MIXED-PHASE STRATIFORM CLOUD SYSTEM MODEL AND CASE MODELING ON TWO LOW-LEVEL MESOSCALE VORTICES

We introduced the two-parameter stratiform cloud model of Hu and Yan (1986) into the mesoscale model ofAnthes et al. (1987), and reprogramed the latter, then constructed a three-dimensional stratiform cloud system modelwhich includes three phases of water and detailed cloud physical processes. For the stability and accuracy of calculationin a larger time step, we accepted a set of hybrid-schemes for all and the time split scheme for some of the cloud physicalprocesses, and proposed a parameterized method which calculates different types of phase change processessimultaneously, and designed the falling schemes of particles following the Lagrangian method.We used a dry model, a cumulus parameterization model, a two-phase explicit scheme model, and the model pres-ented here to simulate two low-level mesoscale vortices, compared and analysed the simulating capability of these mod-els. The results show that in simulation of the circulation structure of meso-vortex, the structure of cloud system, andsurface precipitation, the model presented here is more reasonable and closer to the observations than other models.

Simulations of Microphysics and Precipitation in a Stratiform Cloud Case over Northern China:Comparison of Two Microphysics Schemes

Using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model with two different microphysics schemes,the Predicted Particle Properties(P3)and the Morrison double-moment parameterizations,we simulated a stratiform rainfall event on 20–21 April 2010.The simulation output was compared with precipitation and aircraft observations.The aircraft-observed moderate-rimed dendrites and plates indicated that riming contributed significantly to ice particle growth at the mature precipitation stage.Observations of dendrite aggregation and capped columns suggested that aggregation coexisted with deposition or riming and played an important role in producing many large particles.The domain-averaged values of the 24-h surface precipitation accumulation from the two schemes were quite close to each other.However,differences existed in the temporal and spatial evolutions of the precipitation distribution.An analysis of the surface precipitation temporal evolution indicated faster precipitation in Morrison,while P3 indicated slower rainfall by shifting the precipitation pattern eastward toward what was observed.The differences in precipitation values between the two schemes were related to the cloud water content distribution and fall speeds of rimed particles.P3 simulated the stratiform precipitation event better as it captured the gradual transition in the mass-weighted fall speeds and densities from unrimed to rimed particles.

Aircraft observation of cloud microphysical characteristics of pre-stratiform-cloud precipitation in Jiangxi Province

Based on Droplet Measurement Technologies data of a pre-stratiform-cloud precipitation event in Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, on 11 November 2015, and combined with radar data, this paper comprehensively analyzes the macro-and microphysical characteristics of cloud in the upper trough.The results show that：（1） Detection takes place in the early stage of precipitation and the cloud has multiple layers. The cloud type is stratiform（Sc） and the height of the cloud base is 1009 m, 1009–1700 m is the low Sc layer, 1700–3000 m is the no-cloud level, and 3000 to the maximum height detected is another Sc layer.（2） The Sc is inhomogeneous in the horizontal and vertical directions.The particle number concentration and the effective diameter below the 0 °C layer is significantly higher than that above the 0 °C layer, which is in accordance with the ‘seeder–feeder＇ mechanism.Above the 0 °C layer is seeder cloud, where needle, column ice crystals and water droplets coexist,and sublimation and coalescence are the main processes. The morphology of ice crystals changes from needle to column, plate, and polymer as height decreases. Below the 0 °C warm layer is a supply cloud, and the particles develop in the supply cloud with abundant liquid water content. Ice melting and coalescence dominate the warm layer, which makes the effective diameter significantly increase. Down to 4150 m, the ice melts completely into raindrops.

Observational Evidence of High Ice Concentration in a Shallow Convective Cloud Embedded in Stratiform Cloud over North China

In this study we observed the microphysical properties, including the vertical and horizontal distributions of ice particles,liquid water content and ice habit, in different regions of a slightly supercooled stratiform cloud. Using aircraft instrument and radar data, the cloud top temperature was recorded as higher than -15℃, behind a cold front, on 9 September 2015 in North China. During the flight sampling, the high ice number concentration area was located in the supercooled part of a shallow convective cloud embedded in a stratiform cloud, where the ambient temperature was around -3℃. In this area,the maximum number concentrations of particles with diameter greater than 100 μm and 500 μm（N_（100） and N_（500）） exceeded 300 L-（-1） and 30 L-（-1）, respectively, and were related to large supercooled water droplets with diameter greater than 24 μm derived from cloud–aerosol spectrometer probe measurements. The ice particles types in this region were predominantly columnar, needle, graupel, and some freezing drops, suggesting that the occurrence of high ice number concentrations was likely related to the Hallett–Mossop mechanism, although many other ice multiplication processes cannot be totally ruled out.The maximum ice number concentration obtained during the first penetration was around two to three orders of magnitude larger than that predicted by the Demott and Fletcher schemes when assuming the cloud top temperature was around-15℃.During the second penetration conducted within the stratiform cloud, N_（100） and N_（500） decreased by a factor of five to ten, and the presence of columnar and needle-like crystals became very rare.

Preliminary Evaluation of a Model for Stratiform Cloud Microphysical Structure by Observation and Simulation

The microphysical "three-layer" model for stratiform clouds over a midlatitude location in Northwest China is investigated by combining in situ airborne Particle Measuring Systems, Inc. (PMS), radar measurements, and the NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model Version 5 (MM5) simulation with a two-moment microphysics scheme. The coexistence of measured supercooled liquid water and small ice particles produces snow particles below the cloud top in the second layer. Peak number concentration and mean diameter of cloud water and raindrop appear in the third warm layer. A thin dry layer just below the melting layer is also observed. The predicted precipitation is tested by equitable threat score. The melting layer is clearly defined in the radar image and model radar reflectivity output is agreement with the observations. The model results provide features of the microphysical structure for every layer of "three-layer" model at Yan'an station. For both observation and model simulation, the "three-layer" model explains the stratiform precipitation formation completely and comprehensively.

Study on Physical Characteristics of a Precipitation Cloud System in Hebei Province in Spring by Aircraft Observation

Using data of airborne particle measurement system, weather radar and Ka-band millimeter wave cloud-meter, physical structure characteristics of a typical stable stratiform cloud in Hebei Province on February 27, 2018 was analyzed. Research results showed that the detected cloud system was the precipitation stratiform cloud in the later stage of development. The cloud layer developed stably, and the vertical structure was unevenly distributed. The concentration of small cloud particles in high-level clouds was low, and it fluctuated greatly in space, and presented a discontinuous distribution state. The concentration of large cloud particles and precipitation particles was high, which was conducive to the growth of cloud droplets and the aggregation of ice crystals. The concentration of small cloud particles and the content of supercooled water were high in the middle and low-level clouds. The precipitation cloud system had a significant hierarchical structure, which conformed to the "catalysis-supply" mechanism. From the upper layer to the lower layer, the cloud particle spectrum was mainly in the form of single peak or double peak distribution, which showed a monotonic decreasing trend in general. The spectral distribution of small cloud particles in the cloud was discontinuous, and the high-value areas of spectral concentration of large cloud particles and precipitation particles were concentrated in the upper part of the cloud layer, and the particle spectrum was significantly widened. There was inversion zone at the bottom of the cloud layer, which was conducive to the continuous increase of particle concentration and the formation of large supercooled water droplets.

Numerical Simulation on the Rainout-Removal of Sulfur Dioxide and Acidification of Precipitation from Stratiform Clouds

The rainout-removal of SO2 and the acidification of precipitation from stratiform clouds are simulated using a one-dimensional, time-dependent model, parameterized microphysically in which dissolution and dissociation of gaseous SO2 and H2O2, and oxidation reaction in aqueous phase are taken into account. The effects of dynamic factors, including updraft flow and turbulent transport, and the concentration of gaseous SO2 and H2O2 being transported into the clouds on pH value of the precipitation, the conversion rate S(Ⅳ)-S(Ⅵ) and the wet deposition rate of SO2 are discussed.

一次基于飞机观测的低槽冷锋云系微物理结构的综合分析

针对2012年9月25日山西一次低槽冷锋层状云,组织有设计的飞机观测,通过斜飞、螺旋、分层探测等方式,实现对云微结构的精细观测,同时结合卫星、雷达、探空等资料进行该云系的综合分析。结果显示:1)本系统为冷暖混合层状云系,云中无明显夹层,云系宏、微观结构均匀、稳定,地面有明显降水。2)冷云区多为固态冰相粒子,以凝华增长为主,过冷水欠缺;小云粒子谱呈指数分布,大云粒子谱呈双峰分布,降水粒子谱呈三峰分布;云中相同高度的不同位置上,粒子谱型、浓度基本一致。3)暖云区大云粒子和降水粒子的谱宽较冷云区变窄,谱型由多峰变为单峰。随高度下降,降水粒子有效直径变大、浓度变小,其垂直分布同雷达回波的垂直剖面相吻合。4)地面降水主要是由冰相粒子增长造成,本次过程冰相粒子充分、过冷水缺乏,因此该层状云引晶催化的潜力较小。

2002年河南春季的一次层状云降水特征研究

对2002年4月4—5日发生在河南省的大范围春季层状云降水进行探空、雷达、卫星等综合加密观测,分析了锋面移动过程中的云系特征和降水特点。结果发现此次降水主要是700～500hPa大气位势不稳定( θse/ z<0)造成的,位势不稳定区与地面降水极值中心有较好的对应。另外,在位势不稳定层出现前后,高空250～200hPa均存在一个急流中心,而在位势不稳定层的上方或下方则会有风向切变与之对应。云层厚度小、云顶高度低、云系结构不均匀是此次降水云系的主要特点。700～500hPa之间的位势不稳定度小、水汽输送量小和云顶温度低是造成此次降水量小的主要原因。

典型层状云系催化试验的云物理响应研究

利用2003年秋季延安地区一次典型层状云系加密探空和实时雷达观测资料,设计了催化和对比探测方案,计算得出催化影响区及下风方可能采集到响应值的区域。按照设计方案进行催化和探测。云物理响应观测结果表明:PNS粒子探测系统检测到催化后30min,小云滴减少;大冰晶的浓度增加;催化前冰晶以片状为主,催化后可看到有霰坯;催化前大雪晶浓度很小,雪晶之间没有攀附;催化后雪晶浓度增加,且大雪晶增加很多,可明显看到几个雪团攀附在一起形成的较大雪团;雷达观测到催化前拟播撒区内云的回波强度较弱、范围较小,催化后云体明显增大,强中心增加了5～10dBz;催化约1h后影响区雨量均有增加,说明催化引入的人工冰晶,使冰晶凝结比水滴凝结更有利于过冷云水转化为降水,冰晶效应和雪晶攀附过程是这次层状云系降水系统中的主要过程。过冷水冻结释放的潜热,导致云内升速加大,使催化区云和降水得到发展。

河北省降水性层状云宏微观物理特征

利用2009年河北省春秋季17架次飞机宏观观测资料和相应的机载PMS云微物理探测数据,经过回放处理、筛选和计算,统计分析近年河北省降水性层状云物理特征。结果表明:河北省降水性层状云是以Ns、Sc、As为主的多层云系,且多伴随有干层结构。云底平均高度、过冷层厚度、0℃层高度分别为2002、1106 m和3811 m。微物理方面,云滴数浓度平均为54.6cm-3,平均直径为8.64μm;云粒子浓度和尺度均比20世纪90年代各特征值有所减少。统计计算的降水性层状云中液态水含量为0.13 g.m-3,远大于20世纪90年代测值。

中尺度层状云系数值预报系统及其业务化应用试验

研制了中尺度静力平衡层状云系数值模式 ;针对人工影响天气业务特点 ,开发了模式预处理、后处理和产品服务系统 ;初步建立了一套可在业务中实时运行的中尺度层状云系数值预报业务系统。经过两年多的业务运行试验 ,结果表明 :系统运行稳定 ,功能实用 ,对降水场和云场具有一定的预报能力 ;对小、中雨量级的稳定性降水预报准确率较高 ;模拟的云场同卫星、雷达实测云系有较好的一致性。可为人工影响天气作业决策及降水预报等实时业务提供帮助。

GRAPES_Meso模式中两种双参数云微物理方案对冷云过程模拟的比较研究

基于GEAPES_Meso模式,分别利用Morrison方案和WDM6方案对2017年1月5—7日一次以层状云为占主导的云系中冷云过程进行模拟和对比分析,评估两种云微物理方案对本次冷云过程云微物理及云辐射过程演变的影响。结果表明:包含丰富暖云和冷云物理过程的Morrison双参数云微物理方案模拟效果优于WDM6方案。Morrison方案模拟的云水路径、云冰有效半径及云光学厚度均大于WDM6方案的模拟结果,而模拟云水有效半径小于WDM6的模拟结果。Morrison方案较WDM6方案对云水(云冰)有效半径、云光学厚度、云水路径及地表短波辐射的水平分布模拟结果更为准确。由于Morrison方案模拟云水有效半径大于WDM6方案,云冰有效半径小于WDM6方案,导致Morrison方案模拟的云水和雪混合比大于WDM6方案模拟结果,而雨水、云冰和霰的混合比则明显小于WDM6方案。相较于WDM6方案,Morrison方案模拟的地表短波辐射水平分布和量值一致性更接近于CERES卫星结果。两种方案中包含的不同微物理过程将影响潜热和感热过程,其中,Morrison方案模拟海平面温度和辐射通量小于WDM6方案,该差异在陆地区域更显著。

一次副热带高压后部层状云降水中山区层状云宏微物理结构探测分析

利用2010年8月18日副热带高压后部层状云降水中山区层状云的飞机穿云观测资料,结合雷达、卫星云图及天气图等资料,详细分析了此次高后降水中山区层状云的宏观特征、微物理结构,并对降水形成机制进行初步探讨。结果表明:此个例由两层云构成,上层为冷云,下层主要为暖云;冷层粒子图像显示主要以板状为主,平板柱状、柱状和霰粒为辅,冰粒子的聚合体在整个冷层都有出现;降水形成机制为播种—喂养机制,冷云中观测到丛集和淞附现象,其中淞附现象主要发生在冷云的中下部靠近融化层附近。

华北秋季一次低槽冷锋积层混合云宏微物理特征与催化响应分析

利用2013年10月13日机载粒子测量系统(PMS)在张家口涞源地区对积层混合云中上部进行的增雨探测数据,分析了云的垂直微物理结构、云区的可播性和作业前后液态云粒子、冰晶及降水粒子的微物理变化。结果表明,此次降水性积层混合云的垂直结构由冷、暖两层云配置,云层发展厚实,冷云区云粒子浓度平均为62 cm^(-3),液态水含量最大0.05 g/m^3;2DC和2DP探测的冰晶及降水粒子平均浓度分别为1.9和2.2 L^(-1);暖云内云粒子数浓度集中在300 cm^(-3)左右,液态水含量约0.1 g/m^3。探测区域云粒子数浓度的水平分布不均匀。利用云内过冷水含量和冰晶浓度等参数判断,该降水性积层混合云的播撒作业层具有强可播性。对比作业前后云中粒子浓度及平均直径发现,云粒子在作业前时段内的平均浓度为31 cm^(-3),远高于作业后平均浓度(17.6 cm^(-3));但平均直径变化不大。作业后冰晶粒子通过贝吉龙过程消耗过冷水长大,浓度由之前的0.86 L^(-1)增至4.27 L^(-1),平均直径也增至550μm。冰晶粒子逐渐长大形成降水,降水粒子浓度也相应有所升高,谱明显变宽。

一次积层混合云系结构、降水机镦及人工增雨条件研究

利用2009年5月9日常规天气资料、卫星云图、多普勒雷达资料及2009年5月9日飞机作业中获取的机载微物理资料，对山西省一次积层混合云降水云系的宏微观结构和降水机制进行分析，研究了积层混合云降水云系的人工增雨、催化条件，找出了合适的催化部位和催化时间。研究表明：2009年5月9日云中存在有利于人工增雨的“可播区”，且云中“可播区”呈不连续分布。

山西春季层状云系结构和人工增雨潜力研究

对两架次飞行个例的DMT资料进行分析，发现山西春季层状云降水系统存在水平不均匀性。2010年4月20日的个例由高卷云、降水性高层云和非降水性高层云组成，高卷云与高层云之间千层较厚不利于形成降水。4月21日的个例由降水性高层云组成，云滴浓度随高度增加减小。对高卷云、非降水性高层云和降水性高层云的宏微观特征进行对比分析。云的垂直厚度越大，云底高度越低，云厚和过冷云层厚度越大，越有利于降水的产生。对这两次个例的云中可播性进行判别，发现存在可播区，无强可播区。

一次层状云系水分收支和降水机制的数值研究

对2002年10月18—20日河南省层状云系的水分收支和降水机制用MM5模式模拟的结果表明,河南省域以外的水物质主要通过西和南边界输送到区域内,19日降水主要时段总水物质通量在水平方向上为净流入。对河南省域水汽、水凝物和总水物质的水分平衡等式中各项的估算表明该区域水物质基本达到收支平衡。估算的河南省域总水物质降水效率、凝结率、凝华率和水凝物降水效率及水汽降水效率分别约33.1%、27.7%、13.1%、69.7%和31.1%,总水物质降水效率与水汽降水效率接近是由于参与的水物质总量中水汽占绝大部分。约58.2%以上的冰晶转化为雪,超过82.1%的雪融化,不到11.1%的雪转化为霰,霰粒子几乎完全融化。冰晶通过凝华过程增长。雪主要由冰晶转化产生,凝华增长率比撞冻增长率高得多。雨水由暖云和冷云过程产生和增长,雨水碰并云水量和冰粒子融化量对雨水的贡献相近,云雨自动转化量小。可见,在主要降水时段,降水是由冷云和暖云过程共同产生的。冰粒子凝华增长对雨水的贡献最大超过35%,撞冻增长的贡献最高不足12%,可见水汽对降水粒子增长重要。催化层、冰水混合层和液水层对降水的贡献分别约为15%—27%、45%—50%和23%—38%,表明此"催化-供给"云中冰粒子在冰水混合层的增长对降水的贡献相当大。

混合相层状云系模式和中尺度低涡云系的实例模拟

在Ａｎｔｈｅｓｅｔａｌ．的中尺度模式基础上引入胡志晋的双参数层状云模式并重新编制了程序，构成一个包含三种水相态和比较详细云物理过程的三维层状云系模式。为保持在较长时步中计算的稳定和精度，对微物理过程的计算采用混合格式，少数过程采用时间分裂格式，在相变过程的处理上设计了同时计算不同相态相变的参数化方案，按Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｉａｎ方法设计了粒子下落格式。用干模式、积云参数化模式、两相显式模式和本文模式对两个中尺度低涡个例作了模拟，对比分析不同模式的模拟能力。结果表明本文模式对涡环流结构、云场和降水分布的摸拟比其他模式更合理，更接近实况。

FGOALS2两个模式版本对青藏高原东侧冬季层云的模拟特征

冬季青藏高原东部(22°N^32°N,102°E^118°E)层云区是唯一存在于副热带陆地的层云密集区,环流特征较为复杂,大多数耦合气候系统模式对该地区层云的模拟存在较大的偏差。对该地区层云模拟能力的系统分析评估是改进模式性能的重要基础。本文基于国际卫星云计划(ISCCP)卫星资料,评估了中国科学院大气物理研究所两个版本的气候系统模式FGOALS-s2和FGOALS-g2的大气环流模式试验(AMIP)对青藏高原东侧层云的模拟能力。通过分析云辐射强迫等相关特征、大气环流、稳定度、以及地表气温和云的关系,探讨了模式偏差的可能原因。结果表明,两个模式都不同程度地低估了青藏高原东侧的低层云量和云水含量。在垂直结构模拟方面,FGOALS-s2模式能较好地模拟出高原东侧低云主导的特征,其模拟的云顶高度与卫星资料更为接近;而FGOALS-g2模式则高估了该地区的平均云顶高度。分析表明,两个模式均低估了高原东侧的低层稳定度,同时不同程度地低估了该地区中低层水平水汽输送,导致层云云量的模拟偏少。此外,FGOALS-g2高估了高原东侧的上升运动和垂直水汽输送,使得模拟的低云偏少而云顶高度偏高。