THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS IN STREAM LAYER AND ON STREAM SURFACE AND A DIMENSION SPLIT METHODS

In this paper,we proposal stream surface and stream layer.By using classical tensor calculus,we derive 3-D Navier-Stokes Equations(NSE)in the stream layer under semigeodesic coordinate system,Navier-Stokes equation on the stream surface and 2-D Navier-Stokes equations on a two dimensional manifold. After introducing stream function on the stream surface,a nonlinear initial-boundary value problem satisfies by stream function is obtained,existence and uniqueness of its solution are proven.Based this theory we proposal a new method called"dimension split method"to solve 3D NSE.

Boundary-layer disturbances subjected to free-stream turbulence and simulation on bypass transition

The phenomena associated with the entrainment of free-stream turbulence （FST） into boundary-layer flows are relevant for a number of subjects. It has been be- lieved that the continuous spectra of the Orr-Sommerfeld （O-S）/Squire equations describe the entrainment process, and thus they are used to specify the inlet condition in simulation of bypass transition. However, Dong and Wu （Dong, M. and Wu, X. On continuous spectra of the Orr-Sommerfeld/Squire equations and entrainment of free-stream vortical disturbances. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 732, 616-659 （2013）） pointed out that continuous spectra exhibit several non-physical features due to neglecting the non-parallelism. They further proposed a large-Reynolds-number asymptotic approach, and showed that the non-parallelism is a leading-order effect even for the short-wavelength disturbance, for which the response concentrates in the edge layer. In this paper, the asymptotic solution is verified numerically by studying its evolution in incompressible boundary layers. It is found that the numerical results can be accurately predicted by the asymptotic solution, implying that the latter is adequate for moderate Reynolds numbers. By introducing a series of such solutions as the inflow perturbations, the bypass transition is investigated via the direct numerical simulation （DNS）. The transition processes, including the evolution of streaks, the amplification of secondary-instability modes, and the emergence of turbulent spots, agree with the experimental observations.

QUALITY-AWARE CROSS-LAYER SCHEDULING FOR ROBUST VIDEO STREAMING OVER WIRELESS CHANNELS

In the case of video streaming over wireless channels, burst errors may lead to serious video quality degradation. By jointly exploiting the scheduling mechanism on different communication layers, this paper proposes a quality-aware cross-layer scheduling scheme to achieve unequal error control for each Latency-constraint Frame Set (LFS) of a video stream. After a network-layer agent at base station firstly utilizes the network-layer packet scheduling to provide packet-granularity importance classifi-cation for the current LFS, a link-layer agent at base station further utilizes the Radio-Link-Unit (RLU) scheduling to implement finer selective retransmission of the current LFS. Under scheduling delay and bandwidth constraints, the proposed scheme can be aware of the application-layer quality and time-varying channel conditions, and hence burst errors can simply be shifted to lower-priority transmission units in the current LFS. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has strong robustness against burst errors, and thus improves the overall received quality of the video stream over wireless channels.

Leading-edge receptivity of boundary layer to three-dimensional free-stream turbulence

The laminar-turbulent transition has always been a hot topic of fluid mechanics. Receptivity is the initial stage and plays a crucial role in the entire transition process. The previous studies of receptivity focus on external disturbances such as sound waves and vortices in the free stream, whereas those on the leading-edge receptivity to the three-dimensional free-stream turbulence (FST), which is more general in the nature, are rarely reported. In consideration of this, this work is devoted to investigating the receptivity process of three-dimensional Tollmien-Schlichting (T-S) wave packets excited by the three-dimensional FST in a flat-plate boundary layer numerically. The relations between the leading-edge receptivity and the turbulence intensity are established, and the influence of the FST directions on the propagation directions and group velocities of the excited T-S wave packets is studied. Moreover, the leading-edge receptivity to the anisotropic FST is also studied. This parametric investigation can contribute to the prediction of laminar-turbulent transition.

Delay-Based Cross-Layer QoS Scheme for Video Streaming in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

With correlating with human perception, quality of experience(Qo E) is also an important measurement in evaluation of video quality in addition to quality of service(Qo S). A cross-layer scheme based on Lyapunov optimization framework for H.264/AVC video streaming over wireless Ad hoc networks is proposed, with increasing both Qo E and Qo S performances. Different from existing works, this scheme routes and schedules video packets according to the statuses of the frame buffers at the destination nodes to reduce buffer underflows and to increase video playout continuity. The waiting time of head-ofline packets of data queues are considered in routing and scheduling to reduce the average end-to-end delay of video sessions. Different types of packets are allocated with different priorities according to their generated rates under H.264/AVC. To reduce the computational complexity, a distributed media access control policy and a power control algorithm cooperating with the media access policy are proposed. Simulation results show that, compared with existing schemes, this scheme can improve both the Qo S and Qo E performances. The average peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR) of the received video streams is also increased.

高速平板边界层中定常条带的前缘感受性

来流湍流度较高时,自由流涡波可在边界层内激发流向条带结构,并引起边界层的旁路(bypass)转捩。本文采用调和线性化Navier-Stokes方程(harmonic linearized Navier-Stokes,HLNS)方法模拟平板边界层条带对自由流涡波的前缘感受性,并通过直接数值模拟验证了HLNS方法的可靠性。针对马赫数4.8的高速平板边界层,分析了零频涡波激发定常条带的前缘感受性过程及定常条带的演化规律。研究结果表明,边界层外的自由流涡扰动对边界层条带的发展存在持续的激励作用;对于固定展向波数的自由流涡波,法向波数为0时激发的条带幅值最大;自由流涡波的法向波数在小于临界角度时仅影响条带的幅值,而不影响条带扰动的形函数剖面。随着当地雷诺数的增加,条带的幅值演化和形函数剖面呈现出很好的相似性;当地无量纲展向波数β=0.18时,归一化幅值最大。

Influence of Electric Double Layer on Lubrication

A mathematical model of lubrication with the electric double layer (EDL) was put forward in order to study the influence of EDL.The lubrication tests with a composite sliding block and a disk were carried out with oleic acid used as an additive to strengthen EDL.The streaming potential and friction force were measured. The experimental results show that the EDL has an apparent effect on the frictional force, which increases the ability of forming lubrication film.

基于STREAMS机制的X.25广域网端对端通信技术

本文介绍了STREAMS机制和X.25分组层协议PLP的一般原理,描述了如何利用NLI在分组级上实现X.25网络的端对端通信应用。

Local receptivity in non-parallel boundary layer

The research on boundary-layer receptivity is the key issue for the laminarturbulent transition prediction in fluid mechanics. Many of the previous studies for local receptivity are on the basis of the parallel flow assumption which cannot accurately reflect the real physics. To overcome this disadvantage, local receptivity in the non-parallel boundary layer is studied in this paper by the direct numerical simulation （DNS）. The difference between the non-parallel and parallel boundary layers on local receptivity is investigated. In addition, the effects of the disturbance frequency, the roughness location, and the multiple roughness elements on receptivity are also determined. Besides, the relations of receptivity with the amplitude of free-stream turbulence （FST）, with the roughness height, and with the roughness length are ascertained as well. The Tollmien- Schlichting （T-S） wave packets are excited in the non-parallel boundary layer under the interaction of the FST and the localized wall roughness. A group of T-S waves are separated by the fast Fourier transform. The obtained results are in accordance with Dietz＇s measurements, Wu＇s theoretical calculations, and the linear stability theory （LST）.

Mechanism of three-dimensional boundary-layer receptivity

Boundary-layer receptivity is always a hot issue in laminar-turbulent tran- sition. Most actual laminar-turbulent transitions belong to three-dimensional flows. An infinite back-swept fiat-plate boundary layer is a typical three-dimensionalflow. Study of its receptivity is important both in theory and applications. In this paper, a free- stream turbulence model is established. A modified fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme is used for time marching, and compact finite difference schemes are used for space dis- cretization/ On these bases, whether unsteady cross-flow vortices can be excited in the three-dimensional boundary layer （the infinite back-swept flat-plate boundary layer） by free-stream turbulence is studied numerically. If so, effects of the level and the direc- tion of free-stream turbulence on the three^dimensional boundary-layer receptivity are further studied. Differences of the three-dimensional boundary-layer receptivity are then discussed by considering the non-parallel effect, influence of the leading-edge stagnation point of the flat plate, and variation of the back-swept angle separately. Intensive studies on the ＇three-dimensional boundary-layer receptivity will benefit the development of the hydrodynamic stability theory, and provide a theoretical basis for prediction and control of laminar-turbulent transition.

Robust and Scalable P2P Live Streaming

Distributing real-time video stream in large scale group communication over Internet poses several challenging problems due to the complex network dynamics,stringent requirement of delay and loss.This paper proposes a novel peer-to-peer scheme,named TeamCast,to combat with these issues.Constructing multiple diverse application layer multicast (ALM) trees to transmit multiple independent complementary descriptions produced by multiple description coding (MDC) simultaneously,TeamCast improves error resilient ability in the presence of various levels of packet loss caused by unpredictable congestion of Internet and node failure,as well as enlarges system capacity.The results of extensive simulations indicate that TeamCast achieves low latency,scalability,and fault tolerance for the delivery of live media stream.

Joint rate control and scheduling for wireless uplink video streaming

We solve the problem of uplink video streaming in CDMA cellular networks by jointly designing the rate control and scheduling algorithms. In the pricing-based distributed rate control algorithm, the base station announces a price for the per unit average rate it can support, and the mobile devices choose their desired average transmission rates by balancing their video quality and cost of transmission. Each mobile device then determines the specific video frames to transmit by a video summarization process. In the time-division-multiplexing (TDM) scheduling algorithm, the base station collects the information on frames to be transmitted from all devices within the current time window, sorts them in increasing order of deadlines, and schedules the transmissions in a TDM fashion. This joint algorithm takes advantage of the multi-user content diversity, and maximizes the network total utility (i.e., minimize the network total distortion), while satisfying the delivery deadline constraints. Simulations showed that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms the constant rate provision algorithm.

D2D网络中基于SVC视频流缓存的跨层网络编码重传方案

为了降低基站重传视频流的完成时间,针对视频流业务设计了一种D2D网络中基于可伸缩视频编码(Scalable Video Coding, SVC)的视频流缓存跨层网络编码重传方案。该方案首先采用SVC对视频流进行编码以应对终端处理能力的差异性,引入跨层网络编码搜寻最大独立集选取最佳的传输以及编码调度,减少完成时间。其次,针对多协作重传设备间的干扰问题,设计了最佳的资源调度算法,在给定发送设备集的前提下迭代优化设备的发送功率,在不增加完成时间的同时优化系统的吞吐量。仿真结果表明,所提出的方案能够有效地降低完成时延,减少重传次数,增加系统的弹性。

Delivering audiovisual content with MPEG-21-enabled cross-layer QoS adaptation

Future multimedia communication systems have to support the user’s needs, the terminal capabilities, the content specification and the underlying networking technologies. The related protocols and applications must be designed from this integration perspective in a cross-layer centric manner. In this paper, we propose an implementation of a streaming service (e.g., Television over IP service) with a unified QoS management concept that enables an IP driven integration of different system components (terminal, user, content, and network). The MPEG-21 framework is used to provide a common support for imple- menting and managing the end-to-end QoS. The main focus of this paper is on the architecture design, protocols specification and implementation evaluation. Performance evaluations using PSNR and SSIM objective video quality metrics show the benefit of the proposed MPEG-21-enabled cross-layer adaptation.

基于机器视觉的乒乓球动作分类研究

针对传统乒乓球动作分类准确率低的问题,提出一种基于双流卷积神经网络的乒乓球动作识别与分类方法。以稀疏动作采样数据作为网络输入,利用双流卷积神经网络对运动特征进行提取,进而提取光流图像得到运动时间信息,从而对动作连续帧图像运动变化进行表示;之后融合时间流和空间流,采用卷积层融合网络,对动作特征进行聚合运算,以此构建识别模型,实现对乒乓球动作的分类。实验结果表明,相较于单一的时间流和空间流,双流卷积方法对模型进行训练后的识别准确率提高了20%左右,最高可达93.6%。该方法对比于其他动作识别方法,受时间影响较小;且针对不同的乒乓球动作,识别准确率保持在92%及以上。综合分析可知,本方法的识别准确率显著提高,模型性能优越,可以准确地对乒乓球动作进行识别。

面向低延时实时视频的多维跨层带宽预测

5G网络的可用带宽是影响实时视频业务的关键要素之一,但如何在低延时实时视频业务下完成准确预测依旧是个难题。传统可用带宽预测算法通常依靠业务层的数据指标,根据发包策略完成预测。但此类算法在网络频繁变化的复杂场景下会出现预测滞后问题,严重影响了用户的接收视频质量。为解决此问题,文中提出了一种基于跨层多维参数的可用带宽预测算法,该算法综合考虑了业务层、物理层、网络层等的相关数据指标,并通过多个维度参数提升无线网络带宽探测的准确性。文中采用深度强化学习作为模型框架,针对不同的运动场景,通过跨层多维度的数据模型学习实现离线预测和在线预测的融合。同时,将网络丢包率、图像质量评估和端到端时延等链路影响因素作为约束条件,以实现预测模型在传输过程中的实时调整和优化。在半物理平台上的实验结果表明:文中所提算法的预测性能优于传统的预测算法,预测曲线与实际曲线的拟合程度高达95.8%以上;相比于单层预测算法,所提算法在步行、驾驶场景下的丢包率分别降低了47.3%和30.9%,接收视频质量提升了12%。

基于1394总线异步流包的两级过滤

IEEE 1394总线具有高可靠性、低延迟、带宽高、实时性强等特点,广泛应用于工业领域和航空航天领域。对1394异步流消息包的特征进行了分析,提出了一种基于5643协议的1394异步流消息包的过滤方式,采用FPGA实现1394异步流消息的两级过滤。通过不同的场景进行验证与测试,该方法满足1394总线的过滤要求。

P2P分层流媒体中数据分配算法

在多对单传输模式下,数据分配是P2P分层流媒体中的核心问题.为了提高请求节点服务质量,同时也为了减少对Root节点带宽的占用,分两种情形予以讨论.一种是Root节点不参与的情形,其目标是最大化请求节点的服务质量.对此提出了一种基于多叉树搜索裁剪的精确算法和一种启发式近似算法.另一种是Root节点可参与的情形,其目标是在满足请求节点服务质量的同时,最大化节约Root节点的带宽资源.分析了该情形下目标问题的复杂性,提出一种启发式近似算法.仿真实验表明,在不同参数条件下,所提出的算法比同类算法都有性能上的改进.