QTL Analysis for Traits Associated with Feeding Value of Straw in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Genetic improvement of the digestibility of rice straw for increasing the utilization of the whole rice plant as feedstuffs is an important way to solve the feedstuffs shortage in southeastern China. To elucidate the genetic basis of the traits affecting the digestibility of rice straw, a rice population of 111 recombinant inbred lines （RILs） derived from a cross of Nekken 2xGaya was used to map the quantitative traits loci （QTLs） for in vitro dry matter digestion （IVDMD）, the percentages of nonstructural carbohydrate （NSC） and acid detergent fiber （exclusive of residual ash, ADFom） in 2005 and 2006. IVDMD was positively correlated with NSC, and negatively correlated with ADFom. A total of 16 QTLs were detected in the two years, and the amounts of variation explained by individual QTLs ranged from 6.9% to 15.5%. Some QTLs for IVDMD and ADFom on chromosome 2 were detected in the two years. On chromosome 2, the interval RM475-RM3515 contained QTLs for IVDMD in the two years and for NSC in 2006 only, while the interval RM3874-RM5305 influenced ADFom in the two years and NSC in 2005 only. At those loci, Gaya contributed favorable alleles to IVDMD and NSC, while Nekken 2 contributed positive alleles to ADFom.

Treatment of wheat straw using tannase and white-rot fungus to improve feed utilization by ruminants

Background： Current research to enrich cattle feed has primarily focused on treatment using white rot fungi, while there are scarce reports using the enzyme tannase, which is discussed only in reviews or in the form of a hypothesis. In this context, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of tannase on wheat straw （WS） and also the effect of lyophilized tannase at concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% （w/w） on WS followed by fermentation with Ganodermo sp. for 10 d and compared in relation to biochemical parameters, crude protein （CP） content, and nutritional value by calculating the C/N ratio in order to improve the nutritional value of cattle feed. Results： Penicillium charlesii, a tannase-producing microorganism, produced 61.4 IU/mL of tannase in 54 h when 2% （w/v） tannic acid （TA） was initially used as a substrate in medium containing （% w/v） sucrose （1.0）, NaNO3 （1.0）, and MgSO4 （0.08 pH, 5.0） in a 300-L fermentor （working volume 220 L）, and concomitantly fed with 1.0% （w/v） TA after 24 h. The yield of partially purified and lyophilized tannase was 5.8 IU/mg. The tannin-free myco-straw at 0.1% （w/w） tannase showed 37.8% （w/w） lignin degradation with only a 20.4% （w/w） decrease in cellulose content and the in vitro feed digestibility was 32.2%. An increase in CP content （up to 1.28-fold） along with a lower C/N ratio of 25.0%, as compared to myco-straw, was obtained. Conclusions： The use of tannin-free myco-straw has potential to improve the nutritional content of cattle feed. This biological treatment process was safe, eco-friendly, easy to perform, and was less expensive as compared to other treatment methods.

Studies on Feeding Animals with Straw of Grain-Straw-Dual-Use-Rice 201

The straw of Grain-Straw-Dual-Use-Rice (GSDUR) variety 201 of which the grain quality and yield were equivalent to that of common rice variety (the grain yield approximately 7.5 t ha-1), but straw protein content was 9.31% (common rice straw i. e. CK was approximately 4.0%), and other eight fodder indexes were better than CK to some extent, was employed to feed animals. 15N tracing result suggested that the protein in 201 straw could be effectively transformed into fish body protein and white mouse body protein. The digestibility of fodder, the 15N recovery rate of animal body and the absorption of fodder protein were 13. 8, 9. 6, 24.49% and 16. 5, 6.0, 47. 2% higher than those of common rice straw respectively when feeding grass carp and white mice with 201 rice straw, whereas the 15N recovery rates of animal manure were 3. 25, 6. 5% lower than those of common rice straw, respectively. The results of feeding animals with 201 straw were as follows: (1)The milk yield of cow was increased by 8.3 % as compared to that of common rice straw. 843. 8 kg milk could be produced with 7. 5 t ha-1 of dry 201 straw. (2)Fish daily weight gain, straw consumption of grass carp, fish weight gain per kg fresh rice straw were increased by 60.0, 16.8 and 37.0 % respectively when 201 fresh straw was used to feed grass carp compared to feeding CK, and fish yield could be increased by 297.5 kg with 25.0 t ha-1 of fresh 201 straw. (3)The goose daily weight gain and the ratio of fodder and meat were increased by 33. 9 and 26.8 % respectively when 201 rice straw was used as the main raw material of the compound fodder to feed white geese compared to feeding CK, and geese weight could be increased by 2 358.0 kg with one hectare of 201 straw. (4)Not only were the feeding results identical when high quality 201 rice straw powder substituting for wheat bran which made up of 5 % compound fodder to feed cross bred pigs compared to CK, but 0.11 kg fine fodder could be saved when 1 kg cross bred pig weight was increased.

Effects of Dietary Straw Content on Growth and Development of Locusta migratoria and Its Egg Hatching

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary straw content on the growth and development of oriental migratory locusts(Locusta migratoria),as well as the effects of temperature and substrate on their egg hatching.[Methods]The eggs of oriental migratory locusts were hatched at 15,20,25,30,35,and 40℃in sawdust,soil and sawdust+soil conditions,respectively,to determine suitable environmental conditions for artificial hatching of oriental migratory locusts.Rice straw was added at 0%,20%,40%,60%,80%and 100%to the basic diet,and the obtained diets was feed to oriental migratory locusts at the 4^(th)instar,to investigate the effects on their growth and development.[Results]The eggs of oriental migratory locusts had a good hatching rate at 25-30℃,and sawdust was the best choice for their hatching substrate.Adding 40%of rice straw to the diet could ensure the normal growth and development of oriental migratory locusts while consuming as much rice straw as possible.[Conclusions]This study explored a technical solution for efficiently producing insect protein from discarded crop straw(treating waste with insects,and turning waste into treasure),providing support for breeding of oriental migratory locusts and locust disaster prevention.

棉秸秆农药残留和重金属及真菌毒素检测分析

【目的】分析新疆6个棉花主产区棉秸秆的农药残留、重金属污染物和黄曲霉毒素B 1(aflatoxin B 1,AFB 1)等指标的含量,以期填补棉秸秆饲料化利用药物残留等基础数据缺失的问题。【方法】在新疆6个棉花种植区中各随机选一块棉田,设置前、中、后3个区域,每个区域设置5个1 m 2的样方,留茬15 cm,采集样方内所有棉秸秆,用剪枝钳剪碎混匀后按四分法采集1 kg样品,用于检测58种农药残留、AFB 1、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、氟和5种重金属污染物含量。【结果】新疆6个棉花主产区样品中检出的农药残留分别仅为3、5、3、3、2和1种,大部分登记喷施的农药在棉秸秆样品中并未检出残留。检出的棉秸秆样品中氰戊菊酯、三唑磷、虫螨腈、毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯、吡唑醚菌酯、氯氰菊酯、马拉硫磷和啶虫脒的最大残留量为0.150、0.190、0.087、0.210、0.043、0.058、0.024、0.014和0.015 mg/kg,均低于食品安全标准GB 2763―2021中大米的限定值。棉秸秆样品中均检出了砷、铅、镉和铬这4种重金属污染物,最高含量分别为0.428、2.400、0.180和1.090 mg/kg,均低于饲料卫生标准GB 13078―2017中的限定值,符合饲料标准。棉秸秆样品中均未检出AFB 1和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇,检出氟的最高含量为20.67 mg/kg,低于饲料标准中的限定值。【结论】棉秸秆符合饲料卫生标准GB 13078―2017中农药残留、AFB 1、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、氟和重金属污染物的限量标准,可以安全用作草食家畜的粗饲料。

Evaluation on the Nutritive Value of Micro-storage Wheat Straw Using Gas Production Technique in vitro

[ Objective] The research aimed to improve the utilization ratio of wheat strew in Qinghai Province. [ Method] During wheat straw microstorage, the pH, crude protein （CP）, crude fiber （CF）, ether extract （EE） and water content in wheat strew at different micro-storage periods were determined. The effects of micro-storage time on the quality of wheat strew were studied and evaluated by using gas production technique in vitro. [Result] pH in each test group gradually decreased with the micro-storege time, which was all significantly lower than that in control group （P 〈0.01 ）. CP content in all test groups increased with the micro-storage time, which was all higher than that in control group. CF content in all test groups decreased with the h^icro-storage time, significantly lower than that in control group （ P 〈 0.01 ）. EE content in all experimental groups showed a gradual increase trend with the micro-storege time, which was all higher than that in control group, without significant difference compared with control group （P〉0.05）. Water content in test groups went down with the micro-storage time. With the increase of micro-storage time, net gas production, dry matter degradability, organic matter degradability, digestible energy and metabolizable energy went up gradually. [ Conclusion] Comprehensively considering the micro-storege effect of wheat strew in each period and actual production application, we suggest that 22-day micro-storege for wheat straw could meet the demand of actual production.

9YQ-2200S型秸秆方捆打捆机设计与试验

【目的】饲料化是我国主要农作物秸秆综合利用的重点发展方向,为提高田间饲用秸秆的回收效率和质量,解决常规小型饲草方捆机适用范围小、作业效率低、揉碎质量差和不能有效除尘的问题。【方法】基于秸秆切碎揉搓、压缩打捆基本理论,采用理论分析计算和SolidWorks三维设计方法,设计了1种适用于田间玉米、小麦、水稻、棉花等作物秸秆的9YQ-2200S型秸秆方捆打捆机,开展了样机试制与改进,并针对玉米秸秆进行了田间试验。【结果】样机的收净率为90.3%,成捆率为100%,规则草捆率为100%,抗摔率为91.66%,草捆密度为119.67 kg/m^(3),作业小时生产率为3.36 t/h,各项作业指标均符合相关标准要求,作业性能良好。【结论】该机可实现作物秸秆自动捡拾(切割)、粉碎、揉丝、除尘、高密度压缩和自动绳打捆一体化作业。本研究可为秸秆方捆打捆机的设计与改进提供参考。

农作物秸秆饲料营养价值及经济效益分析研究进展

农作物秸秆作为一种常见的饲料来源,在畜禽养殖中起重要作用。不同农作物秸秆的营养价值和经济效益受地域、气候、农业活动等多种因素影响,不同农作物秸秆的营养含量存在差异,水稻秸秆富含碳水化合物和纤维素,适合作为猪饲料;玉米秸秆中的植物纤维含量较高,适合用于牛羊饲料。合理利用不同种类的农作物秸秆可以提高畜禽的生长速度,降低饲养成本,从而带来经济效益。本文主要探究不同农作物秸秆饲料的产量及营养价值情况,并对畜禽饲养成本及经济效益进行探究,为不同农作物秸秆饲料的利用提供一定参考。

油菜秸秆木质素高效降解菌的筛选、鉴定及降解效果研究

试验旨在研究油菜秸秆木质素高效降解菌的筛选、鉴定及降解效果。从油菜秸秆的还田土壤中筛选得到一株木质素高效降解菌株MS25,鉴定其为青霉属真菌(Penicillium)。基于单因素试验及响应面试验方法,对MS25菌株进行产酶特性探究及条件优化,并检验木质素降解能力。结果表明:菌株最佳产漆酶(Lac)时间为5 d,产过氧化物酶(Lip)和锰过氧化物酶(MnP)时间为7 d,最佳温度为50℃,摇床转速为140 r/min,碳氮比为15,产MnP的最适pH值为5,产Lip和Lac最适pH值为6。优化后最佳产酶条件为温度50.22℃、碳氮比12.29、pH值6.21、该条件下Lip、MnP、Lac的活性分别为1984.89、774.87、291.74 U/L,较优化前分别提高33.97%、33.28%、40.35%。最优条件下,秸秆、菌糠中木质素降解率分别为44.67%、43.29%。研究表明,菌株MS25可有效降解木质素,可作为油菜秸秆发酵的优质微生物,并可应用于饲料生产领域。

生物发酵农作物秸秆及其在反刍动物饲料中的应用

我国农作物秸秆资源丰富,但大部分被直接还田或焚烧,造成资源浪费。农作物秸秆饲料化利用作为农作物秸秆利用途径之一,对缓解粗饲料资源紧张、促进畜牧业可持续发展具有重大意义。但因为秸秆粗纤维含量高和适口性差的特性,直接作为饲料利用,营养价值较低,生物发酵处理可以有效提高秸秆的营养价值和利用率。文章从农作物秸秆饲料化利用现状、生物发酵技术在农作物秸秆饲料化中的应用、生物发酵农作物秸秆在反刍动物生产上的应用研究等方面进行综述,为农作物秸秆的资源化利用提供参考依据。

辽宁省秸秆综合利用技术应用研究

秸秆用则利、弃则废,秸秆焚烧不仅浪费资源而且会产生严重的环境污染与社会危害等问题。目前,辽宁省玉米秸秆资源约2 610万t,数量庞大,但与其相关的玉米秸秆综合利用技术内容却亟待完善。从秸秆肥料化、饲料化和燃料化三方面开展研究,以期为辽宁省秸秆的综合利用推广提供新的思路。

农作物秸秆饲料化技术研究

秸秆经过适当加工可以转化为高价值的饲料,不仅能有效节约成本,减少环境污染,还能促进资源的循环利用。然而,秸秆中的纤维素和木质素含量较高,在一定程度上限制了其在畜牧业中的应用。综述秸秆饲料化利用的重要性,探讨当前秸秆饲料化处理的主要方法,以期为提升秸秆饲料化的营养价值和利用率提供参考。

基于生态承载力和秸秆资源的河南省牛养殖潜力分析

[目的]:本文通过分析河南省及各地(市)的牛饲养潜力,为牛养殖业合理规划布局,推动种养循环和农业高质量发展提供参考。[方法]以土地生态承载力、秸秆资源量等为基础,研究分析了河南省各地(市)的饲养量潜力和增量潜力。[结果]基于土地生态承载力、年可收集利用的秸秆资源量因素,河南省牛年饲养量潜力分别达5235.85、1907.81万头,分别有4597.96、1269.95万头的增量空间;其中南阳、周口、驻马店、新乡、商丘、信阳分别有588.77、577.32、552.90、335.18、435.97、395.86万头和107.74、203.27、136.05、103.43、134.93、140.84万头牛增量空间;郑州、开封、洛阳、平顶山、安阳、焦作、濮阳、许昌、漯河、鹤壁、济源分别有136.15、212.37、174.78、192.07、268.41、124.44、181.77、167.54、110.77、80.78、15.88万头和29.16、44.93、15.78、29.60、91.51、41.61、67.22、56.89、44.42、27.39、1.40万头牛增量空间。[结论]总之,河南省发展牛养殖业秸秆资源富足,饲养量潜力和增量潜力大;应加强政策引导和区域差异化养殖模式的研究,促进种养循环高质量发展。

农作物秸秆加工技术及其在肉牛生产中的应用研究进展

秸秆作为肉牛一种重要的饲料原料,经过适当的加工处理,能够有效改善其营养价值低、适口性差、难以保存等缺点,提高肉牛生长性能,降低饲养成本。秸秆饲料化对保护环境、缓解人畜争粮问题和促进节粮型生态畜牧业发展具有重大意义。本文综述了我国主要农作物秸秆产量及营养成分、秸秆饲料化的加工方式及其在肉牛生产上的应用效果,并分析了秸秆饲料存在的问题及应用前景展望,旨在为促进秸秆饲料的开发利用、肉牛养殖降本增效提供思路与参考。

提高玉米秸秆饲料化品质的食用菌筛选

为改善玉米秸秆加工制备的粗饲料其营养价值低且适口性差等问题,提高玉米秸秆饲料品质,本研究基于ITS条形码进行分类学鉴定的8株食用菌(S1~S8),以玉米秸秆为唯一碳源进行生物发酵培养,通过秸秆中木质纤维素的降解率、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质含量等比对筛选适合于玉米秸秆饲料化的菌株。研究结果表明:S4糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)降解纤维素和木质素的能力最强,达到47.31%和71.39%。S1斑玉蕈(Hypsizygus marmoreus)对半纤维素的降解能力最好,为61.91%。S2肺形侧耳(Pleurotus pulmonarius)粗蛋白质含量提高效果最好,达145%,饲料占比达12.48%。S1斑玉蕈粗脂肪含量提升效果最好,达495%,饲料占比达8.57%。

秸秆饲料化过程中木质素生物降解的研究进展

我国秸秆资源丰富但饲料化占比低,秸秆木质纤维素尤其是其中的木质素难以被动物体消化利用是影响秸秆饲料化进程的关键制约因素之一。生物降解木质素提升秸秆的营养价值是一种绿色、经济、可用于生产的促进秸秆饲料化方式。本文综述了秸秆木质素的化学成分及作用、木质素降解微生物及相关降解酶、木质素的生物发酵降解相关研究以及在动物养殖中的应用,以期为秸秆饲料化生产提供参考。

优化组合技术对秸秆体外发酵、肉牛生产及经济效益影响的研究进展

我国秸秆资源饲料化利用率较低,主要是由于秸秆的粗蛋白含量低,木质纤维素含量高,限制了瘤胃微生物对秸秆营养物质的降解,因此直接饲喂秸秆无法满足肉牛的营养需要。优化组合技术可根据不同地区、不同收获时期秸秆粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量选择适宜的复合处理,改善秸秆适口性和营养结构,提高秸秆饲料利用率,对解决我国优质粗饲料短缺和秸秆资源饲料化利用具有重要意义。文章介绍了优化组合技术对秸秆体外发酵产气量、微生物蛋白、体外发酵参数及营养水平的影响,阐述优化组合技术原理及其对肉牛生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、瘤胃发酵、微生物区系和养殖效益的影响,以期提高秸秆资源饲料化的合理利用,为秸秆优化组合技术在肉牛生产中的开发与利用提供参考。

西藏地区不同油菜品种(系)秸秆饲用品质分析

试验旨在探究西藏不同油菜品种(系)秸秆的饲用品质。以西藏普遍种植的10个油菜品种(系)为试验材料,对其秸秆粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维等8个营养指标进行测定,采用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析方法对秸秆营养品质进行评价。结果显示,油菜秸秆粗蛋白含量与粗脂肪含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与粗纤维含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05);粗灰分含量与粗纤维含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);中性洗涤纤维含量与酸性洗涤纤维含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);酸性洗涤纤维含量与钙含量、磷含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05);磷含量与钙含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。秸秆营养品质综合得分排序为:藏油3号>104005>166052-1>京华165>藏油5号>藏油12号>山油2号>彭波黄>湘油420>127025-1。研究表明,初步筛选出了适合西藏地区的优质油菜品种(系)秸秆为藏油3号、104005、166052-1,结果可为西藏地区油菜秸秆饲料化利用提供参考。

饲喂含秸秆发酵饲料对育成牛瘤胃微生物组成和功能的影响

本研究旨在探究饲喂含秸秆发酵饲料对育成牛瘤胃微生物组成与功能以及代谢生理等方面的影响。选取36头8~11月龄、体重相近且健康的荷斯坦育成牛,随机分成2组,即在基础饲粮的基础上分别饲喂0 kg/d(对照组)、4 kg/d含秸秆发酵饲料(按干物质计,秸秆约占日粮16.0%;处理组),持续8周,每2周测定一次育成牛日增重情况,并在第8周时采集尾静脉血及瘤胃内容物,分析2组育成牛在表型以及瘤胃微生物区系上的差异。结果发现:饲喂含秸秆发酵饲料组育成牛日增重(0.991 kg/d)与对照组(1.080 kg/d)相比明显下降(p=0.042)。与对照组相比,饲喂含秸秆发酵饲料组瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸浓度、血清中β-羟丁酸和甘油三酯浓度均显著升高(p<0.05),葡萄糖浓度显著降低(p<0.05);瘤胃细菌α多样性指数中,饲喂含秸秆发酵饲料组Sobs指数和香农(Shannon)指数显著升高(p<0.05),β多样性无显著差异(p>0.05)。饲喂含秸秆发酵饲料组中,与表型相关的核心菌种主要为厌氧支原体属;在微生物功能上,2组主要在碳水化合物代谢和氨基酸生物合成途径上存在显著差异。综上所述,饲喂含秸秆发酵饲料促进了育成牛瘤胃发酵,并在一定程度上影响其脂质代谢。本研究在瘤胃微生物组成与功能差异以及高效利用秸秆饲料的关键微生物挖掘上均有一定突破,为育成牛饲粮中非常规饲料的有效利用提供了实践依据。

不同添加剂对水稻秸秆黄贮饲料营养品质及适口性的影响

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)是我国重要的粮食作物,高效利用水稻秸秆可拓宽反刍家畜的饲料来源。本研究以水稻秸秆为原料,设置七种处理,分别为无添加对照(CK)、添加商业乳酸菌壮乐美、植物乳杆菌149(Lactobacillus plantarum 149,LP149)、鼠李糖乳杆菌608(Lactobacillus rhamnosus 608,LG608)、乳酸菌复配(LP149+LG608,FP)、双乙酸钠和玉米粉处理,发酵60 d后开袋分析。结果表明:与CK相比,LG608、双乙酸钠和玉米粉处理显著提高了稻秸黄贮饲料的粗蛋白含量(P<0.05);LG608和FP处理的中性洗涤纤维含量显著低于其他处理(P<0.05);LG608处理的水溶性碳水化合物含量最高,为5.32%DM(P<0.05)。所有添加剂处理的乳酸含量显著高于CK(P<0.05),其中LG608处理最高,为5.41%DM(P<0.05),其pH值最低,为4.48(P<0.05)。LG608和FP处理的肉牛采食量显著高于其他处理(P<0.05)。结合灰色关联度分析,添加剂处理均有效改善稻秸秆黄贮饲料品质,LG608处理效果最优,其次为FP处理。