhancing the responsiveness of the RDER to power tariffs,balancing the supply and demand of the power grid,and ensuring customer comfort.

A plant nutrition strategy for ex-situ conservation based on "Ecological Similarity"

This paper reviewed a large scale conservation work of rare and endangered plants currently conducted in main botanical gardens in China, and the existed, predictable and neglected problems on plant growth and reproduction in ex-situ conservation process. Considered the status quo in plant ex conservation, a nutritional strategy on the plant conservation was proposed based on ＇Ecological Similarity＇. Its main idea was that the ex-situ conservation plants coming from natural ecosystem were compulsively allocated in the agro-ecosystems and would return to natural ecosystem ultimately. Therefore, research on plant nutrition of the ex-situ conservation plants should neither just pursue yield and quality as that in agro-ecosystems nor merely stay on intrinsic natures without human intervening. We should give attentions to both of their attributes as in natural ecosystems and in agro-ecosystems, i.e., taking full advantage of plant nutritional measures as in agro-ecosystems to solve actual survival problems of the ex-conservation plants, and ensuring the final goal of returning to nature and playing its ecological role.

Fluctuating resources,disturbance and plant strategies:diverse mechanisms underlying plant invasions

This paper examines the hypothesis that non-native plant invasions are related to fluctuating resource availability as proposed by Davis et al. （2000）. I measured relative functional responses of both invasive and native plants to changed resource availability due to nutrient enrichment and rainfall, and to increased disturbance. Data are presented from studies in two contrasting ecosystems. First is a series of glasshouse and field experiments on the invader Hieracium lepidulum and associated invasive and native species in subalpine temperate New Zealand. Second is a field study of invasive and native plant responses to altered disturbance regimes and rainfall from tropical savannas of north eastern Australia. Invaders responded differently from native species to changes in resource availability in both subalpine and tropical studies. However, invaders differed among themselves showing that different species exploit different functional niches to invade their respective habitats. These findings contribute to the contention that the fluctuating resource hypothesis does not provide a universal explanation for plant invasions. The diverse functional responses to increased resource availability among invaders in this and previous studies suggest that the cause of invasion depends on unique combinations of habitat and functional attributes of invaders and native assemblages. Such findings imply that universal predictions of what will happen under climate change scenarios across the globe will be difficult to make.

Genomic dissection of widely planted soybean cultivars leads to a new breeding strategy of crops in the post-genomic era

Soybeans specially the widely planted cultivars have been dramatically improved in agronomic performance and is well adapted to local planting environments after long-time domestication and breeding.Uncovering the unique genomic features of popular cultivars will help to understand how soybean genomes have been modified through breeding.We re-sequenced 134 soybean cultivars that were released and most widely planted over the last century in China.Phylogenetic analyses established that these cultivars comprise two geographically distinct sub-populations:Northeast China (NE) versus the HuangHuai-Hai River Valley and South China (HS).A total of 309 selective regions were identified as being impacted by geographical origins.The HS sub-population exhibited higher genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium decayed more rapidly compared to the NE sub-population.To study the association between phenotypic differences and geographical origins,we recorded the vegetative period under different growing conditions for two years,and found that clustering based on the phenotypic data was closely correlated with cultivar geographical origin.By iteratively calculating accumulated genetic diversity,we established a platform panel of cultivars and have proposed a novel breeding strategy named "Potalaization"for selecting and utilizing the platform cultivars that represent the most genetically diversity and the highest available agronomic performance as the "plateau"for accumulating elite loci and traits,breeding novel widely adapted cultivars,and upgrading breeding technology.In addition to providing new genomic information for the soybean research community,the "Potalaization"strategy that we devised will also be practical for integrating the conventional and molecular breeding programs of crops in the post-genomic era.

Optimum control strategy for all-variable speed chiller plant

The optimum control strategy and the saving potential of all variable chiller plant under the conditions of changing building cooling load and cooling water supply temperature were investigated. Based on a simulation model of water source chiller plant established in dynamic transient simulation program (TRNSYS),the four-variable quadratic orthogonal regression experiments were carried out by taking cooling load,cooling water supply temperature,cooling water flow rate and chilled water flow rate as variables,and the fitting formulas expressing the relationships between the total energy consumption of chiller plant with the four selected parameters was obtained. With the SAS statistical software and MATHEMATICA mathematical software,the optimal chilled water flow rate and cooling water flow rate which result in the minimum total energy consumption were determined under continuously varying cooling load and cooling water supply temperature. With regard to a chiller plant serving an office building in Shanghai,the total energy consumptions under different control strategies were computed in terms of the forecasting function of cooling load and water source temperature. The results show that applying the optimal control strategy to the chiller plant can bring a saving of 23.27% in power compared with the corresponding conventional variable speed plant,indicating that the optimal control strategy can improve the energy efficiency of chiller plant.

Increased dependence on nitrogen-fixation of a native legume in competition with an invasive plant

Suppression of roots and/or their symbiotic microorganisms,such as mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia,is an effective way for alien plants to outcompete native plants.However,little is known about how invasive and native plants interact with the quantity and activity of nutrient-acquisition agents.Here a pot experiment was conducted with monoculture and mixed plantings of an invasive plant,Xanthium strumarium,and a common native legume,Glycine max.We measured traits related to root and nodule quantity and activity and mycorrhizal colonization.Compared to the monoculture,fine root quantity(biomass,surface area)and activity(root nitrogen(N)concentration,acid phosphatase activity)of G.max decreased in mixed plantings;nodule quantity(biomass)decreased by 45%,while nodule activity in Nfixing via rhizobium increased by 106%;mycorrhizal colonization was unaffected.Contribution of N fixation to leaf N content in G.max increased in the mixed plantings,and this increase was attributed to a decrease in the rhizosphere soil N of G.max in the mixed plantings.Increased root quantity and activity,along with a higher mycorrhizal association was observed in X.strumarium in the mixed compared to monoculture.Together,the invasive plant did not directly scavenge N from nodule-fixed N,but rather depleted the rhizosphere soil N of the legume,thereby stimulating the activity of N-fixation and increasing the dependence of the native legume on this N source.The quantity-activity framework holds promise for future studies on how native legumes respond to alien plant invasions.

Plant Factory Engineering Strategy of Japanese Manufacturer and Agri-Business Innovation

These days, some manufacturing enterprises which are forced to diversify management enter Agri- Business and plant factory business, make an Innovation utilizing high research and development ability and enough capital. As Agri-Business Innovation in Japan, this study examinedNK Agri, a subsidiary company of Noritsu Koki, which is a motion picture producer and machinery maker, based on Industrial Cluster Theory and Diamond Model by Michael E. Porter. The important points to enter Agri-Business of manufacturing enterprises were summed up as below. 1) New coming manufacture enterprises can form Industrial Cluster with farmhouse and foods makers, and enhance productivity and competitiveness. 2) New coming manufacture enterprises can enhance productive efficiency by collaborating with orthodox farmhouses as important partners. 3) Re- search institutions such as universities and local government should support for forming and development of Agri Industrial Cluster by manufacture enterprises. Agri Industrial Cluster by manufacture enterprises can improve local economy, so local government should prepare for the system to expand support as a policy.

Y沸石中Cu(Ⅰ)的可控构筑及其乙烯/乙烷吸附分离性能研究

乙烯(C_(2)H_(4))和乙烷(C_(2)H_(6))物理性质相似,其高效分离具有挑战性。利用Cu(Ⅰ)活性位与C_(2)H_(4)间的π络合作用,Cu(Ⅰ)基吸附剂能在温和条件下选择性地分离C_(2)H_(4)和C_(2)H_(6),显著降低传统低温精馏分离过程的能耗。Cu(Ⅰ)由Cu(Ⅱ)还原制得,但Cu(Ⅱ)还原的不可控、能耗高且Cu(Ⅰ)收率低一直是Cu(Ⅰ)基吸附剂应用的障碍。采用选择性还原策略(SRS)成功在Y型沸石中选择性地构筑了Cu(Ⅰ)活性位,实现了温和条件下C_(2)H_(4)/C_(2)H_(6)的吸附分离。利用甲醛(HCHO)蒸气扩散传递,与沸石中的Cu(Ⅱ)反应,实现了低温(140℃)下Cu(Ⅰ)的选择性构筑;制得的Cu(Ⅰ)Y具有优异的C_(2)H_(4)/C_(2)H_(6)吸附分离性能,Cu(Ⅰ)Y的选择性达16.3,远高于Cu(Ⅱ)Y的3.2。机理研究表明,HCHO与Y沸石中的Cu(Ⅱ)发生氧化还原反应,在得到Cu(Ⅰ)的同时生成CO_(2)和H_(2)O。

Stand biomass of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations benefits from high density monocultures in the boreal zone

Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica(P.sylvestris)plantations are extensively established in the boreal zone.Increasing stand biomass of these plantations can effectively enhance carbon stock,which is crucial for mitigating climate change.However,the current understanding of optimizing plantation strategies to maximize stand biomass is primarily derived from experiments in tropical and subtropical zones,which is difficult to extend to the boreal due to substantial climatic differences.Based on a comprehensive dataset from 1,076 sample plots of P.sylvestris plantations in the boreal zone of China,we evaluated the effects of tree species richness and stand density on tree height,diameter at breast height(DBH),and stand biomass to investigate the optimal plantation strategy.Furthermore,we examined how these effects changed with stand age and investigated their relative importance.We found that monocultures at a high stand density of 2,000–2,500ha^(−1) were the optimal plantation strategy to maximize stand biomass(107.5Mg·ha^(−1)),and this held true at almost all stand ages.Unfortunately,this strategy resulted in low species richness and small individual trees(10.6m height and 9.8cm DBH),thus presenting a trade-off.In addition,as stand age increased,the effect of tree species richness on stand biomass shifted from positive to negative,but the effect of stand density was always positive.Overall,stand age had the greatest effect on stand biomass,followed by stand density and then tree species richness.Our findings reveal a distinct plantation strategy for optimizing stand biomass of P.sylvestris plantations in the boreal zone.More importantly,this study highlights that(1)maximizing stand biomass in the boreal zone may compromise tree species richness;(2)net effects of tree species richness on stand biomass are not always positive,as negative selection effects offset positive complementary effects.

A Study on the Translation of Plant Images in Qu Yuan’s Li Sao

The renowned masterpiece“Li Sao”by Qu Yuan contains numerous plant images for“expressing emotions and aspirations.”Exploring methods of translating plant imagery has greatly assisted in disseminating Chinese classical culture and facilitating cross-cultural communication.This study conducts a comparative analysis of three translations of“Li Sao”by Xu Yuanchong,Yang Xianyi,and Hawkes,aiming to understand the different approaches to translating plant imagery and explore variations in translation effectiveness.Through data collection,comparative analysis,and case studies,this research reveals that Xu Yuanchong emphasizes free translation,Yang Xianyi tends towards literal translation,and Hawkes adopts a combination of literal,free,and phonetic translation methods.

高等植物光系统Ⅰ的研究(Ⅰ)──叶绿体中存在两种光系统Ⅰ

用含有ＰＥＧ的提取介质有效地提取和分离了油松、毛白杨、豌豆及菠菜的类囊体膜片，经改进了的增溶方法增溶光合色素蛋白复合物，有效地、完整地将ＰＳＩ从膜结构上溶解下来．溶解液经ＤＯＣＰＡＧＥ分离，均可得到迁移率相近的具光系统Ⅰ活性的两条稳定的绿带，经超速离心及不同浓度毛地黄皂苷和Ｔｗｅｅｎ２０处理，证明它们是两种ＰＳＩ，称为ＰＳＩ１和ＰＳＩ２．ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ分析证明这两种复合物多肽种类相同，部分多肽的组成在比例上存在差异，证明在高等植物中存在两种ＰＳＩ。

Cs(Ⅰ)在桃花江水底沉积物上的吸附模型

通过批式吸附实验研究了接触时间、固液比、溶液pH值、离子强度、温度、Cs(Ⅰ)浓度和沉积物组分等对Cs(Ⅰ)在桃花江水底沉积物上吸附作用的影响。结果表明,样品中黏土组分含量和溶液离子强度对Cs(Ⅰ)吸附影响显著,而溶液pH值和温度对Cs(Ⅰ)吸附几乎无影响,说明Cs(Ⅰ)的吸附机理为黏土上的阳离子交换作用;Cs(Ⅰ)在桃花江水底沉积物上的解吸具有滞后性,解吸速率明显小于吸附速率。利用磨损边缘-基面位点概念模型的框架,构建了Cs(Ⅰ)在桃花江水底沉积物上的吸附模型。研究所得结果有助于精确预测Cs(Ⅰ)在桃花江水底沉积物上的吸附作用,为桃花江核电厂的周围水体质量评价、废水排放标准建立和核事故应急处理提供了基础数据和参考模型。

人胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ基因农杆菌工程菌株的构建

采用固相亚磷酸三酯法人工化学合成了人胰岛素样生长因子－Ⅰ（ｈｕＩＧＦ－Ｉ）基因的４条寡核苷酸 片段，再通过片段１、２与３、４末端互补配对和Ｋｌｅｎｏｗ酶促补平及酶切连接成为完整的ｈｕＩＧＦ－ＩＤＮＡ片段，用 ＥｃｏＲ Ｉ／ＰｓｔＩ酶切后克隆于 ｐＧＥＭ Ｔ－Ｅａｓｙ Ｖｅｃｔｏｒ，经测序证明所得 ＤＮＡ序列与设计的序列完全一致；选用植物 偏爱密码子校正了启始密码子ＡＴＧ下游的６个密码子，并在ＡＴＧ处增加Ｋｏｚａｋ序列后，插入ｐＢＩ１２１的ＢａｍＨＩ／ ＳａｃＩ位点，构建了以 ３５Ｓ为启动子的植物表达载体；以 Ｈｉｎｄ ＩＩ／ＥｃｏＲＩ切下“３５Ｓ－Ｋｏｚａｋ－ＩＧＦ－Ｉ－ＮＯＳ（ｔｅｒ．）”插入 ｐＣＡＭＢＩＡ２３００之Ｈｉｎｄ ＩＩ／ＥｃｏＲ Ｉ位点，构建成ｈｕＩＧＦ－Ｉ植物表达载体；通过ＣａＣｌ２直接转化法将表达载体导入农 杆菌ＥＨＡ１０５（Ｒｉｆ．ｒ），并以菌落原位杂交技术和 ＤＮＡ ｄｏｔ ｂｌｏｔ对重组农杆菌进行了筛选，所获得的重组农杆菌菌株为培育ｈｕＩＧＦ－Ｉ豆药用植物奠定了基础。

策略Ⅰ植物铁吸收稳态调控研究进展

铁是植物生长发育所必需的微量元素。作为辅酶因子和电子传递链组分,铁参与了光合作用、呼吸作用等多种重要的生理代谢过程。铁在地壳中的含量虽然丰富,但在中性和碱性土壤中大多以Fe^(3+)的形式存在,溶解度极低,限制了土壤中铁的生物有效性,导致植物生长发育易受缺铁影响,致使植物缺铁失绿已成为全世界普遍关注的问题。但在低pH和长期淹水条件下,植物会吸收累积过量的铁,产生活性氧,导致植物伤害甚至死亡。因此精确调控铁的吸收转运,保持体内铁稳态是植物生长发育的基础。本文就策略Ⅰ植物铁稳态调控方面的最新研究进展做一阶段性总结,并对存在的问题和未来的发展动态提出了作者的观点。

Improving grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency and radiation use efficiency by dense planting, with delayed and reduced nitrogen application, in double cropping rice in South China

Improving both grain yield and resource use efficiencies simultaneously is a major challenge in rice production.However,few studies have focused on integrating dense planting with delayed and reduced nitrogen application to enhance grain yield,nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the double rice cropping system in South China.A high-yielding indica hybrid rice cultivar (Yliangyou 143) was grown in field experiments in Guangxi,South China,with three cultivation managements:farmers’practice (FP),dense planting with equal N input and delayed N application (DPEN) and dense planting with reduced N input and delayed N application (DPRN).The grain yields of DPRN reached 10.6 and 9.78 t ha^(–1) in the early and late cropping seasons,respectively,which were significantly higher than the corresponding yields of FP by 23.9–29.9%.The grain yields in DPEN and DPRN were comparable.NUE in DPRN reached 65.2–72.9 kg kg^(–1),which was 61.2–74.1% higher than that in FP and 24.6–30.2% higher than that in DPEN.RUE in DPRN achieved 1.60–1.80 g MJ^(–1),which was 28.6–37.9% higher than that in FP.The productive tiller percentage in DPRN was 7.9–36.2% higher than that in DPEN.Increases in crop growth rate,leaf area duration,N uptake from panicle initiation to heading and enhancement of the apparent transformation ratio of dry weight from stems and leaf sheaths to panicles all contributed to higher grain yield and higher resource use efficiencies in DPRN.Correlation analysis revealed that the agronomic and physiological traits mentioned above were significantly and positively correlated with grain yield.Comparison trials carried out in Guangdong in 2018 and 2019 also showed that DPRN performed better than DPEN.We conclude that DPRN is a feasible approach for simultaneously increasing grain yield,NUE and RUE in the double rice cropping system in South China.

Plant invasions facilitated by suppression of root nutrient acquisition rather than by disruption of mycorrhizal association in the native plant

Invasive species have profound negative impacts on native ranges.Unraveling the mechanisms employed by invasive plant species is crucial to controlling invasions.One important approach that invasive plants use to outcompete native plants is to disrupt mutualistic interactions between native roots and mycorrhizal fungi.However,it remains unclear how differences in the competitive ability of invasive plants affect native plant associations with mycorrhizae.Here,we examined how a native plant,Xanthium strumarium,responds to invasive plants that differed in competitive abilities(i.e.,as represented by aboveground plant biomass)by measuring changes in root nitrogen concentration(root nutrient acquisition)and mycorrhizal colonization rate.We found that both root nitrogen concentration and mycorrhizal colonization rate in the native plant were reduced by invasive plants.The change in mycorrhizal colonization rate of the native plant was negatively correlated with both aboveground plant biomass of the invasive plants and the change in aboveground plant biomass of the native plant in monocultures relative to mixed plantings.In contrast,the change in root nitrogen concentration of the native plant was positively correlated with aboveground plant biomass of the invasive plants and the change in aboveground plant biomass of the native plant.When we compared the changes in mycorrhizal colonization rate and root nitrogen concentration in the native plant grown in monocultures with those of native plants grown with invasive plants,we observed a significant tradeoff.Our study shows that invasive plants can suppress native plants by reducing root nutrient acquisition rather than by disrupting symbiotic mycorrhizal associations,a novel finding likely attributable to a low dependence of the native plant on mycorrhizal fungi.

Differences in functional traits and reproductive allocations between native and invasive plants

Because co-occurring native and invasive plants are subjected to similar environmental selection pressures,the differences in functional traits and reproductive allocation strategies between native and invasive plants may be closely related to the success of the latter.Accordingly,this study examines differences in functional traits and reproductive allocation strategies between native and invasive plants in Eastern China.Plant height,branch number,reproductive branch number,the belowground-to-aboveground biomass ratio,and the reproductive allocation coefficient of invasive plants were all notably higher than those of native species.Additionally,the specific leaf area(SLA)values of invasive plants were remarkably lower than those of native species.Plasticity indexes of SLA,maximum branch angle,and branch number of invasive plants were each notably lower than those of native species.The reproductive allocation coefficient was positively correlated with reproductive branch number and the belowground-to-aboveground biomass ratio but exhibited negative correlations with SLA and aboveground biomass.Plant height,branch number,reproductive branch number,the belowground-to-aboveground biomass ratio,and the reproductive allocation coefficient of invasive plants may strongly influence the success of their invasions.

Ethnobotanical Study towards Conservation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Upper Catchments of Dhauli Ganga in the Central Himalaya

The present study broadly focused on medicinal plant species collected from wild by the villagers for different purposes in the upper catchment of Dhauli Ganga in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve(NDBR),in the central Himalaya.A schedule based survey was conducted during the years 2003-2005 in 15 villages of Chamoli district part of the NDBR.Information was collected from collectors, vaidya(medicine man)and those dealing with domestication and marketing of the medicinal plants. The aim of the study was to understand the prioritiesed medicinal plants,their mode of collection and document their ethnobotanical uses by the Bhotiya tribal communities,in this world heritage site. During the survey,50 medicinal plants belonging to 31 families and 44 genera were documented.Out of these,70% were harvested from the wild,22% were cultivated and 8% were cultivated as well as wild harvested.Of the cultivated species,8% were found growing in the kitchen gardens and 14%in the agricultural fields.However,42%of the plants had their roots and rhizomes used followed by leaves (26%),seeds(10%),seed and leaf(8%),bark and whole plant(6%)and flower(1%).Most plants were reported to be used for rheumatism(16),followed by stomach disorder(14),cold and cough(11),and jaundice(9).Thirty three plants species were reported to have more than one therapeutic uses,while 17 species were reported to be used against single ailment.The distance of villages from road head was one of the factors contributing to the decline in the medicinal plant population in their natural habitats. The availability of medicinal plants increased with increase in distance from road head and also the peoples'dependence on them.Documentation of the traditional knowledge will help in conservation of knowledge and also opportunity for using it for future training and use.The result of this study will help in promoting sustainable cultivation and implementation in conservation protocol of those species,which are in the verge of extinction in this region.

Conservation utility of botanic garden living collections:Setting a strategy and appropriate methodology

In the realities of the modern world, when the natural habitat is rapidly disappearing and the number of imperiled plants is constantly growing, ex situ conservation is gaining importance. To meet this challenge, botanic gardens need to revise both their strategic goals and their methodologies to achieve the new goals. This paper proposes a strategy for the management of threatened plants in living collections,which includes setting regional conservation priorities for the species, creation of genetically representative collections for the high priority species, and usage of these collections in in situ actions. In this strategy, the value of existing and future species living collections for conservation is determined by the species' conservation status and how well the accessions represent their natural genetic variation.