Coordinated Development of Human Settlement and Economy in County-level Cities in the Yellow River Basin

[Objective] To provide quantification means for comprehensively analyzing the coordinated development of urban human settlement and economy by constructing an index system of economy and human settlement. [Method] By constructing an evaluation index system of economy and human settlement, and using the coordinate measurement model of them, 22 county-level cities in the Yellow River Basin were analyzed. [Result] In the Yellow River Basin, the construction level of economy and human settlement in those county-level cities is low with distinct spatial differences and deteriorating polarization; there is a great spatial corresponding between coordinated development degree and economic level, the higher the economic development level, the higher coordinated development degree in county-level cities; county-level cities around the boundaries of provinces have difficulties in development. [Conclusion] Evaluation standards and models are clear in significance, convenient in application, which can successfully evaluate the coordination of human settlement development in the study region.

Inversion and Prediction of Consolidation Settlement Characteristics of the Fluvial Sediments Based on Void Ratio Variation in the Northern Modern Yellow River Subaqueous Delta, China

The modern Yellow River delta is formed near the estuary of the Yellow River with the characteristics of short formation time, efficient sedimentation rate and loose structure which make sediments prone to be compacted and consolidate under the geostatic stress and overburden stress. It is one of the key areas with land subsidence disasters in China, bringing a series of safety hazards to production and living. Based on the data of massive surface cores and ten drill holes ranging from 12 to 40 m obtained from the northern modern Yellow River subaqueous delta, the inversion method suitable for the calculation of consolidation settlement characteristics of the modern Yellow River subaqueous delta is discussed, and the consolidation settlement characteristics of the delta sediments are inversed and predicted in this paper. The actual void ratio of the delta sediments at the depth from 3 to 15 m shows a significant power function relationship with the depth, while the void ratio of the sediments below 15 m changes little with depth. The pre-consolidation settlement(from deposition to sampling) of the delta sediments is between 0.91 and 1.96 m, while the consolidation settlement of unit depth is between 9.6 and 14.0 cm m^(-1). The post-consolidation settlement(from sampling to stable) of the subaqueous delta sediments is between 0.65 and 1.56 m in the later stage, and the consolidation settlement of unit depth is between 7.6 and 13.1 cm m^(-1) under the overburden stress. The delta sediments with a buried depth of 3 to 7 m contribute the most to the possible consolidation settlement in the later stage.

Characteristics of grassland degradation and driving forces in the source region of the Yellow River from 1985 to 2000

The source region of the Yellow River is located in the middle east of the Tibetan Plateau in northwest China. The total area is about 51,700 km^2, mainly covered by grassland （79%）, unused land （16%） and water （4%）. The increasing land utilization in this area has increased the risk of environmental degradation. The land use/cover data （1985 and 2000） provided by the Data Center of Resources and Environment in the Chinese Academy of Sciences were used to analyze the land cover change in the source region of the Yellow River. DEM （1：250,000） data, roads and settlement data were used to analyze the spatial characteristics of grasslands degradation. The ArcGIS 9 software was used to convert data types and do the overlay, reclassification and zonal statistic analysis. Results show that grassland degradation is the most important land cover change in the study area, which occupied 8.24% of the region＇s total area. Human activities are the main causes of the grassland degradation in the source region of the Yellow River： 1） the degradation rate is higher on the sunny slope than on the shady slope; 2） the grassland degradation rate decreases with an increase in the elevation, and it has a correlation coefficient of -0.93; 3） the nearer to the settlements the grassland is, the higher the degradation rate. Especially within a distance range of 12 km to the settlements, the grassland degradation rate is highly related with the distance, with a coefficient of -0.99; and 4） in the range of 4 km, the degradation rate decreases with the increase of distance to the roads, with a correlation coefficient of -0.98. Besides some physical factors, human activities have been the most important driving forces of the grassland degradation in the source region of the Yellow River since 1985. To resolve the degradation problems, population control is essential, and therefore, it can reduce the social demand of livestock products from the grassland. To achieve sustainable development, it needs to improve the management of grassland ecosystem.

Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment Model: Case Study Based on Dongying Section of the Yellow River Basin

The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to promote the improvement of urban and rural living environment and build livable and workable villages and beautiful villages. The development and challenges of rural domestic sewage treatment coexist. Based on the field investigation of 15 administrative villages in 3 districts and counties of Dongying City, there is a big gap between the development status of rural domestic sewage treatment and expectations. Investigate rural domestic sewage treatment cases in-depth, and condense four modes of primitive, developmental, mature and advanced in a variety of different rural domestic sewage treatment models for discussion, among which, the village sewage treatment work under the mature mode has achieved remarkable results, and is at the forefront of the current rural domestic sewage treatment. Through the multi-case analysis method, the practical dilemma of sewage treatment in different models of villages is summarized, and the feasible improvement path is explored, which contributes to the ecological protection and high-quality development of Dongying and the Yellow River Basin.

Primary study on the diapir in the north of the Yellow River delta

Based on the measuring data of landforms, high-resolution seismic profiles, drilling cores, etc. a diapir body was found in the north of the modem Yellow River delta. The diapir body with a length of 5 km and a width of 1 km is distributed on the middle to low part of the slope of an abandoned delta lobe. Its formation is related to the deformity of the soft stratum which is deposited in the prodelta and covered by the stratum of the mouth bar sediments. Research results show that its formation is very different from the Mississippi River delta’s diapirs but related to the erosion of the seabed and occurs on the location with a large eroded quantity. The soft stratum and its diapir body can result in a great hazard to marine buildings.

黄河流域(山东段)村镇聚落文化景观基因识别指标体系构建

黄河流域(山东段)村镇聚落孕育了丰富独特的文化景观,建立识别指标体系对其文化景观基因进行挖掘整理,对在黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展战略背景下赓续传统文化具有重要意义。结合景观基因理论的研究成果和对国家有关政策法规文件的剖析,在历史景观视角下对黄河流域(山东段)的村镇聚落开展深入的文化景观田野调查、典籍研究等,提出具有针对性的文化景观基因识别指标体系构建逻辑,通过“识别对象—识别因子—识别指标”解析出13项识别因子、40项识别指标,为黄河流域村镇聚落文化景观识别全覆盖提供新的思路与方法。

乡村振兴背景下黄河流域农村居民点分布格局的时空演变及其驱动力分析

本文利用景观指数、核密度估计、土地转移矩阵和地理探测器的方法,以城市群为研究单元,分析了1980-2020年黄河流域农村居民点的时空演变特征和驱动力。结果表明:①农村居民点总体用地规模在不断扩大,主要由旱地转换而来;中原城市群农村居民点密度变化最大;除关中平原城市群外,其他6个城市群农村居民点的形状变得更为规则。②农村居民点空间分布为“东南部聚集,西部、北部较分散”,呈现出更为密集的发展趋势,中原城市群变化最为明显。③农村居民点主要分布在高程1 km以下、距河流2~5 km处,其规模与距道路的距离成反比;道路是影响兰西、宁夏沿黄、关中平原和山东半岛城市群居民点分布的主要因素,而高程是影响呼包鄂榆、晋中和中原城市群居民点分布的主要因素。

黄河淤背区高等级公路路基沉降及其对大堤安全的影响分析

为评价淤背区新建道路沉降对黄河大堤安全的影响,基于黄河淤背区路用粉土试验结果,提出黄河淤背区粉土累积应变预测模型和路基沉降计算方法。结合路基内部应力计算结果,采用分层总和法对循环荷载作用下淤背区路基沉降与路堤填筑引发的施工期沉降进行计算分析。结果表明:车辆通行初期沉降发展较快,对大堤影响显著,沉降主要集中在路基上部50 cm内。沉降和大堤安全受汽车轴重和超载影响显著,车流量影响次之,路堤高度和地下水埋深影响较小,沉降与超重倍数成幂函数关系。路堤高度每增加1 m,施工期沉降增加约50 mm。路基总沉降量随车重、路堤高度、车流量、超载倍数的增大而增大,随地下水埋深的增大而减小;工后沉降比随轴重、超载倍数、车流量的增大而增大,随路堤高度增加而减小,且近似成反比例关系。为保证大堤安全,淤背区路段应控制车辆轴重、超载及车流量。

超大直径盾构隧道下穿黄河大堤沉降研究

济泺路隧道为第一条下穿黄河的市政道路与轨道交通合建盾构隧道。针对盾构隧道引发的黄河大堤沉降值预测,基础Peck公式的应用受到局限。在既有研究基础上,提出超大直径泥水平衡盾构隧道三维Peck公式,其横向沉降计算预测、纵向沉降计算预测与黄河大堤实测沉降数据拟合效果较好。通过相关参数分析可知:随着地表以下竖向深度的增大,沉降槽形态变深收窄,最大沉降值增加、横向影响范围减少;竖向深度超过临界值后,沉降曲线向上凸起,横向沉降不再满足高斯分布;沉降槽形态变化与隧道横向间距、沉降槽宽度、隧道相对埋深、地质条件有关;先行线盾构隧道穿越大堤后,大堤土层已产生扰动,后行线盾构隧道穿越大堤,大堤地层累积沉降值及地层损失率更大。

黄河冲积地层临河深基坑变形特性研究

依据黄河冲积地层某采用地下连续墙加内支撑支护结构的临河深基坑开挖监测数据,研究了地下连续墙墙体水平位移、地下连续墙墙顶竖向位移和地下连续墙墙后地表沉降的变化规律,验证了采用稳定安全系数法估算深基坑变形在该地区的适用性。研究结果表明:地下连续墙墙体水平位移具有显著的时空效应,墙体最大水平位移随监测点与深基坑边缘距离的增大呈对数型增长趋势,墙体最大水平位移与深基坑开挖深度成线性正相关;底板浇筑前地下连续墙墙体最大水平位移为0.15%H(H为基坑总深度),位于92.3%H深度处。地下连续墙墙顶竖向隆起,底板浇筑后土体自重应力获得一定程度的恢复,地下连续墙墙顶竖向位移基本保持稳定。地下连续墙墙后地表沉降呈凹槽形分布,墙后最大地表沉降为0.11%H。采用稳定安全系数法估算地下连续墙墙体最大水平位移为0.38%H,地下连续墙墙后最大地表沉降实测值为地下连续墙墙体最大水平位移实测值的73%,符合稳定安全系数法估算结果,可为类似地区深基坑变形特性研究提供参考。

黄河三角洲地区浅层沉积序列及构造沉降特征

在整个黄河三角洲地区和莱洲湾南岸晚更新世以来经历了海陆相沉积的频繁交替,本文通过古地磁和14C测年资料对不同钻孔的晚更新世地层进行了精确的年代对比,揭示了不同时期的沉积序列。并通过27口钻井的联合对比剖面,揭示出本区晚更新世以来的新构造运动表现为二凹夹一隆的构造特征,对黄河三角洲发育位置和沉降特征有强烈的控制作用。

黄河口饱和粉土的电性特征及其工程地质应用

通过对形成于1964年～1976年位于黄河口潮坪区粉土层样品电阻率、井中电阻率和电阻率剖面的测试,分析了土的含水率、孔隙比、饱和度、孔隙水的电阻率、颗粒成分等因素对其导电性的影响。分析结果表明:影响该地区饱和粉土导电性的主要因素为土的孔隙率。随着孔隙率的增大,其含水率升高,电阻率降低,土的电阻率和相应孔隙率的关系可用拟合公式表达。基于此,利用电阻率法成功实现了不同深度粉土沉积层微结构的变化、波浪作用导致密实度不同的粉土层空间分布状况的原位测试。

埕岛及现代黄河三角洲海域晚第四纪地层与环境演变

通过对埕岛海域DB9孔岩性、生物以及年代学的地层分析,将其自上而下划分成三个海相层(全新世海相和三角洲相沉积层、献县海侵海相层、浅海相层)和三个陆相层(平原河湖相层、平原河流相层、陆相层),并解释了古环境演变。对比现代黄河三角洲近海各钻孔,总结出黄骅海侵以来的滨浅海—前三角洲—滨浅海—前三角洲等四元层序,从而全面地阐明了埕岛海域晚第四纪地质演变历史。

高地下水位粉砂土路基沉降数值模拟

当路基处于地下水水位较高的区域时,容易受到地下水的毛细上升侵蚀作用.黄泛区粉砂土毛细水对路基稳定性有重要的影响,为此采用GEO-STUDIO软件,对黄泛区毛细水作用下粉砂土路基的变形规律进行了数值模拟.结果表明,地下水位在地表下0.5～2.0m,填土高度为1m,2m,3m,4m,5m,6m时,路基中心点竖向位移分别为5.13～5.63cm,7.47～8.86cm,9.40～10.07cm,11.61～12.26cm,13.97～15.10cm,16.80～18.03cm.填土高度为1～6m,地下水位由地下2.0m升高至0.5m时,路基中心竖向位移增量达5.6%～18.6%.水位上升引起的路基沉降增加效应明显.

郑州-洛阳黄河南岸黄土地层及更新世环境分析

重点介绍了河南豫西地区洛阳－郑州间黄河南岸邙岭的两个黄土剖面，并进行了岩石和磁性地层划分对比，证实了该区黄土最早形成于早更新世晚期的第九层粉砂层（Ｌ９）。在此基础上对黄河的发育及区域更新世环境变迁进行了初步分析。

黄河水对地下水补给深度的初步研究

本文根据河南省黄河下游影响带众多的水源地勘探孔资料和黄河4条剖面上同位素的分布特征,采用地层分析法、同位素法和数值法较准确地划分了黄河不同河段地表水对地下水的补给深度,其中,郑州剖面补给深度小于2 5 0m ,中新剖面和开封剖面大于2 0 0m ,濮阳剖面小于15 0m。

粗粒径砂卵石地层中泥水平衡盾构下穿黄河掘进参数控制研究

兰州地铁1号线迎门滩站—马滩站区间隧道采用泥水盾构穿越黄河粗粒径砂卵石地层,是中国下穿黄河的首条地铁盾构隧道。总结兰州地铁1号线泥水盾构下穿黄河的经验,以及高水压粗粒径砂卵石地层盾构机选型、盾构掘进参数设定、穿越黄河风险控制等方面的经验,对泥水盾构在粗粒径砂卵石地层下穿黄河的风险控制和国产盾构机的发展具有重要价值。研究结果表明:泥水盾构下穿黄河掘进参数对风险控制十分重要,盾构推力、泥水压力、注浆压力与水压力密切相关;深层沉降实测表明泥水盾构掘进对地层变形控制效果好,盾构顶部仅约0.5D范围为轻微扰动区;掘进以平衡水压力为主,采用Terzaghi塌落拱理论计算的泥水压力值更接近实际。

黄河流域县级城市人居环境与经济协调发展研究

[目的]为综合评价城市人居环境与经济协调发展状况提供量化手段。[方法]构建经济和人居环境评价指标体系,同时借助于二者的协调度测度模型,对黄河流域的22个样本县级城市进行实证分析。[结果]黄河流域县级城市经济与人居环境建设水平较低,空间差异明显,两极分化严重;协调发展程度与经济水平存在很大的空间对应性,经济发展水平高的县级城市,协调发展程度相对较高;位于省际交界地带的县级城市发展难度较大。[结论]评价标准和模型意义明确、应用简便,能成功对研究区域人居环境发展的协调性做出评定。

黄河下游近代河床下伏地层的成因及其工程地质性质研究

通过地层分析和室内土工试验等方法,研究了黄河下游河南台前至山东位山河段近代河床下伏的三层地层的成因,研究结果表明:上部黄色砂壤土层系1855a黄河铜瓦厢发生大改道后黄河新近冲洪积沉积物;中部黑色粘土层为湖积沉积物;下部黄色壤土层系古黄河冲洪积沉积物。在此基础上还对黄河近代河床下伏的三层地层的工程地质性质进行了研究,给出了各个地层的干密度、比重、抗剪强度等物理力学性质指标。

苏北沿故黄河地区乡村聚落的格局特征与类型划分

运用RS和GIS技术以及景观分析方法,以苏北沿故黄河地区乡村聚落为研究对象,选取斑块个数、平均斑块面积、最大斑块数等空间韵律指数,利用空间插值从乡村聚落规模、用地、分布和形状四个方面分析了苏北沿故黄河地区乡村聚落的格局特征,并以空间韵律指数为变量,运用聚类分析方法,将沿故黄河地区乡村聚落划分为四种典型的类型。