Mineralization of the Liwu large-scale stratiform copper deposits in Sichuan Province, China: Constraints from fluid inclusions

The Liwu stratiform copper deposit is located in the northwestern Jianglang dome,western China.Current studies mainly focus on the genetic type and mineralization of this deposit.Detailed fluid inclusion characteristics of metallogenic period quartz veins were studied to reveal the ore-forming fluid features.Laser Raman analysis indicates that the ore-forming fluids is a H_(2)O-NaCl-CH_(4)(-CO_(2))system.Fluid inclusions microthermometry shows a homogenization temperature of 181-375°C and a salinity of 5.26%-16.99%for the disseminated-banded Cu-Zn mineralization;but a homogenization temperature of 142-343°C and a salinity of 5.41%-21.19%for the massive-veined Cu-Zn mineralization.These features suggest a medium-high temperature and a medium salinity for the ore-forming fluids.H-O isotopic data indicates that the ore-forming fluids were mainly from the metamorphic and magmatic water,plus minor formation water.And sulfur isotopic data indicates that sulfur was mainly derived from the formation and magmatic rocks.Metallogenesis of the disseminated-banded mineralization was mainly correlated with fluid mixing and water-rock reaction;whereas that of the massive-veined mineralization was mainly correlated with fluid boiling.The genetic type of the deposit is a medium-high temperature hydrothermal deposit related to magmatism and controlled by shear zones.This study is beneficial to understand the stratiform copper deposit.

Three-dimensional orebody modelling and intellectualized longwall mining for stratiform bauxite deposits

Acoupled biharmonic spline and linear interpolation algorithm was proposed to create a three-dimensional smooth deposit model with minimal curvature containing grade and position data. To obtain the optimal technical parameters, such as cuttingheight and drum diameter, a virtual longwall mining procedure was modelled by simulating the actual fully mechanized longwall mining process. Based on the above work, a bauxite deposit in a longwall mining panel was modelled by scattered grade data from ores sampled on the entry wall. The deposit was then demarcated by industrial indexes and sliced according to the virtual longwallmining procedure. The results show that the proposed interpolation algorithm can depict the stratiform structure of bauxite depositsand that the uncovered bauxite deposit has high proportions of high-grade and rich ore. The ranges of optimal cutting height and drum diameters are 1.72-2.84 m and 1.42-1.72 m, respectively. Finally, an intellectualized longwall mining procedure was designed to guide the mining process with the lowest dilution and loss rates.

Ore Genesis for Stratiform Ore Bodies of the Dongfengnanshan Copper Polymetallic Deposit in the Yanbian Area, NE China:Constraints from LA-ICP-MS in situ Trace Elements and Sulfide S–Pb Isotopes

The Dongfengnanshan Cu polymetallic deposit is one representative deposit of the Tianbaoshan ore district in the Yanbian area, northeast(NE) China. There occur two types of ore bodies in this deposit, the stratiform ore bodies and veintype ones, controlled by the Early Permian strata and the Late Hercynian diorite intrusion, respectively. Due to the ambiguous genetic type of the stratiform ore bodies, there has been controversy on the relationship between them and veintype ore bodies. To determine the genetic type of stratiform ore bodies, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS) in situ trace elements and S–Pb isotope analysis have been carried on the sulfides in the stratiform ore bodies. Compared with that in skarn, Mississippi Valley-type(MVT), and epithermal deposits, sphalerite samples in the stratiform ore bodies of the Dongfengnanshan deposit are significantly enriched in Fe, Mn, and In, while depleted in Ga, Ge, and Cd, which is similar to the sphalerite in volcanic-associated massive sulfide(VMS) deposits. Co/Ni ratio of pyrrhotites in the stratiform ore bodies is similar to that in VMS-type deposits. The concentrations of Zn and Cd of chalcopyrites are similar to those of recrystallized VMS-type deposits. These characteristics also reflect the intermediate ore-forming temperature of the stratiform ore bodies in this deposit. Sulfur isotope compositions of sulfides are similar to those of VMS-type deposits, reflecting that sulfur originated from the Permian Miaoling Formation. Lead isotope compositions indicate mixed-source for lead. Moreover, the comparison of the Dongfengnanshan stratiform ore bodies with some VMStype deposits in China and abroad, on the trace elements and S–Pb isotope characteristics of the sulfides reveals that the stratiform ore bodies of the Dongfengnanshan deposit belong to the VMS-type, and have closely genetic relationship with the early Permian marine volcanic sedimentary rocks.

^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar Dating of the Shaxi Porphyry Cu-Au Deposit in the Southern Tan-Lu Fault Zone, Anhui Province

Four samples of plagioclase and biotite from the Shaxi porphyry in the lower part of the Yangtze metallogenic belt were analyzed for age determination with the ^40 Ar/^39Ar method. The results yield reproducible ages of 126 Ma to 135 Ma with a high level of confidence according to the agreement between isochron and plateau ages. The four Ar-Ar ages are relatively consistent within the analytical error. These ages are also consistent with, but more precise than, previous K-Ar and Rb-Sr ages and thus provide better constraints on the time of porphyry formation and associated Cu-Au mineralization along the middle to lower part of the Yangtze metallogenic belt. The ages of 126 to 135 Ma are interpreted to represent the intrusive time of the Shaxi porphyry, so that the Cu-Au mineralization should have occurred later due to the post-magmatic hydrothermal event.

Geological, Alteration and Mineralization Characteristics of Ali Javad Porphyry Cu-Au Deposit, Arasbaran Zone, NW Iran

Ali Javad porphyry Cu-Au deposit is located 20 Km north of Ahar city in Arasbaran metallogenic zone which is considered as a part of Alp-Himalayan mineralization belt. Magmatism in this area began in Late Cretaceous, followed by extensive magmatism in Cenozoic and Quaternary periods. Porphyry type mineralization developed in Ali Javad quartz monzonitic porphyry stock and Eocene pyroclastic and volcanic country rocks. Ali Javad porphyry intrusion has shoshonitic nature and shows characteristics of volcanic arc granitoids that it is have been emplaced in a post-collision tectonic setting. Alteration zones at the deposit demonstrated zoning which is comparable with Lowel-Guilbert model proposed for quartz-monzonite type porphyry copper deposits. Phyllic, argillic, silicic and propylitic alteration zones were observed at the surface while potassic alteration zone could be observed at depth in drill core samples. Mineralization was recognized both as supergene and hypogene, the latter was as veins, veinlets and disseminations. Dominant hypogene minerals were chalcopyrite, bornite, molybdenite, pyrite and magnetite while chalcocite, covellite and limonite were dominant supergene minerals. Four mineralization zones were observed in the deposit as leached, transitional, supergene and hypogene zones. Average grades were 0.75% for copper and 1.86 ppm for gold with 81.5 Mt proved reserve for copper and 37.8 Mt for gold.

Study on Shaxi porphyry copper-gold deposit in Anhui:gold mineralization and occurrence determination by PIXE

Shaxi porphyry Cu-Au deposit was one of the important discoveries of the exploration in the middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River in China in 1970s. Gold occurrence in the Shaxi porphyry copper-gold deposit (central (Anhui) province, eastern China) was investigated by means of microscope analyses, EPMA and PIXE. Combined with geological and mineralogical methods, the characteristics of occurrence of gold in the large scale sulfide mineralization in this region were fully investigated. The results show that gold distributes in both chalcopyrite and pyrite as submicroscopic inclusions (less than 1 μm) . Au is positively correlated with As, Fe, S, Cu, Zn and Ti. The condition of gold transformation in thermal fluid system controlling deposition of Au in the region is probably the oxidation potential of the red sedimentary rocks of shale and fine grain sandstone which may be crucial as a geochemical barrier to the reducing fluid. This study lays foundation for the further research and exploration of the porphyry copper-gold deposit both theoretically and practically in the lower reaches of Yangtze region.

Alunite spectral features and mineral chemistry of the ZijinshanDafanshan lithocap in SE China:Implications for mineral exploration

Lithocaps are composed of silicic and advanced argillic altered rocks,and represent an important target for porphyry-epithermal Cu-Au exploration.Previous studies showed that integrating alunite spectral and composition with lithocap whole-rock geochemistry can effectively aid exploration for concealed Cu-Au mineralization.The Zijinshan Cu-Au and Dafanshan alunite deposits are located in the Coastal Volcanic Belt in SE China,where alunite is an indicator of hypogene mineralization and alteration.Detailed mineralogical studies of alunite from these two deposits were performed with short-wavelength infrared spectroscopy(SWIR),whole-rock geochemistry and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS).For Zijinshan,wavelength variation of the SWIR alunite absorption peak at 1480 nm is proportional to the whole-rock Na/(Na+K)molar ratio of alunitebearing samples.Different percentage of alunite and mineral assemblages in the lithocap samples would both affect the wavelength of the SWIR alunite absorption peak at1480 nm.We suggest that the alunite Ba-Bi contents and the whole-rock Nb/La value(of alunite-bearing rocks)are reliable vectoring tools for detecting magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization center in the district.Comparing the alunite SWIR spectral and mineral geochemical features and whole-rock geochemistry of alunite-bearing rocks between the Zijinshan and Dafanshan deposits,Au–Ag mineralization may be concealed at depth in northwestern Dafanshan.

甘肃省西和县崖湾锑矿工程地质条件特征浅析

崖湾锑矿床位于甘肃省西和县银杏乡崖湾村南约5公里处,气候为温暖带大陆性季风湿润气候,区内水系发育,属长江流域嘉陵江水系。崖湾锑矿是赋存在坚硬、半坚硬的碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩层中,灰岩和硅质角砾岩等硬性岩石一般为完整~较完整,岩体结构类型为块状结构,岩石稳定,工程地质条件较好,千枚岩等软弱岩石和断裂影响范围内的岩石一般稳定性差,岩石较破碎,岩体结构类型主要为层状碎裂结构和散体结构。矿区工程地质勘探属于第三类—层状岩类,工程地质勘探的复杂程度划分为中等型,属工程地质条件中等矿床。

长江中下游地区成矿作用研究新进展和存在问题的思考

长江中下游地区是中国成矿理论的重要发源地之一,迄今已经完成大量研究,取得了一系列重要进展,前人已进行了多次总结。文章在此工作基础上,概括总结了最新的研究进展,并提出尚待解决的一些科学问题:该带成矿过程的深化研究和新测试、新技术的应用,有望破解层状铜金矿成因难题;越来越多单独或者伴生钨矿被发现,成矿显示多样性和多期次的特点。建立了该带矽卡岩型铜金矿+金稀散金属矿床组合新模型,有望推动在斑岩-矽卡岩型铜金矿外围发现贵金属和稀散金属矿床;研究发现该带含膏盐层在矽卡岩铁矿和玢岩铁矿的成矿过程中贡献明显;利用红外和矿物原位测试技术示踪该带深部矿化中心;通过三维找矿预测和成矿过程数值模拟,为隐伏矿找矿突破增添了新路径。最后,文章提出有待进一步研究的5个方面的科学问题,以期推动深化研究和找矿新突破。

云南大红山层状铜矿床成矿流体研究

云南大红山层状铜矿是大红山铁铜矿床的一部分。其成矿主要分为两个阶段:早期火山喷流作用形成了层状铜矿矿胚,而后期热液对原先的矿胚进行了改造和富集。本文选取大红山层状铜矿中石英脉型铜矿石石英样品系统地进行了流体包裹体的研究,主要发现了富液相(L+V)、含子晶多相(L+S±V)和纯 CO_2三类主要包裹体。显微测温结果表明,其均一温度在103～456℃之间;盐度范围为0.53%～59.76%NaCl equiv.,密度为0.80～1.45g/cm^3;纯 CO_2包裹体均一温度为-34.3～20.8℃,对应密度为0.77～1.09g/cm^3。稳定同位素测定结果表明,硫化物δ^(34)S 分布范围为-0.6‰～+10.9‰,表明岩浆硫和海水硫酸盐还原成因硫参与了早期成矿过程。方解石δ^(13)C_(PDB)值范围为-5.6‰～-3.1‰,与地幔碳同位素值(-5.0±2‰)完全吻合,暗示了热液中碳质有地幔来源。根据氧同位素方解石-水及石英-水之间的分馏方程,计算得到成矿流体中水的δ^(18)O_(SMOW)值在-1.9‰～13.7‰之间,与火成岩δ^(18)O 范围(5‰～15‰)基本一致。根据矿体地质特征、岩相学、流体包裹体以及稳定同位素等方面的综合研究,本文认为在喷流沉积之后的挤压环境下,从地幔分异出来的高温、中-高盐度并富含 CO_2的流体和海水一起改造了原岩,形成了变质火山—沉积岩,并使原先的铜矿矿胚活化富集。

国外超大型-特大型铜矿床成矿特征

铜的消费量及用途可以反映一个国家工业化程度的高低。本文主要研究了国外超大型-特大型铜矿床的主要类型和特征以及典型的超大型-特大型铜矿床,并将铜矿床按照岩浆熔离型、斑岩型、矽卡岩型、层状(控)型和海相火山气液型5种类型进行介绍。世界上著名的超大型-特大型铜矿床主要为智利的楚基卡马塔特大型铜矿床、埃斯康迪达超大型铜矿床,印度尼西亚的格拉斯贝格超大型铜金矿床,中非巨型铜矿带上的赞比亚铜矿带、刚果(金)沙巴铜矿带和赞比亚西北省铜铀矿区,阿富汗的艾纳克超大型铜矿床,波兰的卢宾超大型铜矿床。根据上述主要铜矿床的特征总结出国外超大型-特大型铜矿床具有统一性、专属性、偏在性和异常性等特点。

青城子层状/脉状铅锌矿床稀土元素地球化学特征及地质意义

位处华北板块北缘东段的辽吉裂谷带内发育有多处中、小型铅锌矿床,其中,同时发育层状和脉状铅锌矿的青城子矿床是典型的代表。为了探讨青城子层状铅锌矿和脉状铅锌矿矿质来源及成因的异同及其所代表的地质意义,利用ICP-MS对层状铅锌矿及其围岩、脉状铅锌矿及其围岩和后期穿矿脉岩进行了稀土元素测试。结果表明,所有样品均具有轻稀土元素(LREE)富集和明显分异的特点。层状铅锌矿及其围岩具有Eu正异常和较弱的Ce负异常,表明其成矿物质均来自上升的深部热水流体与海水的混合热液,在高温、还原流体和海水的参与下成矿。脉状铅锌矿及其围岩稀土元素配分模式与层状铅锌矿及其围岩相似,但其Eu为负异常和Ce异常不明显,部分样品出现较弱的Ce正异常,对比分析穿矿脉岩明显的Eu负异常和Ce正异常以及二者稀土元素总量稍大于层状铅锌矿的特点,文章认为青城子层状矿石为沉积成矿,成矿热液为深部热水流体与海水的混合热液,但后期受到岩浆侵入叠加改造的影响而在局部形成脉状铅锌矿体,引起了Eu负异常和局部Ce正异常的出现以及稀土元素总量的增加。

广西乐业林旺金矿床构造解析及构造成矿作用

详细的构造解析表明,矿床构造线主要分为南北向、北东东向和北西向三组,其中造山期间形成的南北向构造线(不对称褶皱和逆冲断层)控制了矿床的基本构造格架。后碰撞造山侧向挤压期间构造应力场发生近直交的改变,一方面使造山期形成的褶皱发生重褶,形成走向北东东的叠加褶皱;另一方面导致F1的左旋-正滑运动,矿液沿着断层拉张的空间沉淀就位。矿床构造演化至少经历了同生期裂陷、造山期挤压和后碰撞造山侧向挤压等三个阶段,成矿发生在后碰撞造山侧向挤压阶段。层状矿体主要赋存于背斜构造中,在空间上与赋存于断层中的脉状矿体相连。能干性和渗透性明显不同的地层组合是形成层状矿体的岩性基础,断裂构造则是主要控制因素。泥质不透水层分别与反冲断层、背斜构造组成的构造圈闭,以及两期非共轴背斜叠加形成的构造高点则是形成厚大矿体的主要原因。林旺金矿在烂泥沟金矿与水银洞金矿之间形成了一个从脉状型式→脉状和层状之复合型式→层状型式的完整矿床型式系列。这种复合矿床型式直观地表明了层状矿体是后生热液成因矿床。

地震方法在拜仁达坝银铅锌多金属矿区的应用试验研究

深部资源是未来资源勘查的重要方向,地震方法技术在深部资源勘查中具有不可替代的优势。尽管金属矿区的地质构造十分复杂,金属矿勘查中的地震方法技术还处于试验应用研究阶段,但由于该方法探测深度大、多解性少、分辨地下目标物的精度高,从该方法的初步试验效果就能看出地震方法在今后金属矿勘查中的潜力。文章结合在内蒙古拜仁达坝多金属矿区的试验研究,讨论了地震方法技术在根据钻孔资料追踪矿体和探测矿田构造的试验应用效果。

塔西地区富烃类还原性盆地流体与砂砾岩型铜铅锌-铀矿床成矿机制

塔西地区萨热克大型砂砾岩型铜矿床和乌拉根铅锌矿床进入矿山开发期,今后找矿潜力大但成矿机制不明,制约了成矿与找矿预测。基于构造岩相学和地球化学岩相学,以西南天山造山带为核心,塔西地区前陆盆地、山间盆地和后陆盆地对于砂砾岩型铜矿床、铅锌矿床和铀矿床有不同控制作用:1在西南天山造山带北侧的托云中—新生代后陆盆地系统中,其次级盆地(萨热克巴依中生代山间拉分断陷盆地)上侏罗统库孜贡苏组上段为萨热克式砂砾岩型铜矿赋存层位;2在西南天山造山带南侧的前陆盆地系统中,乌拉根砂砾岩型铅锌矿赋存在下白垩统克孜勒苏群顶部与古近系底部,巴什布拉克大型砂岩型铀矿床赋存在伽师前陆盆地克孜勒苏群中;3在前陆盆地系统中,古近系顶部和新近系渐新统—中新统为砂岩型铜矿床赋存层位。富烃类还原性盆地流体识别构造岩相学标志为沥青化蚀变相、沥青化—褪色化蚀变带、碎裂岩化相和沥青化蚀变相多重耦合结构;地球化学岩相学标志包括富含有机碳,矿物包裹体中含有含烃盐水、气态烃-液态烃-气液态烃、轻质油和沥青等有机质类包裹体,低盐度和中盐度成矿流体,Cu-Ag-Mo同体共生矿体,氧化相铜、硫化相铜和钼硫化物等。砂砾岩型铜铅锌-铀矿床成矿机制主要包括:1同生断裂带由走滑拉分断陷发生构造反转后,转变为挤压收缩体制,即烃源岩大规模生烃-排烃机制;2反转构造带、区域性不整合面、滑脱构造带、高孔隙度和渗透率砾岩等构造岩相带为富烃类还原性盆地流体大规模运移构造通道;3高孔隙度和渗透率砾岩类下部低渗透率泥质粉砂岩和上部含膏泥岩为岩相岩性圈闭构造岩相学标志;4大规模富烃类还原性盆地流体与含铜紫红色铁质杂砾岩(氧化相铜)有多相流体多重耦合结构,可能是砂砾岩型铜矿床大规模富集成矿机制,低温卤水沉积叠加富烃类还原性盆地流体成矿可能是形成砂砾岩型铅锌矿床机制,富烃类还原性盆地流体多期次混合与氧化相铀被还原可能是砂岩型铀矿富集成矿机制。

藏东玉龙铜矿床似层状矿体成矿物质来源

本文通过矿物标型特征，稀土元素以及硫、铅稳定同位素的综合研究结果，表明：玉龙铜矿床似层状矿体成矿物质具有多源性，其中一部分来自地壳深部或上地幔，与斑岩具有相同的母源。

沉积喷流型矿化的岩石学证据——以大兴安岭南段黄岗和大井矿床为例

沉积喷流型矿床往往有各种喷流岩 (热水沉积岩 )的共生 ,正确识别这些喷流岩经常能为认识矿床的成因提供关键证据。大兴安岭南段是我国北方著名的锡 -多金属成矿区 ,燕山期火山 -侵入岩广泛出露 ,因此认为区内矿床大都是与燕山期岩浆活动有关的热液矿床。但是 ,区内近 90 %的矿床却产在二叠纪地层中 ,显示了与二叠纪沉积地层的密切联系。本文以其中的黄岗铁 -锡矿床和大井锡 -多金属矿床为例 ,对与矿石密切共生的热水沉积岩开展了系统的地质学、岩相学、矿物学和组构学研究 ,并结合必要的地球化学数据 ,证明大兴安岭南段在二叠纪沉积盆地演化过程中可能曾经有重要的水下热液沉积喷流成矿作用发生 ,尽管历来被人们所忽视 ,但其重要性可能并不亚于燕山期的岩浆热液成矿作用。黄岗矿床的层状矽卡岩与二叠纪海底火山活动关系密切 ,是一种很具特色的喷流岩 ;而被误认为是燕山期流纹斑岩的大井矿床菱铁绢云硅质岩可能是一种产在陆相断陷盆地、与锡铜铅锌银多金属矿化有关的新类型热水沉积岩。显然 。

层状云降水中化学过程的数值模拟

对一维时变的层状云物理化学模式的化学过程作了研究，引入了较为细致的化学模式，并以类似化学反应方程式的方式处理了气液传输、碰并和云雨转化过程。在此基础上讨论了典型条件下的云雨酸化过程。模拟结果表明，高空云雨水组成随时间逐渐减小，地面雨水组成呈峰型分布。在降水后期ｐＨ值主要同Ｏ＿３和ＳＯ＿２有关；主要来自气溶胶，来自ＮＨ＿３，气体和气溶胶对的贡献大致相当，和Ｃａ￣（２＋）的云下清除约占６０％～８０％；在降水前期Ｈ＿２Ｏ＿２时Ｓ（Ⅳ）的氧化超过Ｏ＿３，降水后期Ｓ（Ⅳ）的氧化主要通过Ｏ＿３。

甘肃北山中带变质碎屑岩型金矿地质特征及找矿前景

新金厂金矿床北部的浅变质碎屑岩带中发现变质碎屑岩型金矿成矿带。该带处于俞井子—柳园陆内裂谷带中 ,东西延伸数百千米 ,从已发现的金矿床 (点 )所具有的特定的层位、相似的构造控制条件、相似的矿化特征、相似的矿体特征、相似的地球化学特征入手 ,阐明变质碎屑岩型金矿地质特征 。

云南个旧新山层状透辉石岩地质地球化学特征与成因探讨

新山层状、似层状透辉石岩产于新山岩体顶部碳酸盐岩地层层间,颜色较浅,呈浅绿色。其主要矿物为次透辉石,含量在50%以上,其次为钙长石,且矿物粒度小,呈间粒间隐结构。而发育在矿区花岗岩体与碳酸盐岩地层接触带的透辉石夕卡岩中主要矿物为钙铁辉石,含量在65%以上,其次为透闪石、石榴石和硅灰石等,矿物粒度较粗,呈显晶粒状结构。新山层状、似层状透辉石岩具有高Mg、Ti、P,富集Sr和大离子亲石元素(Rb、Th、U),相对亏损Ba、K等特征;稀土分配模式为右倾型,具有较小的Eu负异常(0.40～0.61)。整体上具有与矿区碱性玄武岩相似的微量元素和稀土元素特征,明显有别于新山花岗岩及新山典型的透辉石夕卡岩。通过地质、岩石学及地球化学研究,认为新山层状、似层状透辉石岩原岩很可能就是印支期碱性玄武岩,即在热卤水体系中,拉张裂谷环境下喷发的碱性玄武岩经热水交代蚀变形成。